家蚕胚后发育中过氧化氢的代谢及其意义

活性氧参与生物体内复杂的代谢过程。本文对它在家蚕个体发育过程中的生物学功能进行了初步探讨。取1岁龄家蚕蛹分别注射H2O2、脱皮激素（Ecdn)、保幼激素（JH）和还原型谷胱苷肽（GSH）,培养,定期取样测定家蚕体内H2O2含量。对家蚕整个幼虫期（Fig.1),尤其是大眠期（Fig.2)、化蛹期（Table1）、蛹期（Fig.3-a,b,c)以及成虫期（Fig.4,Table2)的研究结果表明,家蚕体内H2O2代谢具有如下特点：（1）入眠、化蛹、化蛾和死亡前H2O2含量都显著下降;（2）幼虫期1－3龄H2O2含量逐步下降,4－5龄H2O2含量回升,蛹期和成虫期H2O2含量与4－5龄接近;（3）每个龄期的中期H2O2含量最高;（4）CAT活性与H2O2含量呈负相关变化,前者迟于后者;另外,CAT活性远远大于SOD活性;活性与H2O2含量呈负相关变化,前者迟于后者;另外,CAT活性远远大于SOD活性;（5）Ecdn、GSH处理可以降低家蚕蛹期H2O2含量,并使其提前下降,JH、H2O2处理含量下降,并相应地提早推迟化蛾;（6）成虫期雄蛾H2O2含量、SOD和CAT活性都显著高于同时期雌。家蚕体内H2O2含量的变化与其发育密切相关。H2O2含量下降是变态的信号;家蚕成虫期H2O2在性别上的显著差异是两者在寿命上存在差异的生理机制之一。     

家蚕胚后发育中过氧化氢的代谢及其意义(英文)

活性氧参与生物体内复杂的代谢过程。本文对它在家蚕个体发育过程中的生物学功能进行了初步探讨。 取１岁龄家蚕蛹分别注射Ｈ２Ｏ２、脱皮激素（Ｅｃｄｎ）、保幼激素（ＪＨ）和还原型谷胱苷肽（ＧＳＨ）,培养;定期取样测定家蚕体内Ｈ２Ｏ２含量。 对家蚕整个幼虫期（Ｆｉｇ．１）,尤其是大眠期（Ｆｉｇ．２）、化蛹期（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）、蛹期（Ｆｉｇ．３－ａ,ｂ,ｃ）以及成虫期（Ｆｉｇ．４, Ｔａｂｌｅ ２）的研究结果表明,家蚕体内Ｈ２Ｏ２代谢具有如下特点：（１）入眠、化蛹、化蛾和死亡前Ｈ２Ｏ２含量都显著下降;（２）幼虫期１－３龄Ｈ２Ｏ２含量逐步下降,４～５龄Ｈ２Ｏ２含量回升,蛹期和成虫期Ｈ２Ｏ２含量与４～５龄接近;（３）每个龄期的中期Ｈ２Ｏ２含量最高;（４）ＣＡＴ活性与Ｈ２Ｏ２含量呈负相关变化,前者迟于后者;另外,ＣＡＴ活性远远大于ＳＯＤ活性;（５）Ｅｃｄｎ、ＧＳＨ处理可以降低家蚕蛹期Ｈ２Ｏ２含量,并使其提前下降,ＪＨ、Ｈ２Ｏ２处理含量下降,并相应地提早推迟化蛾;（６）成虫期雄蛾Ｈ２Ｏ２含量、ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性都显著高于同时期雌蛾。家蚕体内Ｈ２Ｏ２含量的变化与其发育密切相关。Ｈ２Ｏ２含量下降是变态的信号;家蚕成虫期Ｈ２Ｏ２ 在性别上的     

