中国秋海棠属植物的叶表皮特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜下,对中国秋海棠属(Begonia)植物7组52种2变种的叶表皮进行观察。结果表明秋海棠属植物叶表皮形态在属内组间具有较大的相似性,表皮细胞为多边形或近多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形,大多数种类表皮细胞内具有晶体,气孔器仅分布于下表皮,且以不等型为主。叶表皮综合特征,例如表皮细胞形状,表皮毛类型,表皮细胞内晶体的类型和形态,气孔器形态以及与一些种类独有特征的组合,在种间,尤其在近缘种之间具有明显的差异。     

秋海棠抗性育种初探

通过杂交育种提高秋海棠植物抗病性等抗逆能力。采用抗病亲本与具观赏性的易感病亲本杂交,F1自交两代使抗病性状纯合稳定,获得具观赏性、抗病的类型。连续回交将抗病性转移到具可看性而易感病的亲本中,培育出目的新品种;根据亲本性状互补的原则,结合杂种优势F1的利用,选择秋海棠属内不同组、不同生态型,抗逆性差异显著的原始材料进行远缘杂交,选育出观赏价值高、抗逆能力强的适应型新品种。通过30多个亲本组合的杂交选育,对6个典型组合亲本、子代的性状及表型分析研究,以及子代群体生长势、病情指数、抗性等级的测定,对秋海棠属植物的抗性育种作了初步探讨。     

属间远缘杂交水稻乳熟期间茎鞘糖类贮藏物质含量的比较

４个盆栽水稻材料乳熟期剪叶、剪穗处理均显著降低茎鞘内贮藏物质含量及器官干重;茎杆总糖含量由焉对上逐渐减少,属间远缘杂交水稻茎鞘内贮藏物质含量显著高于三系杂交组合汕优６３和常规品种圭６３０,奠定了属间远缘杂交水稻远诱１号和遗传工程冰稻１号穗大粒多组结实良好的物质基础。     

中国秋海棠属 (秋海棠科) 植物的DNA条形码评价

秋海棠属植物种类繁多,形态变异多样,导致种类的系统放置混乱,近缘种类鉴定困难。利用DNA条形码实现物种快速准确的鉴定技术具有不受形态特征约束的优势,为秋海棠属植物的分类鉴定提供了新的方法。本研究选择4个DNA条形码候选片段（rbcL,matK,trnH psbA,ITS）对中国秋海棠属26种136个个体进行了分析。结果显示：叶绿体基因rbcL,matK和trnH psbA种内和种间变异小,对秋海棠属植物的鉴别能力有限;ITS/ITS2种内和种间变异大,在本研究中物种正确鉴定率达到100%/96%,可考虑作为秋海棠属DNA条形码鉴定的候选片段。研究结果支持中国植物条形码研究组建议将核基因ITS/ITS2纳入种子植物DNA条形码核心片段中的观点。     

《广西植物志》秋海棠属(Begonia L.)增订

秋海棠属(Begonia L.)隶属于葫芦目(Cucurbitales)秋海棠科(Begoniaceae),有1 800余种,是世界第六大属,主要分布于美洲、非洲和亚洲的热带和亚热带地区,具有极高的观赏价值,亦可作为药用、食用、饮料和饲料等。我国有秋海棠属植物近300种,主要分布于我国的云南和广西等长江以南地区,其中云南有秋海棠属植物100余种。近年来,随着广西地区秋海棠属植物野外调查的不断深入,陆续发现并发表了大量秋海棠属新类群,使得广西产秋海棠属植物数目已超出1991年《广西植物志》(第一卷)收录的19种,因此亟需对发表于不同期刊中的类群进行系统地整理和汇总。鉴于此,该文通过查阅文献资料和考证标本信息,整理并汇总了广西产秋海棠属植物共84种,包括2个变种、11个亚种和46个特有种,新增的65种为《广西植物志》(第一卷)中未收录的类群,并补充了这些类群的特征集要、凭证标本信息和属下分组概况,为今后开展秋海棠属植物的分类修订以及系统学、进化生物学和保护生物学等研究提供了参考依据。     

