石竹科植物2个中国新记录种

西藏南部地形较为复杂,植物资源丰富,物种多样性高。笔者在对西藏山南地区高山植物多样性调查过程中,经野外调查、采集标本、查阅植物志等相关资料及分类鉴定,结果发现,山南地区隆子县的无心菜属(Arenaria)球花福禄草［A. globiflora (Fenzl) Edgew. & Hook. f.］和错那县蝇子草属(Silene)的错那蝇子草(S. birgittae Bocquet)为中国新记录种。该报道一方面丰富了中国植物区系的内容,更新了国产石竹科植物资料,对中国西藏山南地区植物多样性的保护及研究具有一定意义。另一方面说明中国西藏山南地区的植物多样性调查仍存在许多调查薄弱地区,还需加强相关地区植物多样性调查工作。     

绿绒蒿属一中国新记录种——尼东绿绒蒿

中国西藏植物多样性较为丰富,尽管已经进行了多次的植物多样性调查,但仍存在较严重的不均衡现象,部分地区和类群存在采集不足,甚至空白。我们针对西藏日喀则植物多样性调查薄弱区域开展调查,发现一个未记录的绿绒蒿属(Meconopsis Viguier)植物,采集了标本和种子。经查阅《西藏植物志》《中国植物志》、Flora of China、Flora of Nepal鉴定为尼东绿绒蒿(M. dhwojii G. Taylor ex Hay)。该文植物新资料报道如下:(1)尼东绿绒蒿形态描述及其彩色图片。(2)该植物种子微形态、与近似种间的形态差异。新发现丰富了中国绿绒蒿属植物多样性,对研究西藏乃至中国绿绒蒿属植物具有一定的生物地理学意义和潜在的园艺价值。绿绒蒿属分类须加强野外调研,多技术手段开展研究。     

中国石斛属(兰科)植物新资料

在西藏开展兰科植物资源调查过程中,发现了2种石斛属(金石斛组)物种,通过文献和标本的查阅之后,分别确定为麦氏金石斛(Dendrobium macraei Lindl.)和西藏金石斛(D. ritaeanum King & Pantl.),两者均为中国首次记录。其中,麦氏金石斛与流苏金石斛(D. plicatile Lindley)近似,不同之处在于前者唇瓣中裂片边缘全缘,中裂片具2条纵脊,并仅延伸至唇瓣中部,先端凹; 西藏金石斛虽然植株与狭叶金石斛[D. angustifolium (Blume)Lindl.]近似,但该种花很小,萼片和花瓣不具紫色条纹且唇瓣长达1.4 cm,侧裂片三角形,花期时容易区分。同时,该文还提供了该2种石斛属植物详细的形态特征描述以及解剖图版等资料,凭证标本保存于西藏农牧学院标本馆。该发现丰富了中国兰科植物本底资料以及潜在药用植物资源储备,对中国兰科植物的生物多样性研究和药用兰科资源的调查具有重要意义。     

中国蓼科植物柄锈菌的分类研究

蓼科植物((Polygonaceae)具有重要的经济意义.其中有粮食作物,著名中药,蜜源植物,观赏植物以及其它经济植物.柄锈菌(Puccinia)是蓼科植物的重要的病原真菌.本文对我国寄生于蓼科植物的柄锈菌进行了分类研究. 在中国首先报告蓼科植物柄锈的是日本人三宅市郎(1914).我国真菌学家从30年代起分别描述或记载过各种蓼科植物的柄锈,并发表过一些中国特有的新种. 本文作者重新研究了中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室收藏的全部蓼科植物柄锈的标本以及近年来采集的未定名标本.共鉴定标本262号,得柄锈30种,包括5个新种:汶川柄锈(Pucinia wencuanensis),雾灵柄锈(P. wulingensis),南迩巴瓦柄锈(P.namjagbarwana),太白柄锈(P. taibaiana),掌叶大黄柄锈(P. rhei palmati),和五个国内新记录种:装饰柄锈(P, ornata),岩手山柄锈(P. iwateyamensis),山蓼柄锈(P. oxyriae),赫尔顿柄锈(P.hultenii),箭叶蓼柄锈(P.polygoni-sieboldii).寄主植物包括蓼科8属47种.     