家蚕胚胎发育中过氧化氢的代谢

过氧化氢（H2O2）是生物体内主要的活性氧来源之一。在超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）等的催化作用下,H2O2被降解,释放出活性氧。所以,生物个体发育过程中体内H2O2、SOD和CAT含量的变化反映着H2O2的代谢水平。另外,家蚕是蚕卵滞育昆虫,实验设计考虑到了滞育前后可能会有的差别。取产后10分钟内的卵为供试材料。采用即时浸酸法解除卵滞育。采用比色法和氧电极法测定并比较家蚕胚胎滞育形成与解除过程中过氧化氢的代谢。结果表明：（1）受精初期最低水平（Fig.2);（2）胚胎发育过程中（即时浸酸除滞有）,H2O2量除168－216h处于低水平外均显著高于滞育卵（Fig.3),SOD活性分别在72h、168h,形成大小两峰,后期显著高于滞育卵（Fig.4),而CAT活性72－192h保持平衡,随后急剧上升,前期显著低于滞育卵,后于滞育卵（Fig.4),而CAT活性72－192h保持平衡,随后急剧上升,前期显著低于滞育卵,后期相反（Fig.5);(3)滞育形成过程中H2O2水平变化平缓（Fig.6),SOD活性前期剧烈活动,但后期保持平稳（Fig.7),CAT活性逐步升高（Fig.8),而浸酸解除滞育过程中H2O2水平显著高于滞育卵（Fig.6),SOD活性前期出现新峰,后期显著升高（Fig.7),CAT活性显著低于滞育卵（Fig.8)。结合他人的研究结果,可以推测：家蚕卵H2O2代谢状况可能在其滞育形成和解除中具有重要意义,或许酯酶A4计器假说与卵孔堵塞说可以通过H2O2而联系起来。     

保幼激素类似物对粘虫飞行能力及能源物质含量的调控(英文)

本文报道了保幼激素类似物methoprene(JHM)对粘虫Mythimnaseparata(Walker)飞行能力及飞行能源物质含量的影响。总体而言 ,用JHM (30 μg/蛾 )处理过的成虫飞行能力比对照 (丙酮处理 )的弱 ,但因性别及处理后的时间变化而异 :处理雌蛾的飞行能力在处理后的 1d到 3d与对照没有显著差异 ,但在4d到 6d则显著低于对照 ;处理雄蛾的飞行能力一直比对照的强 ,尽管差异不显著。处理过的雌蛾飞行个体比对照的少 ,而处理过的雄蛾比对照的多。究其原因 ,主要是JHM处理过的雌蛾甘油酯含量在处理后的 3d后明显下降 ,而处理过的雄蛾甘油酯含量一直比对照的高。但无论是雌蛾还是雄蛾 ,处理的与对照的糖元含量均没有明显的差异。这些结果表明 ,作用于成虫体内甘油酯含量是保幼激素影响粘虫飞行能力的主要原因之一。最后 ,对保幼激素影响粘虫飞行能力的其它可能原因也进行了讨论     

热胁迫对不同发育阶段大豆生长素和脱落酸含量的影响

大豆等植物体内细胞受热或受其它理化因素（如：重金属离子、乙醇、氨基酸类似物）、以及缺氧、DNA损伤、病毒感染等病理因素刺激后,促发应激反应,启动某些基因表达,能产生各种生理活性物质以及各种酶类,共同调控代谢过程和某些激素的活动,如：吲哚乙酸（IAA）、脱落酸（ABA）等。这些内源IAA和ABA共同作用,调节着大豆的抗逆性,从而影响着大豆的农艺性状。本试验对华北生态型的六个大豆栽培种,进行热激处理,取其第三片展开叶,测其内源IAA和ABA含量。这些品种分别是：早熟17,诱处4号,诱变31,耐阴黑豆、科丰6号和科丰34（Tab.1)。初花期,第一天热激（43－45℃,4h）后,它们的IAA和ABA水平均显著高于对照（30－33℃）（Fig.1)。然而,在连续二天热激后（43－45℃,4h/d）,大多数品种的IAA和ABA比第一天减少（Fig.2)。盛花期连续热激处理二天（43－45℃,4h/d）,IAA水平一般低于对照（30－33℃）,半数品种ABA水平也低于对照（Fig.3）。结英期连续两天热激后（45℃,4h/d）,IAA和ABA含量均显著高于对照（30－33℃）（Fig.4）。     

