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1.
José Potting Michael Hauschild Henrik Wenzel 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(1):16-24
The absence of spatial and temporal information in the data from a typical Life Cycle Inventory puts constraints on the possibilities
of subsequent Life Cycle Impact Assessment to predict actual impact. Usual methods for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (often
referred to as “less is better” methods) make only limited use of spatial and temporal information, because they predict concentration
increases rather than full concentrations. As a consequence it does not seem possible to evaluate whether a threshold value
is surpassed. The resulting poor accordance between the predicted impact and the expected occurrence of actual impact is a
major problem. This problem is particularly relevant for human toxicity assessment, since the probability of surpassing thresholds
here traditionally is the main point of attention. A considerable group of practitioners suggests to follow an “only above
threshold” principle by introduction of assessment tools from risk assessment and environmental impact assessment in LCA.
Intensive debate is going on about possibilities and limitations of “less is better” and “only above threshold”. The debate
is obscured by two underlying discussions (about no-effect-levels and about data-availability) that are partly, but not fully
intertwined. Both principles tend to be given fixed positions in these discussions, and are therefore often put forward as
fundamentally different and incompatible with each other. This article entwines the discussions, shows parallels between both
principles, and uses these parallels to present a new method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment of human toxicity from air emissions
that — with limited data requirement from Life Cycle Inventory — can take as well threshold evaluation and spatial source-differentiation
into account. 相似文献
2.
Forestry is obliged to record as well as maintain and/or enhance biological diversity in forests due to national and international
agreements. Accordingly, it is necessary to work out methodological approaches for the assessment of biodiversity in forests.
In the study presented here, we focus on the total plant species pool (563 vascular plant and bryophyte species) of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in NE Germany to identify indicators for plant species richness. We distinguished several groups like “herb”,
“grass-like”, “woody”, “endangered”, and “exotic species”, for which we detected indicators for low (class #1), intermediate
(class #2), and high (class #3) species numbers. From a total of 84 species, which were identified by a three-step procedure,
most indicators were found for class #3. Only few indicators have been revealed for intermediate species numbers, i.e. class
#2. With help of Ellenberg’s ecological indicator values and information on the main occurrence in Central European vegetation
types and plant communities, respectively, we characterized the indicator species ecologically. The ecological site preferences
of the indicator species in general reflect the fact that species richness is highest in base-rich, light, and anthropogenically
disturbed pine forests. On the contrary, species-poor forests were revealed by indicators, which mainly occur on acidic sites.
It is concluded that a considerable set of indicators for species richness can help facilitate biodiversity assessments in
forestry and ecosystem restoration practice.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
3.
Rosie Saad Manuele Margni Thomas Koellner Bastian Wittstock Louise Deschênes 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(3):198-211
Purpose
Among other regional impact categories in LCA, land use still lacks a suitable assessment method regarding the least developed “soil ecological quality” impact pathway. The goals of this study are to scope the framework addressing soil ecological functions and to improve the development of regionalized characterization factors (CFs). A spatially explicit approach was developed and illustrated for the Canadian context using three different regional scales and for which the extent of spatial variability was assessed. 相似文献4.
Arnold Tukker 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(6):341-351
This paper (the second in a series of three) compares incineration options for hazardous waste with LCA. Provided that acceptance
criteria are met with regard to metals, PAHs and chlorine, Dutch Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWls) appeared to be
preferable above rotary kilns since they have a better energy recovery and — unlike rotary kilns — produce reusable slags.
The position of the cement kiln relative to the MSWI and rotary kiln depends on the allocation method chosen. System enlargement,
which may be most highly defensible, tends to give cement kilns the advantage. Yet, two key concerns which are unsolvable
by LCA make final conclusions impossible. First, an input of highly contaminated waste leads to an enrichment of cement with
metals. Long-term consequences are not known, so the incineration of waste with a high metal content will inevitably be controversial.
Second, no convincing proof was found that cement kilns would not produce additional hazardous process emissions (e.g. dioxins)
when using waste instead of fuel. The precautionary principle demands that such proof be provided before cement kilns can
be considered for the incineration of waste with a composition other than their regular fuel. 相似文献
5.
