肯氏相思根瘤亚显微结构观察

肯氏相思根瘤亚显微结构观察结果表明,刚受侵袭的寄主细胞的细胞核和质体膨大,线粒体内嵴消失成为圆球状体,内质网膜松散;幼年类菌体细胞外形较小,呈圆形和椭圆形,细胞质浓密,染色深而均匀;成熟类菌体外型较大,形态多样,细胞内聚－β－羟基丁酸积累增多,随着根瘤细胞逐渐发育成熟,在类菌体被内可见１至数个类菌体,在根瘤衰老细胞中,类菌体包被周膜解离破裂,流出电子透明物质,本文还对周膜扩增的问题进行了讨论。     

中国肯氏兽-山西鳄组合带的新发现之一:山西的肯氏兽类（英文）

近年来在山西省境内沿黄河一带采集到一些新的四足动物化石。在临县白道峪铜川组一段产出的化石中,至少有一种副肯氏兽和一种新的中国肯氏兽——白道峪中国肯氏兽(Sinokannemeyeria baidaoyuensis sp.nov.)。新种以其前额骨向前延伸到达鼻孔后凹一线的特征区别于其他中国肯氏兽。这一材料的长牙未被前颌骨完全包裹,可能是不正常发育所致。在柳林的二马营组地层中识别出不同于中国肯氏兽和副肯氏兽的第三个肯氏兽属。这些新发现增加了中国肯氏兽-山西鳄组合带的组分以及时代延限。     

沙巴拟刀角瓢虫生物学特性研究

探究以烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius为食料,沙巴拟刀角瓢虫Serangiella sababensis Sasaji的生物学特性,为利用沙巴拟刀角瓢虫控制烟粉虱提供理论依据。本试验在实验室条件下观察取食烟粉虱的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫各虫态的形态特征、生活习性、不同虫态的发育历期、存活率和繁殖力,并计算沙巴拟刀角瓢虫生命表参数。结果表明,在26±1℃、L∶D=14∶10、相对湿度75%±10%的条件下,以烟粉虱卵和若虫为食的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫的世代历期分别为18.82 d和17.75 d,世代存活率分别为65.53%和75.00%,成虫寿命分别为106.65 d和105.58 d,每雌产卵量分别为286.20粒和366.67粒。以烟粉虱卵和若虫为食的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫的内禀增长率(r_m)分别为0.0581和0.0780,净增殖率(R₀)分别为107.0338和147.8748,平均世代历期(T)分别为80.3985和64.0385,周限增长率(λ)分别为1.0598和1.0811。研究发现,取食烟粉虱若虫的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫世代发育历期短于...     

云南梅花草属一新种

多年生草本,高8-22cm,细弱。根状茎近圆柱形,径1.5-2.5mm,下部具多数纤维状根。     

中国喜花草属(爵床科)一新组合

将毛冠喜花草Eranthemum pubipetalum S. Z. Huang ex H. P. Tsui 处理为华南喜花草E. austrosinense H. S. Lo的变种,即E. austrosinense H. S. Lo var. pubipetalum （S. Z. Huang ex H. P. Tsui） T. L. Li ＆ Y. F. Deng。该变种与华南喜花草的区别在于花冠被毛和子房无毛。     

小花草玉梅化学成分研究

目的:研究银莲花属植物小花草玉梅的化学成分。方法:采用硅胶柱色谱,凝胶柱色谱,反相柱色谱并结合制备高效液相色谱等技术分离纯化单体化合物,并根据理化性质及光谱数据鉴定结构。结果:分离并鉴定了4个化合物,分别是常春藤皂苷元-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯苷(1)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖-齐墩果酸皂苷元-28-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯苷(2)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖-常春藤皂苷元-28-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯苷(3)和3-O-β-D-吡喃核糖-(1→3)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖-常春藤皂苷元-28-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯苷(4)。结论:化合物1为首次从银莲花属植物中分离得到,2-4为首次从小花草玉梅中分离得到。     

新疆的肯氏兽类新材料及短吻副肯氏兽的再研究

记述了新疆吐鲁番中三叠统克拉玛依组肯氏兽类一新材料 ,它与短吻副肯氏兽(Parakannemeyeriabrevirostris)正模特征相似 ,确定二者为同种。将中国已知的中国肯氏兽及副肯氏兽属的所有种进行支序分析 ,发现短吻副肯氏兽与中国肯氏兽及副肯氏兽属的其他种构成姊妹群。在与肯氏兽类其他相关属比较的基础上 ,建议以短吻种为基础建立一新属 :西域肯氏兽 (Xiyukannemeyeria)。     

