中国特有种川榛的地理分布格局与气候环境因子的关系分析

采用查询资料和实地调查相结合的方法,收集中国特有种川榛(Corylus kweichowensis Hu)的地理分布资料以及各分布区的气象数据;利用Kira温暖指数、Kira寒冷指数、徐文铎湿度指数、Holdrige生物温度、Holdrige可能蒸散率和Holdrige可能蒸散量对川榛地理分布格局与气候水热指标的关系进行研究;并采用主成分分析法对影响川榛分布的气候水热指标进行了分析.结果表明:川榛分布于中国的15个省(自治区、直辖市),水平分布范围为东经102°06′~121°59′、北纬25°11′~37°38′,分布的最北端和最东端均位于山东省牟平县,最南端和最西端分别位于贵州省安龙县和四川省泸定县;垂直分布海拔为300~2500 m,集中分布海拔为500~1000 m,主要分布于秦岭、伏牛山、大别山和大巴山等山系.川榛分布区的年均温、Kira温暖指数、年降水量和Holdrige生物温度的最适范围分别为1124℃~1772℃、9153℃·月-1~14924℃·月-1、59638~160175 mm和1166℃~1754℃,Kira寒冷指数、徐文铎湿度指数、年空气相对湿度、Holdrige可能蒸散量和Holdrige可能蒸散率的均值分别为-673℃·月-1、911、7481%、86025 mm和089,其分布南界和北界的Kira温暖指数、Kira寒冷指数和年降水量的范围分别为6290℃·月-1~16910℃·月-1、-3990℃·月-1~-110℃·月-1和42550~205820 mm;按照Holdrige分类系统,川榛属于暖温带和亚热带湿润森林生命地带类型中的树种,生态适应性较广.主成分分析结果表明:限制川榛地理分布的气候水热条件由高到低依次为低温条件、高温条件、湿度条件,因此,园艺化栽培川榛时可首先考虑1月均温、Kira寒冷指数、极端低温、无霜期和年均温等因素.     

中国串珠藻科植物地理分布及与环境因子的关系

研究以中国串珠藻科Batrachospermaceae的串珠藻属Batrachospermum、熊野藻属Kumanoa和西斯藻属Sheathia植物样本的经纬度和一些重要环境因子数据为研究材料,采用方差分析、相关分析、主成分分析和线性判别分析的方法,分析这些环境因子对3个属的地理分布影响及3个属地理分布和生长环境的差异...     

中国翼手目新记录——马来假吸血蝠

2006年11月26日在云南省勐腊县勐仑镇翠鼻峰一无名洞捕捉到1只雄性蝙蝠,体型中等,前臂长60.7 mm,体重21.4 g。耳大,椭圆形,两耳于前额上方约15%的高度相连,耳屏细长双叉;鼻叶较简单,后鼻叶椭圆形,顶部钝圆、两侧缘向外隆凸,中央具一条显著的纵形隆脊,隆脊下部与隆起的间鼻叶相接,间鼻叶呈三角形,顶部W-形,前鼻叶呈马蹄状,前端紧接吻部;无尾,第二指仅具第一指骨;上门齿缺失,上犬齿前后基部均有一较大的副尖,Pm³缺失,下颚第二前臼齿（Pm₃）缺失。经鉴定,该蝙蝠为中国新记录——马来假吸血蝠（Megaderma spasma）。该文给出此蝙蝠的形态与头骨测量数据,并与国内分布的另一种假吸血蝠——印度假吸血蝠（M. lyra）进行了对比。标本保存在广东省昆虫研究所。     

翼手目物种密度分布与环境因素的关系

本文通过划分小区和运用相关分析法,分析了翼手目|物种密度分布与主要环境因素的关系。在海拔2000米以上地区物种密度明显减少,海拔4000米以上则非常贫乏,其物种数还随纬度升高而递减。物种密度分布与年均温呈正相关关系,与相对湿度呈半对数线性关系,与日照时数呈负相关关系。但翼手目物种密度最高处并不是温湿度最高地区,而是在碳酸盐岩发达的有丰富山洞地貌的低山丘陵地区。     