芒果不同部位挥发物及横线尾夜蛾对其触角电位反应

【背景】芒果横线尾夜蛾是严重危害芒果花序和嫩梢的重要害虫,其发生面积不断扩大,给我国南方芒果造成了巨大损失。【方法】通过气质联用仪（GC-MS）对芒果花、梢和成熟果实的挥发性物质及其相对含量进行分析;采用触角电生理方法,测定不同性别和交配状态的芒果横线尾夜蛾对12种芒果挥发物的触角电位反应。【结果】芒果3个部位的挥发性物质多为萜烯类化合物,主要物质（相对含量在O．06％以上）的数量分别为芒果花中22种、梢11种和成熟芒果13种。芒果花中含量较高的为d．水芹烯（43．64％）和异松油烯（29．33％）;芒果梢中α-古芸烯（23．63％）含量最高;成熟芒果中8-石竹烯含量最高,为29．47％。仅异松油烯和β-荜澄茄油烯在芒果3个部位中均被检测到,但其含量差异较大;异松油烯在花、梢、果实中的含量分别为29．33％、19．99％、0．59％,而β-荜澄茄油烯分别为3．51％、2．18％、6．05％。芒果横线尾夜蛾未交配雌、雄蛾和已交配雌、雄蛾对同一种化合物的触角电位相对值之间均无显著差异。4种成蛾对反-2-已烯醛的触角电位反应值与其他化合物相比均有显著差异。交配后雌、雄蛾的触角电位反应值均有所降低,但与交配前相比无显著差异。【结论与意义】筛选出的反-2-己烯醛可作为横线尾夜蛾信息素的增效物质,对性引诱剂的研制具有重要意义。本研究可为从化学信号角度阐明横线尾夜蛾寄主定向和雌、雄交配机理,以及其致害机理提供依据。     

入侵害虫蔗扁蛾成虫及卵内蜕皮激素的定性定量分析

利用液相色谱和放射免疫分析法首次对入侵害虫蔗扁蛾（Opogona sacchari Bojer）成虫及卵内的蜕皮激素进行了定性和定量分析,以期明确蔗扁蛾成虫及卵内蜕皮激素的主要组分及动态变化规律．羽化后第4天,雄成虫蜕皮激素含量仅为0．080ng／只,而雌成虫蜕皮激素含量高达5．978ng／只,差异达到极显著水平．鉴于雌成虫的蜕皮激素主要是由卵巢合成分泌,因此我们测定了卵巢发育过程中整个蜕皮激素的变化动态,发现前期卵巢蜕皮激素含量较低,后期则相对较高,其峰值出现在发育到第3天的卵巢,蜕皮激素含量为10．480ng／卵巢．卵内蜕皮激素含量测定表明,前3天的卵内蜕皮激素含量相对稳定,维持在0．010ng/卵左右,而到第4天时,卵内蜕皮激素含量则下降到0．006ng／卵．蜕皮激素定性分析发现,卵巢和卵内均含有3种主要的蜕皮激素组分：20-羟基蜕皮酮、26-羟基蜕皮酮和一个尚未鉴定的组分．     

