利用Ac/Ds转座子系统在水稻中获得无选择标记转基因植株的方法

获得无选择标记转基因植株是进行重复转基因及消除转基因植株中标记基因潜在危害性的关键。实验采用了Ac/Ds转座子系统在水稻(Oryza sativa L.)中进行无hpt选择标记的转基因。将含有目的基因bar的Ds元件和hpt标记基因置于同一个T-DNA中,通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) EHA105介导将Ac-T-DNA及Ds-T-DNA分别转入到不同的水稻植株,再将单拷贝的Ac-T-DNA植株与单拷贝的Ds-T-DNA植株杂交得到同时含有Ac和Ds元件的F₁植株,F_{1自交产生F2后代,F2植株中转座后的Ds元件与T-DNA独立分离,在总共100株F2水稻植株中筛选得到2株只含有Ds元件插入而无hpt标记基因的转基因水稻植株。结果表明,利用Ac/Ds转座子系统在水稻中获得无选择标记的转基因植株是可行的。}     

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi-d(t)1、Pi-b、Pi-ta2的聚合及分子标记选择

冈46B(G46B)是水稻生产应用中的一个农艺性状十分优良的保持系 ,其主要的缺陷是稻瘟病抗性较弱 ,通过对地谷 ,BL-1,Pi-4号等三个分别含抗病基因Pi-d(t)¹、Pi-b、Pi-ta² 的稻瘟病抗性材料与G4-6B聚合杂交 ,并利用抗病基因连锁的分子标记对杂交后代进行辅助选择 ,在聚合杂交的F2代及B1C1代群体中共获得了 15株含Pi-d(t)¹ 、Pi-b、Pi-ta² 等三个抗稻瘟病基因的材料 ,其可能的基因型分别为 :三基因杂合体Pi-d(t)¹ pi-d(t)¹ Pi-bpi-b-Pi-ta² pi-ta²4株 ,双基因杂合体 10株 ,其中Pi-d(t)¹ Pi-d(t)¹ Pi-bpi-b-Pi-ta² pi-ta²6株 ,Pi-d(t)¹ pi-d(t)¹ Pi-bpi-b-Pi-ta² Pi-ta² 3株 ,Pi-d(t)¹ pi-d(t)¹ Pi-bPi-b-Pi-ta² pi-ta² 1株 ,双基因纯合体Pi-d(t)¹ Pi-d(t)¹ Pi-bpi-b-Pi-ta² Pi-ta²仅1株 ,这一研究结果为进一步改良G46B的稻瘟病搞性奠定了基础,同时这一研究结果表明利用分子标记可快速、有效地实现多个抗病基因的聚合,大大提高水稻抗病育种的效率。     

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种中一个与EPS合成有关的新基因的鉴定

用转座子Tn5gusA5对野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,简称Xcc)野生型菌株8004进行诱变,分离到一批胞外多糖(EPS)合成减少的突变体。采用TAIL-PCR(thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR)分析突变体的Tn5gusA5插入位点,发现其中一株编号为151D09的突变体的插入位点位于Xcc 8004菌株的基因组编号为XC3695的ORF内,该ORF功能尚未见报道。序列分析表明,该ORF演绎的编码产物与Serratia marcescens的kdtX基因和Klebsiella pneumoniae的waaE基因演绎的编码产物分别具有52%和50%的相似性,并具有第2家族糖基转移酶的功能域, 因此暂将该ORF命名为waxE基因。用同源双交换方法构建了waxE基因的缺失突变体,并采用PCR和Southern杂交的方法对突变体进行了验证。waxE基因缺失突变体在营养丰富培养基的生长繁殖不受影响,但其EPS产量与野生型菌株8004相比,降低35%左右,并且一段PCR合成的包含waxE基因的DNA片段能反式互补waxE基因缺失突变体,恢复缺失突变体的EPS产量,表明Xcc waxE基因与EPS的生物合成有关。     

水稻小穗分化调控基因fzp(t)的遗传分析和分子标记定位

从V20B/花1B杂交后代中发现了水稻小穗分化受阻的突变体fzp. fzp株叶形态正常, 但植株分蘖数明显减少, 最显著的变异是fzp植株的小穗分化完全被阻断, 在正常植株枝梗分化为小穗的部位, fzp植株却形成一团枝梗. 遗传分析表明,fzp受一对隐性基因控制, 其相应基因拟名为fzp(t). 显然fzp(t)是控制小穗分化的关键基因. 在一些F2群体中, 因遗传背景发生改变, 部分突变型植株表现为“中间类型”, 推测可能是冗余基因或其他修饰基因、互作基因的作用. 采用微卫星标记技术和BSA分析方法, 将突变基因fzp(t)定位于第7染色体上的长臂末端, 其中RM172和RM248位于fzp(t)一侧, 它们与fzp(t)的遗传图距分别为3.3和6.4 cM; RM18和RM234位于fzp(t)的另一侧, 与fzp(t)的遗传距离分别为23.1和25.3 cM. 研究结果为进一步对该基因的克隆和功能研究奠定了基础.     