中国翼手目动物区系分类与分布研究进展、趋势与前景

21世纪以来,中国在蝙蝠区系分类、分布及生存现状的调查与研究方面突飞猛进,大陆学者已发表6个新种和11个中国新记录种,台湾学者也发表了4个管鼻蝠新种,区系面貌渐趋明晰;人才队伍逐渐壮大,国内与国际合作日益增多;研究内容与方法日趋深化和综合;物种保护意识明显增强;我国翼手目动物的研究呈现欣欣向荣的景象。然而总体上,中国目前的翼手目动物调查与研究还需进一步深入和精细化,一些隐蔽种仍有待揭示,今后在中国广大区域内特别是边境区域还很有可能发现新种或某些蝙蝠物种新的分布;已知的一些物种可能要进行新的分类修订和新的描述;需要绘制新的分布图和进行新的区划研究,还需尽快建立专门的翼手目物种信息网络交流平台,进一步加强国内外更广泛的学术交流与合作。中国在翼手目动物的区系分类、分布与多样性研究方面可望形成新的强势,在α、β、γ分类研究水平上都将有许多新的作为。     

中国鸟类地理分布的聚类分析

本文以郑作新（１９７６）的记述作为原始依据,用系统聚类法对中国鸟类的地理分布作了比较分析,结果与郑作新、张荣祖（１９７９）所作的分析基本吻合,但在亚区的组合方面又与之有一定的差异。     

环境因子对荒漠沙蜥种群密度影响的研究

本文研究人类改造荒漠的活动,植被,潜在的可利用的食物资源,竞争种的密度,土壤理化性质等坏境因子对荒漠沙蜥种群密度的影响。结果说明：人类的活动对沙蜥种群密度没有显著影响;决定沙蜥种群密度的主导因子是潜在的可利用的食物资源,植被,土壤含水量,竞争种的密度。这些因子的任何改变都能改变沙蜥的种群密度,均具有调节种群的作用。     

中国翼手目区系的研究及与日本翼手目区系的比较

翼手类是哺乳动物中唯一能够占领空间领域,真正飞行的一目。在现生哺乳纲中,为其种数仅次于啮齿类的一个大目,这无论就全世界来说,或者就中国来说,都是如此。以往中国对翼手目的报道,均散见于各区系报告中,缺乏专门系统研究,这同此类群之繁多是很不相称的,本文仅在材料很不充分的情况下,作初步概括性讨论。     

四川大头茶地理分布与环境因子的关系

植物的分布受环境因子的影响,而水热条件及其配合情况是限制植物分布的主要因子,植物的分布与气候因子尤其是水热因子的关系已从定性描述发展到定量研究。日本吉良曾用温暖指数（ＷＩ）及其提出寒冷指数（ＣＩ）、干湿度指数（Ｋ）分析了日本森林与水热的关系［１］,朝鲜任良宰据此方法对朝鲜半岛的森林与气候关系作过不少研究［２］。之后,我国一些学者［３～５］也应用吉良的热量指标对我国部分地区的森林树种分布与气候关系进行了有益的研究。最近,倪健［６］提出生物温暖指数（ＢＷＩ）、生物寒冷指数（ＢＣＩ）及生物干湿度指数（…     

中国针茅属植物的地理分布

本文论述了中国针茅属植物的地理分布、生态特点及其与植被分布的关系。中国针茅属有32种1亚种及4变种,据该属各个种所处环境中的气候和土壤等因素的变化,不同种的分布也各异。属的分布区的类型属于吴征镒(1979)的中国植物区系分区的泛北极植物区中的6个植物亚区,即亚洲荒漠植物亚区,欧、亚森林植物亚区,青藏高原植物亚区,中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区,欧、亚草原植物亚区及中国-日本森林植物亚区。     