外源ABA对大蒜试管苗玻璃化发生和抗氧化系统的影响

以大蒜品种‘二水早’试管苗为材料,从活性氧代谢的角度研究了外源ABA、H_2O_2和H_2O_2+ABA处理下的试管苗玻璃化率、活性氧积累与组织定位和抗氧化系统的响应特征,探讨ABA缓解试管苗玻璃化过程的机理。结果表明:(1)外源H_2O_2处理可诱导大蒜试管苗玻璃化发生,外源ABA处理下玻璃化率最低,可以缓解H_2O_2诱导的玻璃化的发生。(2)试管苗O_2~产生速率和H_2O_2含量在H_2O_2处理下最高,在ABA处理下最低;在添加H_2O_2的培养基中同时添加ABA能显著减少因外源H_2O_2处理引起的O_2~产生和H_2O_2积累。(3)试管苗CAT、POD和APX活性在外源H_2O_2处理前期(0~8d)均上升并显著高于对照,但其CAT、APX活性在处理后期(8~16d)下降,其同期POD活性也增加缓慢;各抗氧化酶的活性在外源ABA与H_2O_2+ABA处理前期(0~8d)均呈直线上升趋势,而它们在H_2O_2+ABA处理后期(8~16d)均显著高于H_2O_2处理。(4)各处理试管苗抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量随处理时间先升高后降低,并以外源ABA处理下最高,外源H_2O_2处理下最低。(5)试管苗O_2~和H_2O_2产生部位主要在基部和叶尖,且外源ABA处理下组织中ROS的积累最少。(6)在ABA+H_2O_2处理下,大蒜试管苗内丙二醛含量和膜相对透性显著低于对照和H_2O_2处理。研究发现,外源ABA处理可有效降低大蒜试管苗的内源O_2~产生速率和H_2O_2含量,提高抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量,抑制活性氧在试管苗内的产生和运输,显著降低试管苗玻璃化率;外源ABA可通过增强大蒜试管苗抗氧化能力来抑制玻璃化发生。     

粘虫幼虫密度对成虫能源物质含量的影响

通过粘虫Mythimna separata幼虫密度(1头/瓶、20头/瓶、40头/瓶)对成虫水分、甘油酯和糖原含量影响的研究结果。不同幼虫密度处理的初羽化成虫水分含量无明显差异,但1～5日龄40头/瓶的雄蛾及1～3日龄雌蛾高于单头处理的;20、40头/瓶的初羽化成虫甘油酯含量没有显著的差异,但均显著地高于单头饲养的;20头/瓶羽化的雌、雄成虫l～5日龄甘油酯含量随日龄的增加而增加,到5日龄达到最大值后才开始下降,40头/瓶的在3日龄达到最大值后即开始下降,而单头饲养羽化的在1日龄达到较高值,2日龄降至最低后再缓慢回升。幼虫密度对初羽化成虫及1～7日龄雄蛾的糖原含量没有显著的影响,但20、40头/瓶条件下羽化的1～7日龄雌蛾糖原含量随日龄的增加而增加,而单头饲养的则随日龄的 增加而下降。这些结果表明幼虫密度不仅影响到初羽化成虫能源物质的含量,而且也可能影响到成虫能源物质特别是甘油酯的代谢。     

梨星毛虫在甘肃陇东地区的生活史及寄生性天敌

梨星毛虫 Illiberispruni Dyar是陇东仁果重要害虫。 1 986年田间采集梨星毛虫老熟幼虫1 870头 ,进行室内阶段性饲养观察生活史和寄生性天敌。结果报导如下。1　生活史观察1 .1　梨星毛虫蛹期 7～ 1 4天 ,平均 1 0 .9天。羽化期 6月 2 1日～ 7月 1 0日 ,羽化率 72 .9% ,前期雄蛾占绝对优势 ,雌雄比 1∶ 1 .3 ;后期雌蛾占绝对优势 ,雌雄比 1∶ 0 .6。高峰期 6月 2 4～2 9日 ,其羽化量占 70 .3 %。每天有 2个羽化高峰 ,主要是 6～ 8时 ,其次是 1 8～ 2 0时。1 .2　雄蛾期 3～ 1 0天 ,平均 6.2天。雌蛾期 4～ 1 1天 ,平均 7.6天。交尾前期短促…     

Changes in the radical-scavenging activity of sliced red and green cabbages during storage

Vegetables are rich source of antioxidative components such as ascorbic acid and polyphenols, which scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species and prevent life-style related diseases. In this work, the changes of radical-scavenging activity in shredded red and green cabbage leaves during storage were determined as well as ascorbic acid and polyphenol contents. Shredded cabbage leaves were stored at 10 degrees C for 7 days in the presence or absence of oxygen. Radical-scavenging activity, ascorbic acid content, and polyphenol content of shredded cabbage leaves remained for 7 days in the presence and absence of oxygen. These results demonstrate that the radical-scavenging activity, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols are stable in shredded cabbage leaves and that oxygen does not affect the activity and active components.     

Effects of copper, iron, and ascorbic acid on manganese availability to rats.

