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1.
Chang-Gi Kim Dae In Kim Hyo-Jeong Kim Ji Eun Park Bumkyu Lee Kee Woong Park Soon-Chun Jeong Kyung Hwa Choi Joo Hee An Kang-Hyun Cho Young Soon Kim Hwan Mook Kim 《Journal of Plant Biology》2009,52(3):251-258
We conducted a 2-year field assessment of the gene flow from genetically modified (GM) chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), containing the PepEST (pepper esterase) gene, to a non-GM control line “WT512” and two commercial hybrid cultivars, “Manidda” and “Cheongpung Myeongwol
(CM).” After seeds were collected from the pollen-recipient non-GM plants, hybrids between them and the GM peppers were screened
by a hygromycin assay. PCR with the targeting hpt gene was performed to confirm the presence of transgenes in hygromycin-resistant seedlings. Out of 7,071 “WT512” seeds and
6,854 “Manidda” seeds collected in 2006, eight and 12 hybrids, respectively, were detected. In 2007, 33 hybrids from 3,456
“WT512” seeds and 50 hybrids from 3,457 “CM” seeds were found. The highest frequency of gene flow, 6.19%, was observed in
that 2007 trial. These results suggest that a limited isolation distance would be sufficient to prevent gene flow from GM
to conventionally bred chili peppers. 相似文献
2.
Chang-Gi Kim Bumkyu Lee Dae In Kim Ji Eun Park Hyo-Jeong Kim Kee Woong Park Hoonbok Yi Soon-Chun Jeong Won Kee Yoon Chee Hark Harn Hwan Mook Kim 《Journal of Plant Biology》2008,51(1):74-77
Gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to conventional non-GM crops is a serious concern for protection of conventional
and organic farming. Gene flow from GM watermelon developed for rootstock use, containing cucumber green mottle mosaic virus
(CGMMV)-coat protein (CP) gene, to a non-GM isogenic control variety “Clhalteok” and grafted watermelon “Keumcheon” was investigated
in a small scale field trial as a pilot study. Hybrids between GM and non-GM watermelons were screened from 1304 “Chalteok”
seeds and 856 “Keumcheon” seeds using the duplex PCR method targeting theCGMMV- CP gene as a marker. Hybrids were found in all pollen recipient plots. The gene flow frequencies were greater for “Chaiteok”
than for “KeumcheonD; with 75% outcrossing in the “Chaiteok” plot at the closest distance (0.8 m) to the GM plot. A much larger
scale field trial is necessary to identify the isolation distance between GM and non-GM watermelon, as the behaviors of insect
pollinators needs to be clarified in Korea. 相似文献
3.
Yingxin Huang Xueyong Zhao Hongxuan Zhang Wisdom Japhet Xiaoan Zuo Yayong Luo Gang Huang 《Journal of Plant Biology》2009,52(3):210-219
We monitored the allometric effects for greenhouse-grown Agriophyllum squarrosum plants in response to variations in population density and the availability of soil nutrients and water. Biomass allocations
were size-dependent. The plasticity of roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive effort was “true” in response to changes in
nutrient content. At a low level of soil minerals, plants allocated more resources to the development of roots and reproductive
organs than to leaves, but data for stem allocations were consistent for tradeoffs between the effects of nutrients and plant
size. The plasticities of leaf allocation and reproductive effort were “true” whereas those of root and stem allocations were
“apparent” in response to fluctuations in soil water, being a function of plant size. Decreasing soil water content was associated
with higher leaf allocation and lower reproductive effort. Except for this “apparent” plasticity of leaf allocation, none
was detected with population density on biomass allocation. Architectural traits were determinants of the latter. For roots,
the determining trait was the ratio of plant height to total biomass; for stems and reproduction, plant height; and for leaves,
the ratio of branch numbers to plant height. 相似文献
4.
Plants only interact with neighbors over restricted distances, so local conditions are of great significance for plants. It
is therefore important to consider spatial structure and neighborhood effects if we are to understand plants' strategies.
We constructed a spatially-explicit, game theory model to explore optimal height growth at the individual-level. In the model,
there is no ESS for height growth at the population level, because there is an “instantaneous” optimal height growth strategy
for the individual plant that changes depending on the local light environment. The optimal strategy is plasticity in response
to local conditions. Game-theoretic models for plant phenotypic traits should move from “mean-field approximations” towards
explicit modeling of local interactions. 相似文献
5.