云南秋海棠属植物叶片横切面比较解剖研究

报道30种主产于云南的秋海棠属植物叶片的横切面解剖构造特征。采用常规石蜡切片法切片观察,结果表明:云南秋海棠属植物叶片薄、横切面均为异面叶、呈典型的阴叶结构,叶肉组织虽有栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化,但栅栏组织不发达,占叶肉组织的比例较小。表皮多为单表皮,极稀复表皮,表皮毛均由多细胞组成。气孔集中于下表皮,孔下室或下陷气孔特大、通气组织极发达;角质层形状多样,呈均匀增厚、瘤状和片状突起;叶绿体椭球形、数多、个体大,主要分布于叶肉组织,集中于栅栏组织。解剖构造特征在各分类组内呈现不完全一致性,而在相同茎的形态类型中有些较一致的特征,在不同种间解剖特征各有差别;根状茎和直立茎类型种类的横切面组织结构表现为表皮细胞壁外的角质层薄、栅栏组织与叶肉组织厚度比例较小等弱光照、湿生等适应性较弱的特征。球茎类型的种类表现为角质层较厚、栅栏叶肉组织厚度比例较大等适应略为干燥和较强光照的特征。     

中国秋海棠属（秋海棠科）植物的DNA条形码评价

秋海棠属植物种类繁多,形态变异多样,导致种类的系统放置混乱,近缘种类鉴定困难。利用DNA条形码实现物种快速准确的鉴定技术具有不受形态特征约束的优势,为秋海棠属植物的分类鉴定提供了新的方法。本研究选择4个DNA条形码候选片段（rbcL,matK,trnH-psbA,ITS）对中国秋海棠属26种136个个体进行了分析。结果显示：叶绿体基因rbcL,matK和trnH-psbA种内和种间变异小,对秋海棠属植物的鉴别能力有限：ITS／ITS2种内和种间变异大,在本研究中物种正确鉴定率达到100％／96％,可考虑作为秋海棠属DNA条形码鉴定的候选片段。研究结果支持中国植物条形码研究组建议将核基因ITS／ITS2纳人种子植物DNA条形码核心片段中的观点。     

32种杜鹃花属植物亚属间杂交的可育性研究

为探索杜鹃花属植物亚属间杂交的可育性规律,该文对常绿杜鹃亚属(subgen. Hymenanthes)、杜鹃亚属(subgen. Rhododendron)及马银花亚属(subgen. Azaleastrum)、映山红亚属(subgen. Tsutsusi)和羊踯躅亚属(subgen. Pentanthera)的亚属间杂交进行了研究,共涉及杜鹃花属植物5亚属15亚组32种,杂交组合118个。结果表明:(1)杜鹃花属植物的亚属间杂交存在明显的生殖障碍,其可育性水平与亚属及其类群组合有关,高、中、低与不育比例为2∶16∶8∶92,可育比例仅20.0%,杜鹃亚属与马银花亚属等4个亚属级组合杂交未显现可育性。(2)亲本杂交组合方式对亚属间杂交有不同程度的影响,一些类群组合有明显的向性。以杜鹃亚属做母本与常绿杜鹃亚属的云锦杜鹃亚组杂交的可育组合比高于反交,且在有关大王杜鹃、粘毛杜鹃、露珠杜鹃和马缨花的杂交中也是如此,但与银叶杜鹃亚组杂交正好相反;另外,12对单向可育组合,分布于常绿杜鹃亚属与杜鹃亚属等4类亚属级杂交组合中。(3)杜鹃花属的亚属间杂交不亲和与败育现象明显,不可育组合百分率占80%,不能坐果是败育的主要表征,所有可育组合的绿苗率比值和单位种子数比值无一例达到相应母本的自然授粉水平。(4)双亲系统分类上的关系对亚属间可交配性具有重要影响并与可育程度一致,染色体倍性也有一定的作用。(5)有关研究为探索和认识杜鹃花属植物亚属间进化遗传联系提供了新的证据和思考,银叶杜鹃亚组可能是解释常绿杜鹃亚属与杜鹃亚属进化遗传联系的重要类群,杜鹃亚属的多鳞杜鹃可能与常绿杜鹃亚属具有广泛的血亲关系,其中多鳞杜鹃与岷江杜鹃彼此为生态相邻种并有可能在长期的演化过程中有遗传渗透,百合花杜鹃和毛肋杜鹃分别与映山红亚属、腺果杜鹃与马银花亚属,越峰杜鹃和繁花杜鹃分别与映山红亚属,大白杜鹃与羊踯躅亚属间的联系均需要深入研究。     