Four experiments were done to characterize the interactions of copper, iron, and ascorbic acid with manganese in rats. All experiments were factorially arranged Dietary Mn concentrations were less than 1 micrograms/g (Mn0) and 50 micrograms/g (Mn+). Dietary Cu was less than 1 mg/g (Cu0) and 5 micrograms/g (Cu+); dietary Fe was 10 micrograms/g (Fe10) and 140 micrograms/g (Fe140). Ascorbic acid (Asc) was not added to the diet or added at a concentration of 10 g/kg diet. Experiment 1 had two variables, Mn and Cu; in Experiment 2, the variables were Mn and Asc. In Experiment 3, the variables were Mn, Cu, and Asc; in Experiment 4, they were Mn, Cu, and Fe. Definite interactions between Mn and Cu were observed, but they tended to be less pronounced than interactions between Mn and Fe. Cu depressed absorption of 54Mn and accelerated its turnover. In addition, adequate Cu (Cu+), compared with Cu0, depressed liver, plasma, and whole blood Mn of rats. Absorption of 67Cu was higher in animals fed Mn0 diets than in those fed Mn+. Ascorbic acid depressed Mn superoxide dismutase activity and increased Cu superoxide dismutase activity in the heart. The addition of ascorbic acid to the diet did not affect Mn concentration in the liver or blood. Absorption of 54Mn was depressed in rats fed Fe140 compared with those fed Fe10. Interactions among Fe, Cu, and Mn resulted in a tendency for Mn superoxide dismutase activity to be lower in rats fed Fe140 than in rats fed Fe10. Within the physiologic range of dietary concentrations, Mn and Cu have opposite effects on many factors that tend to balance one another. The effects of ascorbic acid on Mn metabolism are much less pronounced than effects of dietary Cu, which in turn affects Mn metabolism less than does Fe.     

Chromium and chronic ascorbic acid depletion effects on tissue ascorbate,manganese, and14C retention from14C-ascorbate in guinea pigs

Chromium (Cr) potentiates the effects of insulin and a role for insulin in ascorbic acid transport has been reported. Therefore, the effects of Cr and ascorbate depletion on tissue ascorbic acid and¹⁴C distribution and excretion after a¹⁴C ascorbate dose were investigated in guinea pigs. As utilization of dietary Cr is affected by interaction with other minerals, tissue manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were examined. For 20 wk, 40 weanling animals were fed either a Cr-deficient (<0.06 μg Cr/g diet, ?Cr) or a Cr-adequate (2 μg Cr from CrCl₃/g diet, +Cr) casein-based diet and were given 1 mg ascorbate/d (?C) or 10 mg ascorbate/d (+C) for 20 wk. Animals fed the Cr-depleted diet had decreased weight at 20 wk (p<0.01). Six hours before necropsy, animals were dosed by micropipette with 1.8 μCi ofl-[carboxyl-¹⁴C] ascorbic acid and placed in metabolic cages. Ascorbate supplementation increased Fe concentrations in most analyzed tissues, hepatic¹⁴C, tissue ascorbate and Mn concentration in the adrenal and testes, but decreased the concentrations of Cu in the kidney and Mn in the spleen. Liver Mn concentration was higher and kidney Mn concentration was lower in +Cr animals. Interactions between Cr and ascorbic acid affected Mn concentrations in bone and brain. These results indicate that ascorbate and Cr may affect Mn distribution. Chromium supplementation decreased plasma cortisol, brain¹⁴C and the amount of¹⁴C expired as carbon dioxide. These findings suggest that dietary Cr may affect ascorbic acid metabolism and the metabolic response to stress.     

