Effect of the Rhizobium leguminosarum252 Agglutinins on the Activity of Certain Enzymes in Plant Cells

The incubation of pea seedling roots with the surface agglutinins R₁and R₂of Rhizobium leguminosarum252 brought about an increase in the activity of proteases, -glucosidase, and, especially, succinate dehydrogenase in the roots. The data presented show that rhizobial agglutinins play an important part in the formation and functioning of legume–rhizobial associations.     

The Effect of the Carbohydrate Components of Pea Roots on the Enzymatic Activity of the Surface Agglutinins of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 252

The interaction of the surface agglutinins of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 252 with the carbohydrate components of host pea roots alters the -glucosidase and proteolytic activities of the agglutinins.     

Effect of Rhizobium leguminosarum 252 agglutinins on the activity of some plant cell enzymes]

The incubation of pea seedling roots with the surface agglutinins R1 and R2 of Rhizobium leguminosarum 252 brought about an increase in the activity of proteases, beta-glucosidase, and, especially, succinate dehydrogenase in the roots. The data presented show that rhizobial agglutinins play an important part in the formation and functioning of legume-rhizobial associations.     

Enzymes of ammonia assimilation in Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids.

The activities of the following enzymes were studied in connection with dinitrogen fixation in pea bacteroids: glutamine synthetase(L-glutamate: ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)(EC 6.3.1.2)(GS); glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+)(L-glutamate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (deaminating)(EC 1.4.1.4)(GDH); glutamate synthase (L-glutamine: 2-exeglutarate aminotransferase (NADPH-oxidizing))(EC 2.6.1.53)(GOGAT). GS activity was high throughout the growth of the plant and GOGAT activity was always low. It is unlikely that GDH or the GS-GOGAT pathway can account for the incorporation of ammonia from dinitrogen fixation in the pea bacteroid,     

Effect of Plasmid pIJ1008 from Rhizobium leguminosarum on Symbiotic Function of Rhizobium meliloti

Plasmid pIJ1008, which carries determinants for uptake hydrogenase (Hup) activity, was transferred from Rhizobium leguminosarum to Rhizobium meliloti without impairing the capacity of the latter species to form root nodules on alfalfa. The plasmid was still present in rhizobia reisolated from the root nodules of 12 different alfalfa cultivars, but only low levels of Hup activity were detected in alfalfa.     

Structural studies of the Fur protein from Rhizobium leguminosarum

The X-ray crystal structure of the apo-form of the Fur protein from Rhizobium leguminosarum has been solved at 2.7 A resolution. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to give information on the solution conformation of the protein. The Fur homodimer folds into two domains. The N-terminal domain is formed from the packing of two helix-turn-helix motifs while the C-terminal domain appears primarily to stabilize the dimeric state of the protein.     

Studies on the Inoculation and Competitiveness of a Rhizobium leguminosarum Strain in Soils Containing Indigenous Rhizobia

The competitiveness of a Rhizobium leguminosarum strain was investigated at two separate locations in field inoculation studies on commercially grown peas. The soil at each location (sites I and II) contained an indigenous R. leguminosarum population of ca. 3 × 10⁴ rhizobia per g of soil. At site I it was necessary to use an inoculum concentration as large as 4 × 10⁷ CFU ml⁻¹ (2 × 10⁶ bacteria seed⁻¹) to establish the inoculum strain in the majority of nodules (73%). However, at site II the inoculum strain formed only 33% of nodules when applied at this (10⁷ CFU ml⁻¹) level. Establishment could not be further improved by increasing the inoculum concentration even as high as 10⁹ CFU ml⁻¹ (9.6 × 10⁷ bacteria seed⁻¹). The inoculum strain could be detected at both sites 19 months after inoculation. Analysis by intrinsic antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid DNA profiles indicated that a dominant strain(s) and plasmid pool existed among the indigenous population at site II. Competition experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions between a dominant indigenous isolate and the inoculum strain. Both strains were shown to be equally competitive.     

Effect of rosR Gene Overexpression on Biofilm Formation by Rhizobium leguminosarum

Microbiology - The regulatory protein encoded by the rosR gene is involved in the processes of adaptation of root nodule bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum to changes in environmental conditions. It...     