云南秋海棠属叶表皮及毛被的扫描电镜观察

首次报道滇产秋海棠属46种3变种叶表皮及毛被的扫描电镜特征。研究表明所有种的特征组合均有明显区别,因而这些微形态特征可作为分种和变种的依据。在每个组内难以找到一致的特征,因而在组的划分上意义不大,但秋海棠组内毛被和表皮特征的分化却为探讨一些组间的关系提供了某些线索。另外,通过探讨各组内毛被的发生和生态环境的关系,似可看出侧膜组应为较原始的类型,从而推断各组间的关系。     

杜鹃花属植物种间可交配性及其特点

该研究以杜鹃花属5亚属3组17亚组38种和共计91个可育组合及109个不育组合的杂交结果为依据,通过杂交可育指标频度分析,初步揭示该属植物种间可交配性的分布规律。结果表明:(1)根据育性等级频度的研究,可得到种间可交配性排序结果,即亚属级:常绿杜鹃亚属内杂交杜鹃亚属内杂交常绿杜鹃亚属×杜鹃亚属杜鹃亚属×映山红亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×映山红亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×羊踯躅亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×马银花亚属杜鹃亚属×羊踯躅亚属;亚组级:银叶杜鹃亚组×同亚属的其他亚组云锦杜鹃亚组内杂交云锦杜鹃亚组×银叶杜鹃亚组银叶杜鹃亚组×杜鹃亚属各组三花杜鹃亚组内杂交云锦杜鹃亚组×同亚属其他亚组云锦杜鹃亚组×杜鹃亚属各组常绿杜鹃亚属的其他亚组×杜鹃亚属各组。(2)种间可交配性与亲本间的亲缘关系及染色体倍性有明显的关联,与分类系统中所反映的类群亲缘关系契合,原始的杜鹃花属植物类群如常绿杜鹃亚属可能比较进化类群具有更广泛的可交配性。(3)坐果率、绿苗率、绿苗系数和单位可育种子数量及其等级频度能从不同的侧面反映杜鹃花属植物杂交可育性数量特征,但也分别存在某些局限性,建立综合评价方案和可育性等级频度指标十分重要。     

Novelties in Begonia (Begoniaceae) from the coastal forests of Brazil

Two new narrow endemic species ofBegonia from the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil,B. espiritosantensis andB. ibitiocensis, are described and illustrated.Begonia schenkii var.calvescens, an endemic taxon from the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, is transferred to species rank, and described and illustrated. A distribution map is provided for all three taxa.     

Physiological dormancy in seeds of two endemic species of Begonia from Yunnan Province,China: diagnosis and classification

With the purpose of assessing the status of dormancy in seeds of two Begonia species (Begonia lithophila and Begonia guishanensis), freshly matured seeds were given gibberellic acid and moist chilling and allowed to dry after ripening. The seeds were then germinated on media with or without KNO₃ at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 18/25°C. All three treatments significantly increased germination percentages. Examination by X‐ray revealed that seeds of both species have a fully developed embryo and thus have no morphological component of dormancy; seeds readily imbibed water and KNO₃ solution. Therefore, we conclude that seeds of the two Begonia species have non‐deep physiological dormancy. Although KNO₃ significantly increased germination in both species, alternating temperatures did not, suggesting that the most favorable microhabitat for germination is small‐scale disturbances under the forest canopy.     