北京和安徽的水生丝孢菌

本文报道了北京、安徽部分地区水生丝孢菌中国新纪录16属23种,它们是缩翼孢Atatosporh constricta,弯水线孢 Anguillospora curvula隐水线孢A．Furtiva, 大水线孢A．Gigantca,透明毛虫孢 Camposporium pellucidum, 长臂水棒孢 Clavatospora longibrat-hiata, 水生疣钉孢Heliscus submersus,心球放射孢 Lemonniera centrosphaera, 角放射孢L．Cornuta, 线放射孢 L．Filifarmis,舟新月孢 Lunulospora eymbiformis,角基刺孢 Myco-centrospora angulata,叉四枝孢 Tetracladium furcatum,芒四绺孢Tetraploa aristata,水生三胞霉 Tricellula aquatica,弯三胞霉T．Curvatis,异常三枝孢 Tricladium anomalum,毛三枝孢 T. chaetocladium,香桃木多绺孢 Tripospermum myrti,尖火箭孢Triscelophorus acuminatus,大变孢霉Varicosporium giganteum,橙色鸟孢霉 Volucrispora aurantiaca和榛鸟孢霉V．Ornithomorpha等。     

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种8004菌株wxcA基因与EPS的产量有关

在以前的工作中,采用转座子Tn5gusA5对野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xcc) 8004菌株进行诱变,获得一批胞外多糖(EPS)合成减少的突变体,对这些突变体的Tn5gusA5的插入位点进行分析后,发现有两株突变体是wxcA基因不同插入位点的突变体。以前认为wxcA基因与脂多糖(LPS)的O抗原合成有关而与EPS的合成无关。为明确wxcA基因的功能,对8004菌株的wxcA基因进行缺失,获得的ΔwxcA突变体的EPS产量与野生型菌株相比,减少了50%,并且一段PCR合成的包含wxcA基因的DNA片段能反式互补ΔwxcA突变体,恢复突变体的EPS产量。这证实了8004菌株的wxcA基因与EPS的合成产量有关。     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌Sm NifA蛋白与阴沟肠杆菌Ec NifA蛋白功能差异的研究

nifA基因是固氮基因nif的调节基因, 其产物NifA蛋白是固氮过程的中心调节因子. 将多拷贝组成型表达的苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sm) nifA基因或阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae, Ec) nifA基因引入苜蓿中华根瘤菌野生型菌株Sm1021和苜蓿中华根瘤菌nifA突变型菌株SmY中, 并检测这些苜蓿中华根瘤菌感染苜蓿之后根瘤的表型及固氮酶活性. 实验结果表明, 苜蓿中华根瘤菌NifA蛋白和阴沟肠杆菌NifA蛋白在苜蓿中华根瘤菌中的功能有明显差异. 在野生型菌株Sm1021中, 引入多拷贝Sm nifA基因对宿主根瘤固氮效率的促进作用明显优于引入多拷贝Ec nifA基因的作用. 引入多拷贝Sm nifA基因的SmY菌株(nifA突变型)能够共生固氮, 而引入Ec nifA基因的SmY菌株仍然不能固氮. 氨基酸序列同源性分析显示, N末端结构域是Sm NifA蛋白和Ec NifA蛋白同源性最低的功能域. 进一步研究表明, Sm NifA蛋白的N末端结构域在互补苜蓿中华根瘤菌nifA突变型菌株SmY的固氮功能时是必需的.     

线性和指数回归方法对土壤呼吸CO2扩散速率估算的影响

 理论上,土壤呼吸通量的量值可以通过观测土壤呼吸CO₂扩散速率(əc/ət)计算得到。但是为获得əc/ət,通常须允许土壤呼吸箱内CO₂浓度升高,因此,如何估算外界大气CO₂浓度条件下的əc/ət是土壤呼吸观测技术的关键,关系到观测结果的准确性。通常əc/ət的估算会受土壤表层大气CO₂扩散梯度(即土壤呼吸箱内CO₂扩散梯度和大气CO₂浓度昼夜变化)的影响。目前,线性回归方法是土壤呼吸观测中估算əc/ət的基本方法。然而,常用的线性回 归方法会低估əc/ət,而指数回归方法则可以准确地估算əc/ət。夜间əc/ət的变化与大气CO₂ 浓度之间存在非常明显的负相关关系。夜间土壤表层大气CO₂扩散梯度的减小导致线性回归方法明显低估əc/ət。əc/ət的昼夜变化过程存在明显的非对称性现象,而指数回归方法可以更好地描述əc/ət昼夜变化的非对称性响应。     