控制降水梯度对荒漠草原优势植物叶功能性状及土壤养分的影响

探究植物叶功能性状随降水梯度的变化规律,对揭示干旱区优势植物对环境变化的响应和适应策略至关重要。以盐池荒漠草原为研究对象,采用遮雨棚和喷灌系统控制降水梯度,分析了优势植物蒙古冰草（Agropyron mongolicum）、短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）及达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza davurica）叶功能性状变异,以及土壤水分、养分和微生物特性与响应性状间的相关关系。结果表明：HW（增水50%）处理下3个植物LA（叶面积）、LDMC（干物质含量）显著增大,LW处理（减水50%）下短花针茅和达乌里胡枝子LA、LDMC显著减小,降水处理对短花针茅和达乌里胡枝子SLA（比叶面积）影响不显著,LW处理显著提高了蒙古冰草SLA;LW处理显著提高了蒙古冰草和短花针茅LNC（叶氮含量）和LPC（叶磷含量）;HW显著降低了土壤C、N含量,LW和HW均显著减少了真菌数量,而放线菌数量、微生物生物量C、N显著增加;3种优势植物LA均与土壤水分显著正相关,蒙古冰草和短花针茅通过提高SLA、LNC及LNP来适应干旱生境,蒙古冰草和短花针茅LNC及LNP是表征土壤P、微生物生物量有效性的关键指标,达乌里胡枝子通过自我调节养分利用策略来适应C、N、P含量和微生物活性较低的生境,从而决定其在群落中的优势地位。     

中国长足兰属(兰科)一新记录

报道了中国兰科植物一新记录, 即筒距长足兰[Pteroceras teres （Blume） Holttum], 并提供了描述与图片。该种与滇南长足兰[P. compressum （Blume） Holttum]相似, 但以花序轴圆柱形; 花黄色, 螺旋状排列; 距的先端囊状, 两侧压扁并多少扭转等特征与之区别。     

Septoria的新种和国内新记录种

作者在1987-1991年间从东北地区收集和采集Septoria真菌标本221份,鉴定出Septoria 84种,其中2个新种:Septoria dioscorical Lu Guo-zhong et Bai Jin-kai和Septoria saposhinikoviae Lu Guo-zhong et Bai Jin-kai,以及13个国内新记录种. Septoria属真菌的产孢方式为全壁芽生合轴式(holoblastic sympodial)。     

湖南张家界国家森林公园土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

自湖南张家界国家森林公园采集的15份土样中,分离获得32个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于15属中的19个种。其中,湖南小带孢Taeniolella hunanensis为一新种,昏暗色串孢Torula caligans和小孢维郎那霉Veronaea parvispora为中国新记录种。对其它16个中国已报道种亦作了分离生境的引证。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

福建省五种植物新记录

植物资源普查是掌握植物物种及数量变化的基础,对研究植物的地理分布和生物多样性具有重要意义。通过对2017年—2018年期间福建省本土植物调查过程中采集的植物标本进行整理和鉴定,发现了福建省被子植物5个新记录种,即台湾附地菜(Trigonotis formosana)、浙江琴柱草(Salvia nipponica subsp. zhejiangensis)、笔龙胆(Gentiana zollingeri)、大头茶(Polyspora axillaris)和钝颖落芒草(Piptatherum kuoi),均为福建省新记录种,大头茶属(Polyspora)和落芒草属(Piptatherum)为福建省新记录属。这些新记录植物的发现,丰富了福建省原生植物资源,为植物区系研究提供了新的资料。     