Begonia baik and B. padawanensis spp. nov. (Begoniaceae) from sandstone areas in Sarawak,Malaysia

Two new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae), B. baik and B. padawanensis, from Sarawak are described and illustrated. Begonia baik, a member of sect. Petermannia, resembles B. conipila, but is distinguishable by having glabrous ovary (vs sparsely hispid) and margins of bracts dentate and glandular hairy (vs entire). Begonia padawanensis (sect. Reichenheimia) is similar to B. andersonii, differing in the leaves being obtriangular‐spatulate (vs orbicular) and having 5 pistillate flower tepals (vs 4). Both new species were discovered in a sandstone area in Padawan, Sarawak.     

Somatic hybridization of sexually incompatible petunias: Petunia parodii,Petunia parviflora

Summary Somatic hybrid plants were regenerated following the fusion of leaf mesophyll protoplasts of P. parodii with those isolated from a nuclear-albino mutant of P. parviflora. Attempts at sexual hybridization of these two species repeatedly failed thus confirming their previously established cross-incompatibility. Selection of somatic hybrid plants was possible since protoplasts of P. parodii would not develop beyond the cell colony stage, whilst those of the somatic hybrid and albino P. parviflora produced calluses. Green somatic hybrid calluses were visible against a background of albino cells/calluses, and upon transfer to regeneration media gave rise to shoots. Shoots and the resultant flowering plants were confirmed as somatic hybrids based on their growth habit, floral pigmentation and morphology, leaf hair structure, chromosome number and Fraction 1 protein profiles. The relevance of such hybrid material for the development of new, and extensively modified cultivars, is discussed.     

Studies on Middle American Begonia (Begoniaceae) I

Begonia xilitlensis, a new species inBegonia sectionGireoudia from Mexico is described, illustrated, and discussed, and the taxonomic and nomenclatural status of two others,Begonia glandulosa andB. stigmosa, is evaluated with a lectotype chosen for the former.     

Hybridization,transgressive segregation and evolution of new genetic systems in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis>

Introgressive hybridization facilitates incorporation of genes from one species into the gene pool of another. Studies on long-term effects of introgressive hybridization in animal systems are sparse.Drosophila nasuta (2n = 8) andD. albomicans (2n = 6)—a pair of allopatric, morphologically almost identical, cross-fertile members of thenasuta subgroup of theimmigrans species group-constitute an excellent system to analyse the impact of hybridization followed by transgressive segregation of parental characters in the hybrid progeny. Hybrid populations ofD. nasuta andD. albomicans maintained for over 500 generations in the laboratory constitute new recombinant hybrid genomes, here termed cytoraces. The impact of hybridization, followed by introgression and transgressive segregation, on chromosomal constitution and karyotypes, some fitness parameters, isozymes, components of mating behaviour and mating preference reveals a complex pattern of interracial divergence among parental species and cytoraces. This assemblage of characters in different combinations in a laboratory hybrid zone allows us to study the emergence of new genetic systems. Here, we summarize results from our ongoing studies comparing these hybrid cytoraces with the parental species, and discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the evolution of new genetic systems. This paper is dedicated to the memory of our teacher, Prof. N. B. Krishnamurthy.     

中国被子植物2新记录种——团花密花藤和珠芽秋海棠

该文首次报道了发现于云南德宏州的2个中国新记录种—团花密花藤(Pycnarrhena pleniflora Miers ex Hook.f. Thomson)和珠芽秋海棠(Begonia gemmipara Hook.f. Thomson)。结合原始文献、模式标本及其野外调查对其形态特征进行补充描述,凭证标本保存在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园标本馆(HITBC)。