Florent Querini Jean-Christophe Béziat Stéphane Morel Valérie Boch Patrick Rousseaux 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(5):454-464
Purpose
As new alternative automotive fuels are being developed, life cycle assessment (LCA) is being used to assess the sustainability of these new options. A fuel LCA is commonly referred as a “Well To Wheels” analysis and calculates the environmental impacts of producing the fuel (the “Well To Tank” stage) and using it to move a car (the “Tank To Wheels” stage, TTW). The TTW environmental impacts are the main topic of this article. 相似文献6.
Daniel W. Schneider 《Ecosystems》2006,9(7):1156-1169
Industrial ecosystems are fruitful sites for examining ecosystem management. Sewage treatment plants, breweries, biotechnology
reactors, and ethanol production plants are all ecosystems—complex biophysical systems in which communities of bacteria, yeast,
fungi, and other organisms are maintained to extract services or resources. The industrial analog to ecosystem management
is “process control”, where the industrial operator is the ecosystem manager. Process control is the management of a production
process through the careful measurement and adjustment of its physical and chemical conditions. By analyzing the history of
process control in activated sludge sewage treatment plants, I show the importance of craft knowledge in ecosystem management.
Sewage treatment plant workers, through their experience in operating the plants, developed means of evaluating process conditions
based on sight and smell rather than laboratory analysis. These craft techniques developed and persisted in spite of concerted
efforts on the part of sanitary scientists to institute “scientific” control of the process based on laboratory analysis and
models of microbial kinetics, suggesting that craft knowledge of ecosystem function can contribute to successful management.
The craft knowledge of sewage plant workers is a kind of adaptive management, in which workers constantly adjust ecosystem
parameters and observe the results. This approach is contrasted to “command and control” approaches to treatment plant automation,
which have met with uneven success. 相似文献
7.
Summary Differences in maternal investment and initial offspring size can have important consequences for offspring growth and development.
To examine the effects of initial size variability in the frogBombina orientalis, we reared larvae (N=360) in one of two treatments representing different levels of environmental quality. We used snout-vent length at the feeding
stage (stage 25, Gosner 1960) as a measure of maternal investment. In a “low quality” treatment, larvae were reared with two
conspecific tadpoles and food was limited, whereas in a “high quality” treatment, larvae were reared individually and were
fed ad libitum. Among tadpoles reared in the low quality treatment, individuals that were initially small had smaller body
sizes through metamorphosis and longer larval periods than individuals that were initially large. Among tadpoles reared in
the high quality treatment, initial size had only a weak influence on later larval size, and did not significantly affect
metamorphic size of the duration of the larval period. This interaction between maternal investment and rearing conditions
suggests that production of initially small offspring could be advantageous if these offspring develop in relatively benign
environments, but disadvantageous if environments are more severe. These findings are discussed in light of previous studies
that have demonstrated such interactions in organisms with complex life cycles. 相似文献
8.