Active Oxygen Damage Effect of Chlorophyll Degradation in Rice Seedlings Under Osmotic Stress

The changes of chlorophyll (Chl) content and contents of protochlorophyllide (Pchl), superoxide radical (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid (ASA), glutathione (GSH), carotenoid (CAR) and the binding capacity of chlorophyll-protein (Chl-Pro) in rice (Oryza sativa L. ) seedlings exposed to osmotic stress induced by PEG 6000 (–0. 5 MPa, –0.8 MPa) were investigated to explore the relationship between Chl degradation and active oxygen effect. Under osmotic stress, Chl degradation was accompanied by the increase of contents of O2-, H2O2 and MDA and the decrease of contents of antioxidants AsA, GSH and CAR. The binding of Chl-Pro was loosened with the change of time and intensity of osmotic stress. Pretreatment with scavengers for active oxygen, such as AsA, α-tocopherol and mannitol retarded lipid peroxidation and reduced the oxidative injury of Chl, but Fe2+, H2O2 and Fenton reaction promoted the formation of MDA. The Fenton reaction accelerated the degradation of Chl. The results indicate that Chl degradation in rice seedlings induced by osmotic stress may be mainly due to the formation of more active hydroxyl radicals ('OH) through Fenton reaction and Haber-Weiss reaction.     

Fitness components of male and female winter moths (Operophtera brumata L.) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) relative to measures of body size and asymmetry

In this article we present data from two experiments on theassociation between individual asymmetry and fitness in thewinter moth. We performed a mate selection experiment and comparedasymmetry and body size of mated and unmated males collectedin the field. Individual asymmetry was not associated with copulationprobability, adult life span, or body size, even though body sizeis a reliable indicator of larval and pupal survival, femalefecundity, adult life span, and thus expected fitness. Therewas only a weak positive effect of body size on mating success,contrary to the strong effect of female size on male choicefound in previous experiments. Both males and females were capableof repeated mating, and the number of matings was correlatedwith female size, but neither with male body size nor with adultasymmetry. Yet, females engaged in repeated matings more frequentlyif they were first mated to a more asymmetrical male. This mayindicate that more asymmetrical males lose paternity due tofemale remating, although direct paternity analyses need tobe carried out. In addition, repeated mating may be uncommonunder field situations. In conclusion, the relationship betweenindividual asymmetry and fitness seems to be at best weak inthe winter moth.     

锰胁迫和性别竞争交互处理下沙棘雌雄幼苗生理响应特征

沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)是重要的雌雄异株人工林防护树种,但对其环境胁迫的性别响应差异研究不足,性别竞争与胁迫因子的交互效应响应特征尚不清楚。为了探讨锰胁迫和性别竞争交互处理下沙棘雌雄植株的生理响应特征和耐受能力,旨在为沙棘修复土壤重金属污染提供实践指导,该文研究了锰胁迫(4 000 mg·kg^-1)和3种不同性别组合模式(雌雄、雌雌、雄雄)处理下沙棘的生理响应,分别测定雌雄沙棘叶片中叶绿素、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、总酚(total phenols, TP)、游离脯氨酸(free proline,Pro)、可溶性糖(soluble sugar,SS)、甜菜碱(glycine betaine, GB)以及锰含量。结果表明:(1)锰胁迫下,在所有竞争组合中,性间竞争的雄株(M/FM)SOD活性最高,而MDA含量与对照相比未有明显升高,表明雄株的抗氧化能力更好,膜氧化损伤程度更小。(2)锰胁迫时M/FM积累了更多的游离脯氨酸,表现出更好的渗透调节能力和耐受能力。(3)交互效应分析显示性别互作和锰胁迫交互处理显著影响了沙棘雌雄叶片的光合色素、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力; 主成分分析显示SOD、POD、MDA、叶绿素b(chlorophyll b, Chlb)、SS、Pro可作为重要的生理响应指示参数。该研究结果对于利用沙棘修复土壤重金属污染可提供一定的参考。     

低温胁迫下钼对冬小麦抗氧化防御系统及膜脂过氧化的影响

研究了低温（0～5℃）胁迫下钼对冬小麦抗氧化系统和膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫下施钼植株电解质渗漏率和丙二醛含量显著降低。施用钼肥提高了冬小麦叶片中抗氧化酶类如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD,EC1．15．1．1）、过氧化物酶（POX,EC1．11．1．7）和过氧化氢酶（CAT,ECl．11．1．6）的活性。低温胁迫下施钼对抗氧化酶（SOD、POX和CAT）活性提高幅度比常温下高。不论常温还是低温下,施铝均提高了冬小麦叶片中抗坏血酸和脯氨酸含量,低温胁迫下提高幅度更大。常温下缺钼和施钼处理后,叶片中类胡萝卜素含量差异不显著;低温下施钼后,冬小麦叶片类胡萝卜素含量显著增加。因此,低温胁迫下施钼植株活性氧清除能力增强、细胞膜伤害减轻可能是冬小麦抗寒力提高的原因之一。     

