降香檀叶的非黄酮类成分研究

为阐明降香檀(Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen)叶的化学成分,采用色谱分离方法,从叶的醇提和水煮液中得到8个非黄酮类化合物。经理化性质和波谱分析,分别鉴定为(3S)-6,7-二羟基-6,7-二氢芳樟醇(1)、淫羊藿次苷B1 (2)、淫羊藿次苷B6 (3)、淫羊藿次苷F2 (4)、苯甲醇β-巣菜糖苷(5)、苯乙醇β-巣菜糖苷(6)、2,3-丁二醇2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)和腺嘌呤(8)。化合物1为单萜、2和3为大柱香波龙烷糖苷、4～6为芳基糖苷、7为烷基糖苷、8为嘌呤,均为首次从该植物中报道。     

偏斜淫羊藿化学成分研究

采用70%乙醇超声波辅助提取偏斜淫羊藿（Epimedium truncatum H.R.Liang）叶片中的类黄酮化学成分,利用LC-MS联用技术鉴定其化合物组成,利用HPLC方法测定其主要活性成分的含量并与药典规定药材箭叶淫羊藿（Epimedium sagittatum）主要活性成分的含量进行比较。结果从偏斜淫羊藿叶片中鉴定出6个化合物：朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、3,5,7-三羟基4’-甲氧基-8-异戊烯基黄酮-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1→2）-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖甙、山奈苷。该6个化合物均为首次在该植物中发现。偏斜淫羊藿富含朝藿定C,其含量显著高于箭叶淫羊藿主要活性成分的总含量。结果表明LC-MS可以简单、快速地对淫羊藿化学成分进行定性和定量分析,偏斜淫羊藿富含朝藿定C,具有潜在的药用价值。     

姜黄地上部分化学成分的研究

为了解姜黄(Curcuma longa L.)地上部分的化学成分,采用硅胶、葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱和高效液相色谱从姜黄地上部分分离得到14个化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为槲皮素3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(1)、山柰酚3-O-α-L-鼠李糖(1→2)-α-L-鼠李糖苷(2)、橙皮素7-O-α-L-鼠李糖(1→6)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、1,7-二(4-羟基苯基)庚烷-4E,6E-二烯-3-酮(4)、1,7-二(4-羟基苯基)庚烷-1E,4E,6E-三烯-3-酮(5)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸(6)、对羟基苯甲醛(7)、香草醛(8)、4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸(9)、异香草酸(10)、4-(1-羟基-1-甲基乙基)苯甲酸(11)、R-6-羟基-6-甲基-3-(2-羟基异丙基)-2-烯环己酮(12)、6,9-二羟基-4,7-巨豆二烯-3-酮(13)和β-胡萝卜苷(14)。化合物1、2、3、12和13首次从该植物中分离得到。经HPLC比较分析,姜黄地上部分缺乏姜黄药材的主要功能成分姜黄素。     

鸡血藤中的酚酸类化合物

为了解鸡血藤(Spatholobus suberectus Dunn)的化学成分,从鸡血藤的95%乙醇提取物中分离出15个酚酸类单体成分,经波谱学分析分别鉴定为:没食子酸(1)、tachioside(2)、isotachioside(3)、canthoside D(4)、3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、2,6-二甲氧基-4-羟基-苯酚-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、4-羟甲基-2,6-二甲氧基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、丁香酸葡萄糖苷(8)、3-甲氧基苯乙醇-4-O-β-D-葡吡喃糖苷(9)、2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(10)、4,6-二羟基-2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)苯乙酮(11)、松香(12)、顺式紫丁香苷(13)、(–)-(7R,8S)-guaiacylglycerol 8-O-β-Dglucopyranoside(14)和l-threo-guaiacylglycerol-8-O-β-glucopyranoside(15)。其中,化合物2~8和10~15为首次从密花豆属植物中分离得到。     