Goal, Scope and Background The disposal phase of a product’s life cycle in LCA is often neglected or based on coarse indicators like ‘kilogram waste’. The goal of report No. 13 of the ecoinvent project (Doka 2003) is to create detailed Life Cycle Inventories of waste disposal processes. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the models behind the waste disposal inventories in ecoinvent, to present exemplary results and to discuss the assessment of long-term emissions. This paper does not present a particular LCA study. Inventories are compiled for many different materials and various disposal technologies. Considered disposal technologies are municipal incineration and different landfill types, including sanitary landfills, hazardous waste incineration, waste deposits in deep salt mines, surface spreading of sludges, municipal wastewater treatment, and building dismantling. The inventoried technologies are largely based on Swiss plants. Inventories can be used for assessment of the disposal of common, generic waste materials like paper, plastics, packaging etc. Inventories are also used within the ecoinvent database itself to inventory the disposal of specific wastes generated during the production phase. Inventories relate as far as possible to the specific chemical composition of the waste material (waste-specific burdens). Certain expenditures are not related to the waste composition and are inventoried with average values (process-specific burdens). Methods The disposal models are based on previous work, partly used in earlier versions of ecoinvent/ETH LCI data. Important improvements were the extension of the number of considered chemical elements to 41 throughout all disposal models and new landfill models based on field data. New inventories are compiled for waste deposits in deep salt mines and building material disposal. Along with the ecoinvent data and the reports, also Excel-based software tools were created, which allow ecoinvent members to calculate waste disposal inventories from arbitrary waste compositions. The modelling of long-term emissions from landfills is a crucial part in any waste disposal process. In ecoinvent long-term emissions are defined as emissions occurring 100 years after present. They are reported in separate emission categories. The landfill inventories include long-term emissions with a time horizon of 60’000 years after present. Results and Discussion As in earlier studies, the landfills prove to be generally relevant disposal processes, as also incineration and wastewater treatment processes produce landfilled wastes. Heavy metals tend to concentrate in landfills and are washed out to a varying degree over time. Long-term emissions usually represent an important burden from landfills. Comparisons between burdens from production of materials and the burdens from their disposal show that disposal has a certain relevance. Conclusion The disposal phase should by default be included in LCA studies. The use of a material not only necessitates its production, but also requires its disposal. The created inventories and user tools facilitate heeding the disposal phase with a similar level of detail as production processes. The risk of LCA-based decisions shifting burdens from the production or use phase to the disposal phase because of data gaps can therefore be diminished. Recommendation and Perspective Future improvements should include the modelling of metal ore refining waste (tailings) which is currently neglected in ecoinvent, but is likely to be relevant for metals production. The disposal technologies considered here are those of developed Western countries. Disposal in other parts of the World can differ distinctly, for logistic, climatic and economic reasons. The cross-examination of landfill models to LCIA soil fate models could be advantageous. Currently only chemical elements, like copper, zinc, nitrogen etc. are heeded by the disposal models. A possible extension could be the modelling of the behaviour of chemical compounds, like dioxins or other hydrocarbons. 相似文献
9.
Jutta Geldermann Christina Jahn Thomas Spengler Otto Rentz 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(2):94-106
The EC Directive concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC Directive 96/61/EC) obliges all Member States
to make an integrated assessment of the impacts on the environment “as a whole”, as regards granting permission for and the
operation of environmentally relevant industrial installations. The determination of “Best Available Techniques” BAT plays
an essential role in the material transformation of the IPPC-Directive. An integrated approach for the assessment of cross-media
aspects of techniques for the determination of BAT is outlined in this paper, which is grounded on the basic concept of Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA), emphasising the need for decision support. The proposed assessment approach is applied to a case study
sinter production in an integrated iron and steel works, which forms the base for several recommendations concerning further
research. 相似文献
10.
Managing a coral reef in a small island state is a difficult task. Apart from having conflicting objectives and few data
there is the added problem of how to evaluate the less tangible benefits of management. This study reports the successful
use of multiple criteria analysis to help the managers of a coral reef to make “good” decisions. “Good” decisions are consistent
with the community’s desires to, in this case, preserve social and ecological values while simultaneously maintaining the
economic benefits of dive tourism and maintaining the park as a global model of successful management. Multiple criteria analysis
provides a systematic framework for evaluating management options. This study presents one of the first times multiple criteria
analysis has been used in coral reef management, let alone in a non-industrialised setting. The results suggest that the method
may be more widely useful than previously thought.
Accepted: 20 July 1999 相似文献
11.
The intentional introduction of exotic species can increase the level of local biodiversity, enrich people’s material lives,
and bring significant social and economic benefits that are also the symbols of human progress. However, along with the frequent
intercourse among countries and regions, the frequency of uncontrolled crossregional migration of species is increased and
there is a lack of scientific management strategy for the intentional introduction of exotic species. Exotic species invasion,
which is behind habitat fragmentation, has become the second largest threatening factor to the maintenance of the global-scale
level of biological diversity. Exotic species invasion can destroy the structure of an ecosystem, disturb the economic life
of a society, and do harm to human health. In this paper, the authors review some of the ecological explanations for issues
such as “what causes or mechanisms have led to the successful invasion of exotic species”, including the “ideal weeds characteristics”,
“biodiversity resistance hypothesis”, “enemies release hypothesis”, “evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis”,
“niche opportunity hypothesis”, and “novel weapon hypothesis”. The authors also analyze and evaluate the background and theoretical
basis of the hypotheses, providing explanations for some phenomena, as well as the deficiencies of these explanations. 相似文献
12.