Madoka Y Kashiwagi T Hirotsu N Ishimaru K 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2008,116(5):603-612
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), in which chromosomal segments of the Indian landrace “Kasalath” replace
the corresponding endogenous segments in the genome of the Japanese premium rice “Koshihikari”, are available and together
cover the entire genome. Chromosome regions affecting a trait (CRATs) can be identified by comparison of phenotypes with genotypes of CSSLs. We detected 99 CRATs for 15 agronomic
or morphological traits. “Kasalath” had positively acting alleles in 53 CRATs. Its CRATs increased panicle number per plant
by up to 23.3%, grain number per panicle by up to 30.8%, and total grain number by up to 15.1%, relative to “Koshihikari”.
CRATs were identified for grain size (grain thickness and width), with positive effects of about 5.0%. A CRAT on chromosome 8
almost doubled the weight of roots in uppermost soil layers compared to “Koshihikari”. Additionally, “Kasalath” possessed
CRATs for higher lodging resistance (reduction in plant height and increase in stem diameter). In some cases, multiple CRATs
were detected in the same chromosome regions. Therefore, CSSLs with these chromosome segments might be useful breeding materials
for the simultaneous improvement of multiple traits. Five CRATs, one for plant height on chromosome 1, one for stem diameter
on chromosome 8, and three for heading date on chromosomes 6, 7, and 8 overlapped with the corresponding QTLs that already
had been mapped with back-crossed inbred lines of “Nipponbare” and “Kasalath”. In both “Koshihikari” CRATs and “Nipponbare”
QTLs, “Kasalath” had similar effects.
Both Y. Madoka and T. Kashiwagi have contributed equally to this article. 相似文献
6.
Apple tree architecture is naturally very diverse, but for fruit production, certain tree habits are more desirable than others.
Here we describe the results of a QTL analysis performed to study the genetic control of growth traits in apple. This was
carried out on the progeny of a cross between two apple cultivars of contrasting tree architectures. “Telamon” has a columnar
tree form and “Braeburn” has a more standard, “normal” growth habit. The growth traits were measured on the F
1 seedlings of the Telamon × Braeburn population for two consecutive years of growth on own roots and for the first year
of growth on M9 rootstock. QTL analysis was carried out using either the Kruskal–Wallis method or the Multiple QTL Method.
For all but one growth characteristic, significant QTLs were detected. A major cluster of QTLs was located in the Co gene region of “Telamon”, confirming the major influence of the Co gene on tree architecture, although this influence changed as the plant material aged and was generally more pronounced for
rootstock-grown plants. Additional QTL results suggest the occurrence of genes with pleiotropic effects on tree architecture.
The observed QTL instability over different years and for different root systems indicates that the genetic control of tree
architecture is largely influenced by environmental factors and probably changes as the tree matures. Finally, a major influence
of the root system on all the traits determining tree architecture was clearly demonstrated. 相似文献
7.
Dynamic role of “illite-like” clay minerals in temperate soils: facts and hypotheses 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Analysis of new data and reinterpretation of published information for clay minerals found in temperate climate soil profiles
indicates that there is often a gradient of “illite-like” clay minerals with depth. We used the term “illite-like” because
these observations are based on X-Ray Diffractogram patterns and not on layer charge measurements which allow to define properly
illite. It appears that “illite-like” layers are concentrated in the upper, organic - rich portion of the soil profile both
under grassland and forest vegetation. “Illite-like” layer quantity seems directly related to soil potassium status. Indeed,
intensive agriculture practises without potassium fertilization reduce “illite-like” content in surface soils, whereas several
years of potassic fertilization without plant growth can increase “illite-like” content. The potassic soil clay mineral, illite,
is particularly important in that it can be the major source of readily available potassium for plants. Spatial and temporal
dynamics of clay minerals should be related to the potassium cycle. We propose that the frequently observed general trend
of increasing exchangeable potassium in the top soil can be correlated with an increase in “illite-like” in the clays and
that the decrease of potassium caused by intensive agricultural practices leads to “illite-like” layer destabilization. This
vision of “illite-like” layer as a potassium reservoir refueled by plants and emptied by intensive cropping renews the concept
of potassium availability and indicates a need to be discussed as well in natural ecosystems as in cultivated ecosystems. 相似文献
8.
Tea plant [Camellia
sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze)] is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops in the world today. In recent years, many clonal
tea cultivars have been developed and widely planted to replace the diverse traditional tea populations. In this article,
we study the relationships between classifications based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and on morphological traits
for 185 tea plant cultivars. Results show that the genetic diversity index (H) is between 0.229 and 0.803, and the mean value is 0.543; the observed heterozygosity (H
o) ranges from 0.103 to 0.683, with an average of 0.340, while the genetic identity varies from 0.267 to 0.984. Based on tea-making
properties, the genetic diversity in the “black-green tea” group is much higher than in the “Oolong tea” group. Based on morphological
traits, cluster analysis classifies the 185 cultivars into three groups, “group I,” “group II” and “group III.” Most cultivars
are related based on the geographical origin and their genetic backgrounds. 相似文献
9.