肯氏相思^60Co—γ辐照诱变研究

采用不同剂量（３０００，５０００，７０００Ｒａｄ）＾６０Ｃｏ－γ辐照肯氏相思种子，选育出诱变优株（Ｍ１），以Ｍ１的种子（Ｍ２）扩种试验，观测Ｍ１和Ｍ２代的形态，物候，并测定过氧化物酶同功酶带谱，酶活性，蛋白质含量，结果表明，各处理的优株与对照都存在差异。在相同生态条件下，Ｍ１代林木生长量和Ｍ２代地上部生物量分别高于对照１１．４８％￣２１．６４％和１４．６２％￣７３．８９％，以５０００Ｒａｄ辐照剂量     

A Contribution to the Life History of the Rare Indonesian Holoparasite Rafflesia patma (Rafflesiaceae)1

Fates and growth of Rafflesia patma buds and insect visitation to the flowers were monitored in an evergreen tropical rain forest in the Pangandaran Nature Reserve, Java, Indonesia, Of 59 buds marked in December 1985, 44 percent died before flowering, 7 percent flowered, and 49 percent were still in bud in May 1986. Mammals and birds caused the deaths of buds before they reached maturity. Only four buds flowered between December 1985 and May 1986; all were male. Rate of increase in diameter (cm/d) was much faster in large than in small buds. Once opening began, the flower opened fully in 24 to 48 hours; the flower remained open for three to five days before rotting. Only two genera of insects visited a male flower of R. patma: Lucilia and Sarcophaga (Diptera). Insect visitation was highest in the afternoon (1300–1700 h) and on the second or third day after flower opening. The increased number of flies visiting the flower coincided with the increasing odor emitted from it. Results of the present study were combined with information from the literature to construct a life cycle diagram of R. patma.     

Seasonality and historic trends in the reef fisheries of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia

The reef fisheries of Pulau (meaning “island” in Malay) Banggi, Sabah are not managed, and lack baseline fisheries data despite forming part of a proposed marine park. Thus, a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was applied to obtain a baseline picture about the past and present state of the fisheries. Fish landings were monitored, and fisher interviews conducted to investigate seasonal effects and historical changes in Banggi’s reef fisheries. Monsoon winds were a major driver of seasonal differences in catch quantities for the hook and line, but not the gillnet fishery. Spatial distribution of fishing effort and target species also differed by season. Fishers consistently indicated that Banggi’s fisheries were declining, with a suggested three to four times decrease in catch rates over the last 20 years. Interestingly, it appeared that substantial decreases began in the year 2000. The responses of fishers to seasonal changes, and the resultant implications for management are discussed. Importantly, the need for immediate management policies to prevent further declines and to maintain sustainable reef fisheries is stressed. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Arthropods in tropical oaks: differences in their spatial distributions within tree crowns

The arthropod activity in the upper and the lower zone of nine emergent oak trees (genus Quercus) of a submontane forest in Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia, was investigated by using flight interception traps, yellow colour traps, and arboreal pitfall traps. Number of arthropods did not differ significantly between the upper and the lower region of the tree crowns. Nevertheless, the results reveal significant differences in the abundances of several arthropod groups between the two zones. In the lower part of the oak crowns Homoptera and ants (mostly alates) were sampled in higher numbers, whereas the upper zone was dominated by Diptera and Hymenoptera (ants excluded). Beetles and most other groups showed no significant differences in abundance between the lower and upper zone of the oak trees. Thus, the arthropods of the investigated community are not evenly distributed. The arthropod community in tree crowns, which often has been treated as a homogenous unit, is in fact divided into subunits formed by differently composed arthropod assemblages.     

First occurrence of Cochlodinium blooms in Sabah, Malaysia

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) resulting in red discoloration of coastal waters in Sepanggar Bay, off Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, East Malaysia, were first observed in January 2005. The species responsible for the bloom, which was identified as Cochlodinium polykrikoides, coincided with fish mortalities in cage-cultures. Determinations of cell density between January 2005 and June 2006 showed two peaks that occurred in March–June 2005 and June 2006. Cell abundance reached a maximum value of 6 × 10⁶ cells L⁻¹ at the fish cage sampling station where the water quality was characterized by high NO₃–N and PO₄–P concentrations. These blooms persisted into August 2005, were not detected during the north–east monsoon season and occurred again in May 2006. Favorable temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations, which were similar to those associated with other C. polykrikoides blooms in the Asia Pacific region, likely promoted the growth of this species. Identification of C. polykrikoides as the causative organism was based on light and scanning microscopy, and confirmed by partial 18S ribosomal DNA sequences of two strains isolated during the bloom event (GenBank accession numbers DQ915169 and DQ915170).     