斯氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)A1501反硝化相关基因结构及功能分析

在A1501株的基因组上鉴定了4个反硝化相关的基因簇: nar, nir, nor和nos, 共40个基因, 基因的转录产物与其他种群中物质运输、基因调控以及还原酶类蛋白高度同源. nir, nor和nos基因簇在染色体上位置靠近, 与nar基因簇相隔较远. 与其他反硝化细菌比对的结果表明, A1501株中的40个反硝化基因组成了一套完整的反硝化催化系统. 在A1501株中, 该系统有以下特点: (ⅰ) nar基因簇中, narK基因只发现一个拷贝. (ⅱ) 在narK与narG之间有一个narM基因. (ⅲ) 在narX, narL基因的下游鉴定了两个基因dnrE和orf1, 其中dnrE基因是一个属于FNR家族的转录因子. (ⅳ) A1501株中nir基因有16个, 是所有已知反硝化细菌nir基因数量最多的. (ⅴ) 在A1501株中, 同时也是在假单胞杆菌属中首次报道norR基因. (ⅵ) nos基因簇相对保守, 无论在基因组成还是排列方式与参照的菌株都完全一致.     

扩散速率估算的影响

理论上,土壤呼吸通量的量值可以通过观测土壤呼吸CO₂扩散速率(əc/ət)计算得到。但是为获得əc/ət,通常须允许土壤呼吸箱内CO₂浓度升高,因此,如何估算外界大气CO₂浓度条件下的əc/ət是土壤呼吸观测技术的关键,关系到观测结果的准确性。通常əc/ət的估算会受土壤表层大气CO₂扩散梯度(即土壤呼吸箱内CO₂扩散梯度和大气CO₂浓度昼夜变化)的影响。目前,线性回归方法是土壤呼吸观测中估算əc/ət的基本方法。然而,常用的线性回 归方法会低估əc/ət,而指数回归方法则可以准确地估算əc/ət。夜间əc/ət的变化与大气CO₂ 浓度之间存在非常明显的负相关关系。夜间土壤表层大气CO₂扩散梯度的减小导致线性回归方法明显低估əc/ət。əc/ət的昼夜变化过程存在明显的非对称性现象,而指数回归方法可以更好地描述əc/ət昼夜变化的非对称性响应。     

pBIN20: An Improved Binary Vector for shape Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation

We report the construction of a binary vector for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, pBIN20, which contains a superlinker region located between the left and right Ti border sequences. This vector, derived from pBI121, simplifies the cloning of plant expression cassettes and has been used in our laboratory to create lines of transgenic BY-2 tobacco cells. This new vector contains more than 20 unique restriction sites as well as the nptII selectable marker gene within the Ti-DNA borders.     

Plant development inhibitory genes in binary vector backbone improve quality event efficiency in soybean transformation

Conventional Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation often produces a significant frequency of transgenic events containing vector backbone sequence, which is generally undesirable for biotechnology applications. We tested methods to reduce the frequency of transgenic plants containing vector backbone by incorporating genes into the backbone that inhibit the development of transgenic plants. Four backbone frequency reduction genes, bacterial levansucrase (sacB), maize cytokinin oxidase (CKX), Phaseolus GA 2-oxidase (GA 2-ox), and bacterial phytoene synthase (crtB), each expressed by the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter, were placed individually in a binary vector backbone near the left border (LB) of binary vectors. In transformed soybean plants, the lowest frequency of backbone presence was observed when the constitutively expressed CKX gene was used, followed by crtB. Higher backbone frequencies were found among the plants transformed with the GA 2-oxidase and sacB vectors. In some events, transfer of short backbone fragments appeared to be caused by LB readthrough and termination within the backbone reduction gene. To determine the effect of the backbone genes on transformation frequency, the crtB and CKX vectors were then compared to a control vector in soybean transformation experiments. The results revealed that there was no significant transformation frequency difference between the crtB and control vectors, but the CKX vector showed a significant transformation frequency decrease. Molecular analysis revealed that the frequency of transgenic plants containing one or two copies of the transgene and free of backbone was significantly increased by both the CKX and crtB backbone reduction vectors, indicating that there may be a correlation between transgene copy number and backbone frequency.     