樟科植物柄锈菌补记

本文报告了樟科植物上的柄锈菌计巧种。其中有4个新种:四川山胡椒柄锈Puccinia linderae-setchuenensis sp. nov.,黄丹木姜子柄锈Puccinia litseae-elongatae sp. nov., 赛楠柄锈Puccinia nothaphoebes sp. nov.和湘楠柄锈Puccinia phoebes- hunanensis sp. nov二新种模式标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。研究了已知种的模式标本,并在文中作了简要讨论。文中附有种的检索表。     

A revision of the genus Sige Malmgren (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae)

The genus Sige Malmgren, 1865 is revised and the type species S.fusigera Malmgren, 1865, redescribed from syntypes and newly collected topotype material. Based on examination of type specimens, six species described from other genera are transferred to Sige: Pirakia brunnea Fauchald, 1972; Vitiazia dogieli Ushakov, 1953; Eulalia longocirrata Stop-Bowitz, 1948; Eumida (Eumidaj parvicirrus Perkins, 1984; Eulalia sandwichensis Ushakov, 1975; Eulalia sigeformis Annekova, 1937. The genus Vitiazia Ushakov, 1953, being monotypic, becomes a junior synonym to Sige. Pirakia lanceolata Hartman & Fauchald, 1971 is synonymized with Sige longocirrata (Støp-Bowitz, 1948) and Sige oliveri sp. nov. is described from western Norway and Sweden. Ten species are recognized as belonging to Sige. The relationships of Sige to other genera are discussed.     

New haplotype of the complete mitochondrial genome of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crocodylus siamensis</Emphasis> and its species-specific DNA markers: distinguishing <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. siamensis</Emphasis> from <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. porosus</Emphasis> in Thailand

Based on molecular phylogeny of available complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome sequences reveals that Crocodylus siamensis and C. porosus are closely related species. Yet, the sequence divergence of their mtDNA showed only a few values under conspecific level. In this study, a new haplotype (haplotype2, EF581859) of the complete mtDNA genome of Siamese crocodile (C. siamensis) was determined. The genome organization, which appeared to be highly similar to haplotype1 (DQ353946) mtDNA genome of C. siamensis, was 16,814 bp in length. However, the sequence divergence between the two genomes differed by around 7–10 and 0.7–2.1% for the haplotype1 between C. siamensis and C. porosus (AJ810453). These results were consistent with the phylogenetic relationship among the three genomes, suggesting that C. siamensis haplotype1 mtDNA genome might be the hybrid or the intraspecific variation of C. porosus. On the other hand, our specimen was found to be a true C. siamensis. Simultaneously, the seven species-specific DNA markers designed based on the distinctive site between haplotype2 mtDNA sequences of C. siamensis and haplotype1 mtDNA sequence of C. siamensis–C. porosus were successfully used to distinguish C. siamensis from C. porosus. These effective markers could be used primarily for rapid and accurate species identification in population, ecology and conservation studies.     

Biosystematics and evolutionary studies in Indian Drimia species

Abstract The taxonomic position and genetic relationship within Indian Drimia species is controversial due to their morphological similarities and genomic complexities. The present work gives an insight on the genetic relationship between Indian Drimia species on the basis of their karyotype, pollen morphology, flower opening characteristics, hybridization behavior, and by use of DNA sequence of two molecular markers (internal transcribed spacers [ITS] and maturase K [matK]). The karyotypic studies of Indian Drimia species revealed various polyploid forms making their identification and delimitation more difficult. The five species of Indian Drimia are grouped into two complexes, indica complex and wightii complex on the basis of their pollen morphology, karyotype, and hybridization behavior. These two groups were found to be evolving separately. The cytomorphological studies of wightii complex revealed that it is evolving through polyploid and chromosome repatterning, while indica complex have adapted polyploid as well as hybridization for evolution. Phylogeny obtained from DNA sequences of molecular markers (ITS and matK) confirmed that the indica complex and wightii complex are evolving parallely, by grouping them in two clusters. Thus, a combination of conventional and molecular methods proved to be of great use for delimiting a small but complex group of Indian Drimia species.     