Allometry and Shade Tolerance in Pole‐Sized Trees of Two Contrasting Dipterocarp Species in Sabah,Malaysia1

We compared the allometry of two contrasting late‐successional dipterocarp species to test whether a monolayer (shade‐tolerant)–multilayer (shade‐intolerant) model applies to pole‐sized trees. Crown traits of the more shade‐tolerant species (Vatica micrantha) did not conform to either of the familiar monolayer or multilayer models for pole‐sized trees, but instead were consistent with a “persistent multilayer” model. Species differences in crown traits may be influenced more by future rather than present light environments.     

A private management approach to coral reef conservation in Sabah,Malaysia

Many marine protected areas (MPAs), particularly in developing countries, have failed because of a lack of enforcement and monitoring due to limited public funds for conservation. Private investment and management in MPAs offers a potential solution, and has been applied with initial positive results at the Sugud Islands Marine Conservation Area (SIMCA) in Sabah, Malaysia. Conservation fees charged to visitors to Lankayan Island Dive Resort within the SIMCA have generated a sustainable source of financing to meet the majority of management costs for the conservation area, which is separately managed by a private organization called Reef Guardian. The availability of adequate funds has enabled Reef Guardian to invest in personnel training and surveillance technology to enforce the rules and regulations of the conservation area. In collaboration with government enforcement agencies, Reef Guardian has reduced threats such as illegal fishing and turtle egg poaching. As a result, there is a comparatively high abundance of commercially important fish, and turtle nestings at Lankayan Island have increased. Private management can be effective in conserving biodiversity in MPAs, and may well succeed regionally in suitable locations.

Elevational diversity patterns of small mammals on Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

1 Diversity patterns of small mammals were studied along an elevational transect on Mount Kinabalu, the highest mountain in South‐east Asia, utilizing data from previously existing sources and a new field study. A mark‐and‐release study (conducted during wet and dry seasons between November 1994 and April 1995) resulted in captures of 12 small mammal species, including two species of squirrels, two tree shrews, seven murid rodents and one gymnure. 2 Based on data compiled from this survey, museum specimens, and published and unpublished literature (analysed by locally weighted sums of squares and quadratic polynomial regressions), species richness of small mammals formed a middle elevation bulge, highest at about 1200–1400 m and declining at lower and higher elevations. Trapping during two seasons did not change the assessment of the pattern. 3 A cluster analysis of these data indicated that there are two elevationally associated faunas, one in the highlands and another in the lowlands. The transition between these two assemblages is at 1700–1800 m elevation. The lowland faunal assemblage has the highest number of species, with maximum species richness at about 1300 m for total small mammal species, about 1200 m for arboreal species and about 1400 m for terrestrial species. 4 The areas where much overlapping of species occurs are the elevations where climate and vegetation change rapidly from lowland to montane types. Tree species, gymnosperms, orchids and ferns showed a similar curvilinear pattern along the same elevational gradient, with maximum species richness at about 1400–1500 m. Temperature declined progressively with increasing elevation, but rainfall and humidity reached their highest levels at about 1700 m. 5 Maximum diversity of small mammals thus occurred at the elevation where a highland and a lowland assemblage overlapped, where several types of plants reached their maximum diversity, and where rainfall and humidity reached their maxima. Similar patterns have been documented for small mammals, plants, and climate at sites scattered in Indo‐Australia from Taiwan to New Guinea.     

The influence of permethrin-impregnated bednets and mass drug administration on the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in Sabah, Malaysia

A small-scale trial was carried out in the Upper Kinabatangan district of Sabah, Malaysia, to determine the effect of using permethrin-impregnated bednets on malaria transmission. A total of 306 nylon bednets with cotton borders, impregnated at a dose estimated to have been 0.062 g permethrin/m2 of nylon netting, were distributed to 139 households in five villages. At the time of distributing bednets, mass drug administration with Fansidar plus primaquine was also administered to the human population to clear all parasitaemias due to Plasmodium falciparum Welch. In another village, for comparison, mass drug administration was the only intervention. After intervention measures in December 1984 and January 1985, the parasite rates in children declined in all villages during the first month, significantly more in the villages with impregnated bednets than in the control, thus proving that the nets had an impact on malaria. However, after about 2 months, parasite rates started to increase again. After 4-6 months, parasite rates in the villages with bednets approached the rate in the control village without nets. The increase in parasite rates was paralleled by a significant deterioration in the quality, physical condition and the degree of non-utilization of bednets. Entomological evaluation proved the efficacy of permethrin-impregnated nets for controlling Anopheles balabacensis Baisas and other anophelines. Bioassays (1 h exposure) of permethrin-impregnated bednets gave 100% mortality initially and 44-61% mortality after 85-106 days. Mosquito collections in treated bednets were significantly reduced for at least 217 days. The project failed to achieve prolonged suppression of malaria transmission for a combination of entomological, sociological and practical reasons which are discussed in relation to the objectives and implementation of future bednet studies.