A Simple Method for Identifying Plant/T-DNA Junction Sequences Resulting from Agrobacterium-mediated DNA Transformation

Genomic integration of transferred T-DNA is traditionally analyzed by Southern hybridization; however, these analyses often do not provide sufficient information pertaining to the transformation event. Analysis of the junction sequences spanning the region between the T-DNA borders and plant genomic DNA, give a clear demonstration of genomic integration. The procedures available for border junction analysis can be problematic, therefore a simplified method was developed for plants transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the binary vector with pBI121 backbone.     

一种农杆菌介导的赤霉菌CCRC3.572的转化方法

目的:建立农杆菌Ti质粒介导的转化赤霉菌的新方法。方法:以农杆菌Ti质粒pCAMBIA0390为基础,构建带有潮霉素抗性基因表达盒的双元载体,并用农杆菌介导的方法转化赤霉菌。结果:构建了双元载体pCAMBIA0390-hph(PgpdA),并获得了具有潮霉素抗性的赤霉菌转化子。结论:农杆菌介导的方法适于赤霉菌的转化,为赤霉菌的遗传研究提供了一种新的手段。     

玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)原生质体的分离及转化

玉米大斑病是严重危害玉米生产的一个世界性真菌病害。由于玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)在无性生长过程中迅速产生黑色素,致使原生质体难以分离。测试了包括Fungase、Funcelase、Novozyme、Glucanex、Driselase、Uskizyme、Kitalase在内的7种细胞壁降解酶及其组合、病原菌菌株和培养基对原生质体分离效果的影响。结果表明菌株的培养形态和菌丝的生长状态显著影响原生质体的分离效率;酶组合Kitalase Glucanex Driselase,Kitalase Glucanex和Kitalase Uskizyme能够有效地分离玉米大斑病菌的原生质体。初步的转化试验表明,质粒pAN71可以用于该病原菌的转化。这些结果将为E．turcicum和Exserohium属其它真菌的基因克隆提供一些有用的信息。     

A mini binary vector series for plant transformation

A streamlined mini binary vector was constructed that is less than 1/2 the size of the pBIN19 backbone (3.5 kb). This was accomplished by eliminating over 5 kb of non-T-DNA sequences from the pBIN19 vector. The vector still retains all the essential elements required for a binary vector. These include a RK2 replication origin, the nptIII gene conferring kanamycin resistance in bacteria, both the right and left T-DNA borders, and a multiple cloning site (MCS) in between the T-DNA borders to facilitate cloning. Due to the reduced size, more unique restriction sites are available in the MCS, thus allowing more versatile cloning. Since the traF region was not included, it is not possible to mobilize this binary vector into Agrobacterium by triparental mating. This problem can be easily resolved by direct transformation. The mini binary vector has been demonstrated to successfully transform Arabidopsis plants. Based on this mini binary vector, a series of binary vectors were constructed for plant transformation.     

Deviating T-DNA transfer fromAgrobacterium tumefaciens to plants

We analyzed 29 T-DNA inserts in transgenicArabidopsis thaliana plants for the junction of the right border sequences and the flanking plant DNA. DNA sequencing showed that in most lines the right border sequences transferred had been preserved during integration, corroborating literature data. Surprisingly, in four independent transgenic lines a complete right border repeat was present followed by binary vector sequences. Cloning of two of these T-DNA inserts by plasmid rescue showed that in these lines the transferred DNA consisted of the complete binary vector sequences in addition to the T-region. On the basis of the structure of the transferred DNA we propose that in these lines T-DNA transfer started at the left-border repeat, continued through the vector part, passed the right border repeat, and ended only after reaching again this left-border repeat.     

Marker gene elimination from transgenic barley,using co-transformation with adjacent `twin T-DNAs' on a standard Agrobacterium transformation vector

We have tested a methodology for the elimination of the selectable marker gene after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of barley. This involves segregation of the selectable marker gene away from the gene of interest following co-transformation using a plasmid carrying two T-DNAs, which were located adjacent to each other with no intervening region. A standard binary transformation vector was modified by insertion of a small section composed of an additional left and right T-DNA border, so that the selectable marker gene and the site for insertion of the gene of interest (GOI) were each flanked by a left and right border. Using this vector three different GOIs were transformed into barley. Analysis of transgene inheritance was facilitated by a novel and rapid assay utilizing PCR amplification from macerated leaf tissue. Co-insertion was observed in two thirds of transformants, and among these approximately one quarter had transgene inserts which segregated in the next generation to yield selectable marker-free transgenic plants. Insertion of non-T-DNA plasmid sequences was observed in only one of fourteen SMF lines tested. This technique thus provides a workable system for generating transgenic barley free from selectable marker genes, thereby obviating public concerns regarding proliferation of these genes.