Gastro‐Intestinal transit time in South American deer

The study of diet and physiological peculiarities of the digestive system of neotropical deer is not well known and the literature shows inconsistencies. To better understand the digestive system of these mammals the difference in the gastro‐intestinal transit time of four species of neotropical deer (Mazama americana, Mazama gouazoubira, Mazama nana, Blastocerus dichotomus), kept in captivity, was evaluated. Four plants (Neonotonia wightii, Morus albans, Medicago sativa, Leucaena leucocephala) were utilized and two variables were measured, mean time of the beginning of the elimination (BE) and mean time of permanence (TP). The results obtained for BE indicated similarity among the deer species, with significant differences between M. gouazoubira (mean=13.62 hr) and M. Americana (mean=19.25 hr). For the plants, the BE was faster with N. wightii and L. leucocephala, and slower for M. sativa. The TP results for B. dichotomus showed longer time when compared to the other species, whereas M. gouazoubira had a lower permanence. Overall, N. wightii had the highest retention time in the digestive tract of all the deer species studied. Associated with this observation, N. wightii had the highest quantity of plant fiber of the plants tested. In a similar fashion M. sativa showed the lowest TP in the digestive tract of the deer and had the lowest quantity of acid detergent fiber. The data from this study showed that, within species, the shape of the excretion curve of the plants was similar when the animals consumed N. wightii or M. sativa. Blastocerus dichotomus and M. gouazoubira had the highest and the lowest gastro‐intestinal transit time, respectively. This suggests that these species characterize different abilities to digest high fiber food, and consequently, represent the two extremities in the morphophysiological adaptation within the deer species evaluated. This information is vital because it is important to know the digestive physiology to define the diet of captive animals, particularly regarding the quantity and quality of fiber. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Morphology‐based phylogenetic binning to assess a taxonomic challenge: a case study in Graphidaceae (Ascomycota) requires a new generic name for the widespread Leptotrema wightii

Molecular phylogenetic analysis presents two challenges when it is transformed into formal classifications: the taxonomic challenge (whether and how to distinguish monophyletic sister clades or how to deal with paraphyletic grades) and the nomenclatural challenge (naming clades, i.e. placing name‐giving types accurately on a tree). One approach to the latter is morphology‐based phylogenetic binning, which places specimens based on phenotypic features on a molecular tree and assigns uncertainty values to alternative placement options. Here, we use the example of the lichenized fungal genus Leptotrema to demonstrate how morphology‐based phylogenetic binning can help to clarify taxonomic and nomenclatural issues when naming phylogenetically defined entities. Leptotrema is known for a common and widespread species, L. wightii, and phylogenetic analyses have been based exclusively on this species, including the recognition of a separate tribe, Leptotremateae. However, the genus name Leptotrema and the tribal name Leptotremateae are based on the name L. zollingeri, which was initially considered to be a synonym of L. wightii, but has recently been shown to represent a distinct species. As L. zollingeri differs considerably in phenotypic features from L. wightii, it can be questioned whether the two are at all related or whether L. zollingeri is actually closer to the genera Myriotrema and Ocellularia in tribe Ocellularieae. The solution to this problem is not trivial, as it affects the correct use of the names Leptotrema and Leptotremateae. Morphology‐based phylogenetic binning indeed demonstrated that L. zollingeri clusters with the Myriotrema album group in tribe Ocellularieae with high support. Hence, in contrast with current use, the name Leptotrema becomes available for the M. album group and Leptotremateae becomes a synonym of Ocellularieae. As a consequence, the new names Sanguinotrema and Sanguinotremateae are introduced to accommodate L. wightii and the tribe including this species and the genus Reimnitzia. Although the studied case is specific to lichen fungi, the approach can be used in a much broader context with any kind of taxon or organism. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179 , 436–443.     