基于DIVA-GIS的紫玉兰地理分布及适生性分析

基于39个地理分布信息和19个生物气候因子,利用BIOCLIM生态位模型对紫玉兰(Yulania liliiflora(Desr.) D. L. Fu)潜在适生区进行预测。结果显示,紫玉兰自然分布于云南、四川、贵州、湖北、甘肃、重庆、福建等地海拔300～1600 m的中低山区。当前气候条件下,贵州苗岭是其主要适生区;随着全球气候变暖(CO2浓度倍增情况下),紫玉兰的适生区有向高海拔地区收缩的趋势,而在分布区的东北界,其潜在分布范围将扩散至湖南中部和浙江东部地区。影响紫玉兰地理分布格局的重要因素是水热条件的综合效应。ROC曲线检验的AUC值(0.998)表明,采用BIOCLIM模型对紫玉兰潜在分布区的预测结果准确性较高。本研究在气候变暖的大环境下分析紫玉兰的适生性,可为紫玉兰种质资源的保护利用提供依据。     

武汉市城区苔藓植物多样性和分布及与环境因子的关系

对武汉市7个中心城区和部分远郊城区共26个样点73个样地的苔藓群落进行调查,采集苔藓植物样本共431份。经鉴定调查区内共有苔藓植物20科35属91种,其中狭叶小羽藓（Haplocladium angustifolium（Hampe et C.Muell.）Broth.）和钝叶绢藓（Entodon obtusatus Broth.）等为优势种,分布于其中的24个样点。多样性指数分析结果显示,位于青龙山国家森林公园的α多样性Patrick和Shannon-Wiener指数最高,说明该样点苔藓植物群落的复杂程度高,群落所含信息量大。Patrick指数与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析结果显示,土壤含水率和与主要干道距离是显著影响地面生苔藓植物多样性的环境因子,而显著影响树附生苔藓植物多样性的环境因子仅与距主要干道距离相关。用典范对应分析法（CCA）研究26个样点中苔藓植物的盖度与主要环境因子的关系,结果发现人为干扰程度、草本盖度、与城市主要干道的距离等对地面生和树附生苔藓植物的分布都有显著影响。其中地面生苔藓植物的分布受人为干扰和草本盖度影响最为显著;而树附生苔藓植物的分布受附生树干胸径及与主要干道距离影响最为显著。研究结果表明武汉市区苔藓植物的多样性和分布受人为干扰较大,树附生苔藓对汽车尾气等因素更为敏感。     

Patterns of phylogenetic beta diversity in China's grasslands in relation to geographical and environmental distance

Patterns and determinants of beta (β-) diversity can be used to explore the underlying mechanisms regulating community assembly. Despite being the most commonly used measure of β-diversity, species turnover does not consider the evolutionary differences among species, treating all species equally. Incorporating information on phylogenetic non-independence or relatedness among species in the calculation of β-diversity may substantially advance our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms structuring communities. Here, we investigate the relative influence of geographical distance and differences in environmental conditions (environmental distance) on the phylogenetic β-diversity between grassland communities expanding 4000 km across the Tibetan Plateau, the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China. Both observed and standardized effect size of phylogenetic β-diversity were significantly correlated with geographical and environmental distance across all regions. However, the effect of geographical distance on the standardized effect size of phylogenetic β-diversity disappeared when environmental distance was controlled. We also found that within different regions, the effect of environmental distance on both observed and standardized effect size of phylogenetic β-diversity was more significant than geographical distance. Among environmental variables, climate played a more important role in shaping observed phylogenetic β-diversity across and within regions, and standardized effect size of phylogenetic β-diversity across regions. Soil properties played a more important role in shaping standardized effect size of phylogenetic β-diversity within regions. The phylogenetic β-diversity of species from dicot and monocot clades exhibited similar patterns along environmental and geographical distance. The results suggest that at the study scale, phylogeny of grassland communities in China is predominantly structured by environmental filtering, and the dominant environmental factors may be scale-dependent.     

Influence of historical,geographical and environmental variables on understorey composition and richness in Danish forests

Question: What is the relative influence of forest continuity, environmental differences and geographical context on vegetation and species richness in ancient and recent forests? Location: Himmerland and Hornsherred in Denmark. Methods: Lists of forest species from deciduous forests were subjected to CCA with variation partitioning to quantify the relative amount of variation in species composition attributable to historical, present geographical and environmental variables. GLM was used to estimate the importance of the variables to species richness. Results: The importance of temporal forest continuity in one region was negligible but was considerable in the other. The variation in species composition explained by geographical, environmental and historical variables showed little overlap in both regions, particularly at the fine scale. Conclusions: This paper does not support the idea that differences in the flora between ancient and recent forests is mainly caused by environmental differences. Furthermore, species richness seemed unaffected by isolation and forest connectivity.     