The role of trade-offs in biodiversity conservation planning: Linking local management, regional planning and global conservation efforts 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Biodiversity conservation planning requires trade-offs, given the realities of limited resources and the competing demands
of society. If net benefits for society are important, biodiversity assessment cannot occur without other sectoral factors
“on the table”. In trade-offs approaches, the biodiversity value of a given area is expressed in terms of the species or other
components of biodiversity that it has that are additional to the components protected elsewhere. That “marginal gain” is
called thecomplementarity value of the area. A recent whole-country planning study for Papua New Guinea illustrates the importance of complementarity-based
tradeoffs in determining priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and for designing economic instruments such as biodiversity
levies and offsets. Two international biodiversity programs provide important new opportunities for biodiversity trade-offs
taking complementarity into account. Both the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Critical Ecosystems or “hotspots” programs
can benefit from an explicit framework that incorporates tradeoffs, in which a balance is achieved not only by land-use allocation
among areas, but also by the crediting of partial protection of biodiversity provided by sympathetic management within areas.
For both international programs, our trade-offs framework can provide a natural linkage between local, regional and global
planning levels. 相似文献
13.
S. Even B. Thouvenin N. Bacq G. Billen J. Garnier L. Guezennec S. Blanc A. Ficht P. Le Hir 《Hydrobiologia》2007,588(1):13-29
Within the framework of the European Water Framework Directive, the Seine-Normandie Water Agency has defined prospective scenarios
describing possible trends of evolution of the pressures on water resources. In order to evaluate the resulting water quality
improvement or degradation of water bodies in the Seine river basin, an integrated modelling was proposed. The approach consisted
in coupling three models, the seneque model for upstream sub-basins, the ProSe model for the Seine river and main tributaries and finally the s
i
am1d model for the downstream estuary. After consistency verification, the integrated model was applied to scenarios proposed
by the Seine-Normandie Water Agency. As a result of improvement in the nitrogen treatment by waste water treatment plants,
the annual load of ammonia at the basin scale will be reduced by 65%. The oxygen and ammonia criteria in the estuary will
improve from “bad” to “good”. However the nitrate criteria will remain “poor”, given the strong influence of non-point sources.
Despite a 70–75% drop of the point orthophosphate loads, the criteria for this variable will also remain “poor”. The nutrient
levels will be high enough to maintain eutrophication in the system; a general trend to a shift from N-limitation to P-limitation
will be accentuated. 相似文献
14.
M. A. Mazorra J. J. San Jose R. Montes J. Garcia Miragaya M. Haridasan 《Plant and Soil》1987,102(2):275-277
Aluminium concentration was analyzed in roots, stems and leaves of species growing in morichals with extreme flooded acid
soils, deficient in K, Ca, Mg and P. Mean aluminium saturation was 73%. Results seem to indicate that species depending on
seasonal changes in the Al concentration of plant compartments, could be grouped into “perennial aluminium accumulators”,
“late aluminium accumulators” and “threshold aluminium accumulators”. 相似文献
15.
Jocelyn M. Tandy 《Primates; journal of primatology》1976,17(4):513-526
The olfactory, visual and, auditory communicative behaviors of a colony of feralGalago crassicaudatus (four males ad three females) observed over a two year period are documented. The enclosure was constructed to simulate a
natural environment, but all stimulus possibilities available in the wild were not present and several new ones were introduced.
It is not known how many of such differences may have affected the animals' behavior, however not all behaviors observed in
the wild appear in the lab.
The characteristics of several calls are described in detail and illustrated with sonagrams. These include an agonistic call,
a sexual call, a possible alarm or mobbing call, a possible territorial or spacing call and a “low grunting sound” which appears
in contexts of sexual and territorial calls. Compared to “higher” primates these galagos exhibit a small number of vocalizations.
The communicative system appears directly correlated to social organization. 相似文献
16.