Aortic ascorbic acid, trace elements, and superoxide dismutase activity in human aneurysmal and occlusive disease

Altered trace elements and ascorbic acid metabolism have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, their role in the disease process, or the effect of atherosclerosis on their tissue levels within plaque, is poorly understood. The present study analyzes the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn, and ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in tissue samples from 29 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and 14 patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease (AOD). It was observed that the Fe and Mn concentrations in AAA and AOD tissue were higher than the levels in nondiseased control aorta, whereas Cu and Zn levels in AAA and AOD tissue were similar to the levels in controls. The Zn:Cu ratio was significantly lower in the AAA tissue in comparison to both AOD and control tissue. In addition, AAA and AOD tissue had low ascorbic acid levels and low Cu,Zn-SOD activity with Cu,Zn-SOD:Mn-SOD ratios of 0.27 and 0.19, respectively, compared to a ratio of 3.20 in control aorta. These data indicate that aorta affected by aneurysms and occlusive disease have altered trace element and ascorbic acid concentrations, as well as low Cu,Zn-SOD activity. Although these observations do not directly support the hypothesis that AAA is associated with aortic Cu deficiency they do suggest a role for oxygen radicals or increased lipid peroxidation in occlusive and aneurysmal disease of the aorta.     

The antioxidant system in diapausing and active red mason bee Osmia bicornis

The red mason bee Osmia bicornis L. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) belongs to a group of insects that undergo an obligatory diapause in the imago stage. Red mason bees (O. bicornis) consume oxygen during overwintering diapause, and reactive oxygen species can be produced despite substantial inhibition of metabolism. These are first studies to investigate the antioxidant system in diapausing red mason bees and to compare the antioxidant systems of overwintering and active imagines. The present study analyzes total antioxidant status, glutathione and ascorbic acid levels, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in overwintering (October to March) and active (April) female and male O. bicornis. Diapause phases (prediapause, diapause and post‐diapause) cannot be distinguished based on the parameters of the antioxidant system of the bees. During overwintering, a significant decrease is noted only in ascorbic acid content. The remaining antioxidants remain fairly stable, which indicates the absence of oxidative stress in diapausing specimens. The analyzed parameters distinguish diapausing bees from active insects. Excluding total antioxidant status, the evaluated parameters are significantly higher in active individuals than in overwintering specimens. Sex‐related differences are found only for catalase, the level of which is consistently higher in males than in females.     

Effects of Dietary Manganese on Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, Se, IL-1β, and IL-2 Changes of Immune Organs in Cocks

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element required for normal development and bodily function. However, little is known about the effect of excessive amounts of Mn in immune organs of poultry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary Mn on the content of trace elements, such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and selenium (Se), and the mRNA level of IL-1β and IL-2 in immune organs (spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius) and the content of IL-1β and IL-2 in serum of poultry. Fifty-day-old male Hyline cocks were fed either a commercial diet or a Mn-supplemented diet containing 600, 900, and 1,800 mg/kg. The immune organs were collected at 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively, and the content of trace elements and the mRNA level of IL-1β and IL-2 were examined; the serum were collected and the IL-1β and IL-2 contents detected. The results showed that Mn content in immune organs increased and Fe, Zn, and Ca contents decreased; however, Cu and Se contents showed no difference. IL-1β and IL-2 mRNA levels and IL-1β and IL-2 contents decreased. The present study demonstrates that excess exposure to Mn results in metal accumulations in immune organs. Manganism can disturb the balance of trace elements in immune organs and induce immune suppression in the molecular level; therefore, the immune function of cocks are also suppressed after manganism.