Effect of Azospirillum Lectins on the Activities of Wheat-root Hydrolytic Enzymes

This work studied the effect of two cell-surface lectins isolated from the nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and from its mutant defective in hemagglutinating activity, A. brasilense Sp7.2.3, on the activities of α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase in the exocomponent, membrane and apoplast fractions of wheat-seedling roots. Lectin (40 μg mL⁻¹) incubation for 1 h of the plant fractions increased the enzymes’ activities; both wild-type and mutant lectins were most stimulatory to the activities of all the exocomponent-fraction enzymes studied and to the apoplast-fraction β-glucosidase. Pretreatment of the lectins with their carbohydrate hapten, L-fucose, lowered the effect. The observed differences in the lectins’ ability to influence enzyme catalytic activity are explained by change in the antigenic properties of the mutant lectin.     

Effect of indolylacetic acid on formation of bacteroid forms of Rhizobium leguminosarum

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of indolylacetic acid (IAA) on the strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum, effective and noneffective with respect to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (L4 and 245a, and 14--73, respectively). IAA at a concentration of 50 mcg/ml and higher inhibited the growth of the bacterium, temporarily delayed celular division, and induced intensive formation of elongated bacteroid-like cells, predominantly Y-shaped or having a clavate shape. Many bacteroid-like cells were capable of division after a certain delay.     

Isolation of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae Variants with Indole-3-acetamide Hydrolase Activity

The IAA biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan to IAA via IAM(IAM pathway) was investigated in Rhizobium spp. (fast-growingrhizobium). Southern hybridization with the bam gene, a structuralgene for IAM hydrolase (the enzyme that converts IAM to IAA)cloned from Bradyrhizobium japonicum J1063, indicated that homologoussequences exist among wild-type Rhizobium spp. However the IAMpathway has not been detected biochemically in free-living bacteria.When 5-methyltryptophan-resistant strains were screened forRhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae K5 which has DNA sequenceswith high homology to the bam gene, spontaneous mutants showingIAM hydrolase activity were isolated. The results suggest thepossibility that the activity of IAM hydrolase is suppressedin free-living state in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciaeK5. In addition we detected the peak at the same t_R of IAM byHPLC analysis using two columns when a large amount of L-tryptophanwas added to the suspension of 5-methyltryptophan-resistantvariants. Whether or not tryptophan-2-monooxygenase activity,however, actually works in Rhizobium cells remained to be solved. (Received September 20, 1989; Accepted March 6, 1990)     

Removal of chromium using Rhizobium leguminosarum

The chromium (Cr^III and Cr^VI) removal capability of Rhizobium leguminosarum was checked by estimating the amount of chromium in the medium before and after inoculation. To determine the efficiency of R. leguminosarum in removal of chromium, the influence of physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, pH and different concentrations (0.1–1.0 mM) of trivalent (Cr^III) and hexavalent (Cr^VI) chromium were studied. The chromium removal in aqueous solution by different size of active and inactivated biomass and immobilized cells of R. leguminosarum in a packed-bed column was also carried out. Results showed that in a medium containing up to 0.5 mM concentration of both Cr^III and Cr^VI, R. leguminosarum showed optimal growth. The maximum chromium removal was at pH 7.0 and 35°C. Active biomass removed 84.4 ± 3.6% of Cr^III and 77.3 ± 4.3% of Cr^VI in 24 h of incubation time. However, inactivated biomass removed maximum chromium after 36 h of incubation. Immobilized bacterial cells in a packed-bed column removed 86.4 ± 1.7% of Cr^III and 83.8 ± 2.2% of Cr^VI in 16 and 20 h of incubation time, respectively.     

Comparison of characteristics of the nodX genes from various Rhizobium leguminosarum strains

We have analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the nodX genes from two strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae able to nodulate Afghan peas (strains A1 and Himalaya) and from two strains of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii (ANU843 and CSF). The nodX genes of strains A1 and ANU843 were shown to be functional for the induction of nodules on Afghan peas. To analyze the cause of phenotypic differences of strain A1 and strain TOM we have studied the composition of the lipochitin-oligosaccharides (LCOs) produced by strain A1 after induction by the flavonoid naringenin or various pea root exudates. The structural analysis of the LCOs by mass spectrometry revealed that strain A1 synthesizes a family of at least 23 different LCOs. The use of exudates instead of naringenin resulted only in quantitative differences in the ratios of various LCOs produced.