Robert Rosen 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1963,25(1):41-50
The environmentally induced alterations in structure of (M, ℜ) which were described previously (R. Rosen,Bull. Math. Biophysics,23, 165–171, 1961) are examined from the standpoint of determining under what circumstances they can be reversed by further
environmental interactions. For simplicity we consider only the case of (M, ℜ)-systems possessing one “metabolic” and one “genetic” component. In the case of environmentally induced alteration of
the “metabolic” component alone, a necessary and sufficient condition is given for the reversibility of the alteration. In
the case of alteration of the “genetic” component, the situation becomes more complex; several partial results are given,
but a full analysis is not available at this time. Some possible biological implications of this analysis are discussed.
This research was supported by the United States Air Force through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the Air
Research and Development Command, under Contract no. AF-49(638)-917 and Grant no. AF-AFOSR-9-63. 相似文献
17.
中国餐厨垃圾处理的现状、问题和对策 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
餐厨垃圾具有高水分、高盐分、高有机质含量、组分时空差异明显、危害性与资源性并存的特点。目前国内外常用的餐厨垃圾处理技术如焚烧、卫生填埋、生态饲料、厌氧消化、好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥等,通常存在着资源化利用效率低、经济效益不够理想的缺陷。总结相关文献及报道,中国在餐厨垃圾资源化处理上存在"行政瓶颈"和"技术瓶颈"两大方面的问题:"行政瓶颈"的解决之道在于完善管理及处理体系,各级政府部门切实重视、加大投入,强力推进垃圾分类投放;而对于"技术瓶颈",除综合运用多种现有处理技术外,开发新技术提高餐厨垃圾的资源化循环利用程度,是关键所在。 相似文献
18.
Bhavapriya Vaitheesvaran Fu-Yu Chueh Jun Xu Chuck Trujillo M. F. Saad W. N. P. Lee Owen P. McGuinness Irwin J. Kurland 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2010,6(2):180-190
In vivo insulin sensitivity can be assessed using “open loop” clamp or “closed loop” methods. Open loop clamp methods are
static, and fix plasma glucose independently from plasma insulin. Closed loop methods are dynamic, and assess glucose disposal
in response to a stable isotope labeled glucose tolerance test. Using PPARα−/− mice, open and closed loop assessments of insulin sensitivity/glucose disposal were compared. Indirect calorimetry done for
the assessment of diurnal substrate utilization/metabolic flexibility showed that chow fed PPARα−/− mice had increased glucose utilization during the light (starved) cycle. Euglycemic clamps showed no differences in insulin
stimulated glucose disposal, whether for chow or high fat diets, but did show differences in basal glucose clearance for chow
fed PPARα−/− versus SV129J-wt mice. In contrast, the dynamic stable isotope labeled glucose tolerance tests reveal enhanced glucose disposal
for PPARα−/− versus SV129J-wt, for chow and high fat diets. Area under the curve for plasma labeled and unlabeled glucose for PPARα−/− was ≈1.7-fold lower, P < 0.01 during the stable isotope labeled glucose tolerance test for both diets. Area under the curve for plasma insulin was
5-fold less for the chow fed SV129J-wt (P < 0.01) but showed no difference on a high fat diet (0.30 ± 0.1 for SV129J-wt vs. 0.13 ± 0.10 for PPARα−/−, P = 0.28). This study demonstrates that dynamic stable isotope labeled glucose tolerance test can assess “silent” metabolic
phenotypes, not detectable by the static, “open loop”, euglycemic or hyperglycemic clamps. Both open loop and closed loop
methods may describe different aspects of metabolic inflexibility and insulin sensitivity. 相似文献
19.