Life history of the riverine cyprinid Henicorhynchus siamensis (Sauvage, 1881) in a small reservoir

The riverine species, Henicorhynchus siamensis (Sauvage 1881), is an important source of protein and an economical fish for the rural population of inland Indochina. Investigated in the present study were the reproductive feeding aspects and growth of H. siamensis living in a lake system. The gonadosomatic index peaked in August, which was delayed compared to river fish, and individuals took 1.5 years to attain the length of 50% maturity (about 200 mm). Stomach contents were dominated by phytoplankton and showed considerable seasonal variation. Asymptotic length of H. siamensis was 264.2 mm, with a 0.75 year^?1 growth coefficient and slower growth during the winter. The role of the flood pulse as a major influence on the life history of the fish is also discussed.     

Reproductive ecology of tropical forest trees in logged and fragmented habitats in Thailand and Costa Rica

Invertebrates mediate several important ecological processes, including pollination and seed predation, and events that affect invertebrate diversity or behaviour can potentially disrupt forest regeneration processes. This study investigates the impact of logging in Thailand and forest fragmentation in Costa Rica on the pollination and seed production of two self-incompatible forest trees. Logging in a dry deciduous dipterocarp forest in Thailand resulted in reduced densities of the common dipterocarp treeShorea siamensis and variably isolated individual trees. The number of flower visits to S. siamensis by pollinating Trigona bees was not affected by logging disturbance. However, pollinators did spend longer periods of time foraging in the canopies of isolated trees which were more prevalent in logged areas where tree density had been reduced. Consequently, at the logged site few cross-pollinations were effected and fruit set of S. siamensis was considerably lower than at nearby unlogged sites where distances between flowering conspecifics were smaller. Reduced fruit set has long-term implications for the recovery of S. siamensis populations in disturbed areas, and local population genetic structure is likely to be affected as reduced outcrossing rates among trees in disturbed regions results in relatively inbred seed. In Costa Rica forest fragmentation has restricted the once widespread tree Anacardium excelsum to forest patches located in an agriculturally-dominated landscape. As with S. siamensis, the abundance of pollinators, also Trigona bees, in the canopies of A. excelsum was largely unaffected by fragment size. Nevertheless, pollination success and seed production was positively correlated with fragment size. We propose that small bees rarely move between forest fragments and gene exchange through pollination occurs predominantly among trees within fragments and, together with likely low genetic variability in small fragments, that this contributes to the observed reduced fertilisation and seed set of A. excelsum. Thus increased tree isolation tree through selective logging or habitat fragmentation by forest clearance can result in reduced seed set due to changes in the foraging patterns of poorly mobile pollinators. Even if population sizes of the pollinators are maintained following environmental perturbation, this study shows that disturbance may disrupt pollination processes through changes in pollinator foraging behaviour. More attention needs to be focussed on changes in the behaviour of species involved in key ecological interactions following disturbance events in tropical forests.     

Species associations in a grassland on a heavy cracking clay soil in north-west Queensland: their structure,soil associations and effects of flooding

Four plant associations were separated on the basis of relative abundance of species in an ungrazed area of open grassland on a heavy cracking clay soil in north-west Queensland. They were correlated with soil pH, exchangeable potassium, available phosphorus, moisture content and particle size. Two associations were characterized by Iseilema spp., Astrebla spp. and Cyperus spp. and two by Eulalia fulva and Dichanthium fecundum. Flooding caused a significant decline in the relative abundance of all major perennial grasses except Eulalia fulva, an increase in Cyperus spp., a reduction in legumes, establishment of previously unrecorded forbs, and a reduction in the basal cover of all associations. Heavy grazing by cattle prior to flooding increased the proporton of particular forbs, almost eliminated Astrebla squarrosa and resulted in a basal cover of 1.8% compared with 4.4% in an adjacent exclosure.