中药黄芪植物分类及其区系地理分布研究

确认了中药黄芪的原植物有膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge)、蒙古黄芪(A. mongholicus Bunge)和北蒙古黄芪(A. borealimongolicus Y. Z. Zhao)3种,其中北蒙古黄芪为一新种;确定了这三种植物的区系地理成分：膜荚黄芪为东亚北部—西伯利亚南部森林带的分布种,蒙古黄芪为华北森林草原带的分布种,北蒙古黄芪为蒙古高原北部草原带的分布种,3种黄芪存在着明显的地理替代分布格局。     

The ghost of unbalanced species distribution data in geographical model predictions

Unbalanced samples are considered a drawback in predictive modelling of species' potential habitats, and a prevalence of 0.5 has been extensively recommended. We argue that unbalanced species distribution data are not such a problem from a statistical point of view, and that good models can be obtained provided that the right predictors and cut-off to convert probabilities into presence/absence are chosen. The effects of unbalanced prevalence should not be confused with those of low-quality data affected by false absences, low sample size, or unrepresentativeness of the environmental and spatial gradient. Finally, we point out the necessity of greater research effort aimed at improving both the quality of training data sets, and the processes of validating and testing of models.     

Differentiation diversity of Argentine cacti and its relationship to environmental factors

Abstract. We studied the differentiation diversity (β-diversity or species turnover) patterns of the three main cactus growth forms (columnar, opuntioid and globose) in 318 (1° × 1°) squares covering Argentina. We analysed the degree of association between species turnover of each growth form with the spatial variation of a set of 15 environmental variables. Species turnover was estimated in two ways: (1) by calculating species turnover along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients and (2) by evaluating the species turnover between each square and its eight surrounding neighbouring grid cells. For the three growth forms, species turnover in latitudinal transects was mostly related to the mean within-transect values of certain environmental variables, while in longitudinal transects it was related to the variation of some environmental variables within the transect rather than to their mean values. For columnar species, transect species turnover was mainly associated with variation in temperature, confirming the temperature-sensivity of this growth form. For opuntioid species, turnover along transects was mainly related to topographic variables. In the case of globose cacti, transect turnover was associated with variation in temperature and rainfall. For the three growth forms, areas of high turnover coincided with marked transitions between different biogeographic provinces, while the areas with lowest species turnover coincide with topographically and climatically uniform plains. Species turnover between individual squares was positively associated with the proportion of summer rainfall in globose cacti, the variation of mean annual temperature in columnar cacti and was negatively related to mean annual temperature in opuntioid cacti. Compared to the other growth forms, globose cacti presented a much larger proportion of squares with a high species turnover. In general, differentiation diversity was lower for the opuntioid and the columnar species, two growth forms with higher dispersal ability and was highest for the globose cacti, which have the lowest dispersal capacity. Environmentally heterogeneous areas, where large-scale transitions between biomes occur, have exceptionally high species turnover, and are important target areas for the conservation of biodiversity.     

基于125个地区的中国藓类植物区系的定量分析

系统收集了我国125个地区的藓类植物区系资料,统计了种和属在这些地区的分布频度。以藓类种数超过100的73个地区为研究对象,以科所含的种数为指标,应用除趋势对应分析和模糊均值聚类基础上的主坐标排序,对我国藓类植物区系的区域分化特点进行了定量分析。结果显示,随着分布频度增加,种和属数均呈指数式下降,绝大部分的种和属仅在极少数地区有记录。根据藓类植物的区系组成,73个地区可分成5组：第1组涉及华东、华中和西南的12个地区;第2组包括西北、华北为主的16个地区;第3组为人为干扰强烈的长三角等15个地区;第4组包括以华南为主的热带、南亚热带区域的19个山地;第5组包括西北、东北和西南的11个温带或高海拔山地。研究结果表明我国藓类区系报道在种类鉴定中可能存在比较普遍的误定现象,从而造成绝大部分种类局限于狭窄地理区域的假象。