The increasing amounts of pesticides used throughout the world, as well as the increasingly stringent governmental regulations concerning waste disposal, mandates improved techniques of waste disposal and minimization. In this article, parathion hydrolase, an enzyme with proven effectiveness at hydrolyzing organophosphates, was used to treat a cattle dipping liquid containing the pesticide, coumaphos, which is used to kill a disease-causing tick. Waste is generated from this process when a toxic dechlorination product of coumaphos, potasan, accumulates to concentrations hazardous to the cattle. This pesticide system was used as a model to demonstrate how enzyme technology can be applied to waste treatment and minimization. Kinetic experiments showed that the hydrolysis of the two organophosphate substrates can be modeled as first-order reactions with identical rate constants. It was further shown that the enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing only dissolved substrates. Because of the eightfold greater solubility of potasan than coumaphos (16.9 vs. 2.2 mumol/L), it was possible to utilize the enzyme to hydrolyze potasan selectively. Thus, by limiting the amount of enzyme, it is possible to remove potasan selectively to extend the lifetime of the cattle dipping liquid, thereby reducing the amount of waste generated. Based upon experimental results, a mathematical model describing the system was developed and verified. The mathematical model was then used to simulate the ability of the enzyme to hydrolyze the total amount of organophosphates, and to degrade selectively all of the toxic potasan without a significant loss of coumaphos. 相似文献
20.
Robert Jan Saft 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(4):230-238
Goal, Scope and Background Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) remains an important tool in Dutch waste management policies. In 2002 the new National Waste Management
Plan 2002–2012 (NWMP) became effective. It was supported by some 150 LCA studies for more than 20 different waste streams.
The LCA results provided a benchmark level for new waste management technologies. Although not new, operational techniques
using combined pyrolysis/gasification are still fairly rare in Europe. The goal of this study is to determine the environmental
performance of the only full scale pyrolysis/gasification plant in the Netherlands and to compare it with more conventional
techniques such as incineration. The results of the study support the process of obtaining environmental permits.
Methods In this study we used an impact assessment method based on the guidelines described by the Centre of Environmental Science
(CML) of Leiden University. The functional unit is defined as treatment of 1 ton of collected hazardous waste (paint packaging
waste). Similar to the NWMP, not only normalized scores are presented but also 7 aggegated scores. All interventions from
the foreground process (land use, emissions, final waste) are derived directly from the site with the exception of emissions
to soil which were calculated. Interventions are accounted to each of the different waste streams by physical relations.
Data from background processes are taken from the IVAM LCA database 4.0 mostly originating from the Swiss ETH96 database and
adapted to the Dutch situation. Allocation was avoided by using system enlargement. The study has been peer reviewed by an
external expert.
Results and Discussion It was possible to determine an environmental performance for the pyrolysis/ gasification of paint packaging waste. The Life
Cycle Inventory was mainly hampered by the uncertainty occurred with estimated air emissions. Here several assumptions had
to be made because several waste inputs and two waste treatment installations profit from one flue gas cleaning treatment
thus making it difficult to allocate the emission values from the flue gasses.
Compared to incineration in a rotary kiln, pyrolysis/gasification of hazardous waste showed better scores for most of the
considered impact categories. Only for the impact categories biodiversity and life support the incineration option proved
favorable due to a lower land use.
Several impact categories had significant influence on the conclusions: acidification, global warming potential, human toxicity
and terrestrial ecotoxicity. The first three are related to a better energy efficiency for pyrolysis/gasification leading
to less fossil energy consumption. Terrestrial ecotoxicity in this case is related to specific emissions of mercury and chromium
(III).
A sensitivity analysis has been performed as well. It was found that the environmental performance of the gasification technique
is sensitive to the energy efficiency that can be reached as well as the choice for the avoided fossil energy source. In this
study a conservative choice for diesel oil was made whereas a choice for heavy or light fuel oil would further improve the
environmental profile.
Conclusions Gasification of hazardous waste has a better environmental performance compared to the traditional incineration in rotary
kilns mainly due to the high energy efficiency. As was determined by sensitivity analysis the differences in environmental
performance are significant. Improvement options for a better performance are a decrease of process emissions (especially
mercury) and a further improvement of the energy balance by decreasing the electricity consumption for shredders and oxygen
consumption or making more use of green electricity.
Recommendations and Perspectives Although the life cycle inventory was sufficiently complete, still some assumptions had to be made in order to establish sound
mass balances on the level of individual components and substances. The data on input of waste and output of emissions and
final waste were not compatible. It was recommended that companies put more emphasis on data storage accounted to particular
waste streams. This is even more relevant since more companies in the future are expected to include life cycle impacts in
their environmental performance. 相似文献