黄刺玫果实化学成分及其体外延长凝血酶原时间研究

对黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina Lindl)果实的化学成分及其体外延长凝血酶原时间(PT)进行研究。采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、MDS柱色谱以及半制备高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,并运用NMR、MS等波谱方法对所分离的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果从黄刺玫果实75%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定6个化合物,分别为槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖苷(1)、槲皮素-3-O-(6″-O-反式香豆酰基)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、山奈酚-4'-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、槲皮素-4'-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、1,2-二(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-1,3-丙二醇(5)、2,3-二羟基-1-(3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(6)。其中化合物6是首次从本属植物中分离得到,化合物1~5为首次从黄刺玫中分离得到。体外血浆PT测定结果表明,化合物1~4与空白对照相比(P0.05)均显示具有延长凝血酶原时间作用,进一步对化合物1的延长凝血酶原时间(PT)进行量效关系研究,结果显示在浓度不小于27 m M时,化合物1显示明显延长凝血酶原时间作用。     

淫羊藿中的新黄酮甙

淫羊藿甙(icariin,1)和1个新的黄酮甙类成分-新淫羊藿甙(neoicariin,2)已从中药淫羊藿(Epimedium sagittatum)的地上部分分到,新淫羊藿甙(2)的化学结构经光谱分析并通过^1H-^1H COSY,^1H-^1H NOE,HMQC,HMBC等二维核磁共振谱和化学方法鉴定为3,5,7-三羟基-4’-甲氧基-8-(2”,3”-环氧)异戊基黄酮-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖甙。     

月见草中一个新的莽草酸衍生物CSCD

为了研究月见草Oenothera biennis L.的化学成分,采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20凝胶、MCI gel CHP-20等柱色谱并结合半制备高效液相等分离技术,利用现代波谱学手段进行化合物结构鉴定。从月见草50%丙酮提取物中分离得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为dimethyl 3-lactyl shikimate(1)、methyl shikimate(2)、3,3′,4-O-三甲基鞣花酸(3)、3,3′-二甲氧基-鞣花酸(4)、3,4,3′-三甲氧基鞣花酸(5)、alternariol 9-methyl ether(6)、2,3-二羟基-1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙酮(7)、scirpyrone H(8)、dimethoxydimethylphthalide(9)、clearanol C(10)。其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物2~10均为首次从该植物中分离得到。化合物2和3可显著提高TGF-β1诱导BEAS-2B细胞的活力,推测其具有潜在的肺保护作用。     

观光木酚性成分研究

从观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun)茎枝的80％乙醇提取物中分离得到11个酚性化合物,经波谱鉴定为:对羟基苯甲醛(1)、香草醛(2)、1,3,5-三甲氧基苯(3),丁香醛(4)、香草酸(5)、苏式-2,3-二-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯)-3-甲氧基丙醇(6)、赤式-2,3-二-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯)-3-甲氧基丙醇(7)、丁香酸(8)、3-羟基-1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯)-1-丙酮(9)、对羟基苯乙醇(10)和C-veratroylglycol( 11).其中,化合物1～4和6～ 11为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

爆杖花的黄酮类成分研究

爆杖花(Rhododendron spinuliferum)茎叶75%丙酮水提取物采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20色谱、高效液相色谱等技术分离纯化,从其乙酸乙酯部分中共分离和鉴定了6个黄酮类化合物,槲皮素-3-O-[3″,4″-O-(异丙叉基)-β-D-木吡喃糖苷] (1),二氢槲皮素(2),二氢槲皮素-3-O-β-D-木吡喃糖苷(3),5,7,4′-三羟基-二氢黄酮醇-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖苷(4),二氢槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖苷(5),花青素A-2(6).其中化合物1为新化合物,爆杖花的化学成分为首次报道.     

杨桃叶的化学成分研究

为阐明酢浆草科植物杨桃(Averrhoa carambola)的化学成分,运用有机溶剂提取、萃取及多种色谱分离技术,从其叶中分离得到11个化合物。经光波谱分析,分别鉴定为苯基β-D-葡萄糖苷(1)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、苄基β-D-葡萄糖苷(3)、2-苯乙基芸香糖苷(4)、1-O-(3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酰)-β-D-葡萄糖(5)、5-羟基麦芽酚(6)、麦芽酚苷(7)、麦芽酚3-O-[6-O-(3-羟基-3-甲基-5-丁基戊二酰)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、乙基β-D-呋喃果糖苷(9)、丁基β-D-呋喃果糖苷(10)和鲨烯(11)。化合物8是1个新的人工产物,除化合物2和3外均为首次从杨桃属植物中得到。部分化合物与杨桃叶的抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤作用相关。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.