T-DNA structure in transgenic tobacco plants with multiple independent integration sites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary Transgenic tobacco plants were produced by inoculation of leaf disks withAgrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a disarmed binary vector containing soybean leghemoglobin Lbc3 and glycinin G2 genes. Physical and genetic characterization
of these plants indicated that one to six copies of DNA from the vector were transferred and maintained in the plant genome.
Approximately 30% of the copies transferred were found to be incomplete or rearranged and in some cases joined as inverted
repeats. The transferred DNA was found at multiple genetic loci in five of the six cases examined. In one plant, kanamycin-resistance
traits were at four independent chromosomal positions, although two were genetically linked at about 3 centimorgans. Thus,Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer to plants has some characteristics in common with “natural” systems in animals, such as retroviral
or P-element derived systems, some characteristics in common with “artificial” systems, such as microinjection, electroporation,
or calcium phosphate coprecipitation techniques, and some novel characteristics. 相似文献
10.
Daniel W. Schneider 《Ecosystems》2006,9(7):1156-1169
Industrial ecosystems are fruitful sites for examining ecosystem management. Sewage treatment plants, breweries, biotechnology
reactors, and ethanol production plants are all ecosystems—complex biophysical systems in which communities of bacteria, yeast,
fungi, and other organisms are maintained to extract services or resources. The industrial analog to ecosystem management
is “process control”, where the industrial operator is the ecosystem manager. Process control is the management of a production
process through the careful measurement and adjustment of its physical and chemical conditions. By analyzing the history of
process control in activated sludge sewage treatment plants, I show the importance of craft knowledge in ecosystem management.
Sewage treatment plant workers, through their experience in operating the plants, developed means of evaluating process conditions
based on sight and smell rather than laboratory analysis. These craft techniques developed and persisted in spite of concerted
efforts on the part of sanitary scientists to institute “scientific” control of the process based on laboratory analysis and
models of microbial kinetics, suggesting that craft knowledge of ecosystem function can contribute to successful management.
The craft knowledge of sewage plant workers is a kind of adaptive management, in which workers constantly adjust ecosystem
parameters and observe the results. This approach is contrasted to “command and control” approaches to treatment plant automation,
which have met with uneven success. 相似文献
11.
Plants have traits against herbivory that may occur together and increase defense efficiency. We tested whether there are
defense syndromes in a cerrado community and, if so, whether there is a phylogenetic signal in them. We measured nine defense
traits from a woodland cerrado community in southeastern Brazil. We tested the correlation between all pairs of traits and
grouped the species into defense syndromes according to their traits. Most pairwise correlations of traits were complementary.
Plants with lower specific leaf area also presented tougher leaves, with low nitrogen, more trichomes, and tannins. We found
five syndromes: two with low defenses and high nutritional quality, two with high defenses and low nutritional quality, and
one with traits compensating each other. There were two predominant strategies against herbivory in cerrado: “tolerance” and
“low nutritional quality” syndromes. Phylogeny did not determine the suite of traits species presented. We argue that herbivory
exerts significant selection pressure on these plant defense traits. 相似文献
12.
Species’ life histories are often classified on a continuum from “fast” to “slow”, yet there is no consistently used definition
of this continuum. For example, some researchers include body mass as one of the traits defining the continuum, others factor
it out by analysing body-mass residuals, a third group performs both of these analyses and uses the terms “fast” and “slow”
in both ways, while still others do not mention body mass at all. Our analysis of European and North American freshwater fish,
mammals, and birds (N = 2,288 species) shows the fundamental differences between life-history patterns of raw data and of body-mass residuals.
Specifically, in fish and mammals, the number of traits defining the continuum decreases if body-mass residuals are analysed.
In birds, the continuum is defined by a different set of traits if body mass is factored out. Our study also exposes important
dissimilarities among the three taxonomic groups analysed. For example, while mammals and birds with a “slow” life history
have a low fecundity, the opposite is true for fish. We conclude that our understanding of life histories will improve if
differences between patterns of raw data and of body-mass residuals are acknowledged, as well as differences among taxonomic
groups, instead of using the “fast–slow continuum” too indiscriminately for any covarying traits that appear to suit the idea. 相似文献
13.
“Hairy root” systems, obtained by transforming plant tissues with the “natural genetic engineer” Agrobacterium rhizogenes, have been known for more than three decades. To date, hairy root cultures have been obtained from more than 100 plant species,
including several endangered medicinal plants, affording opportunities to produce important phytochemicals and proteins in
eco-friendly conditions. Diverse strategies can be applied to improve the yields of desired metabolites and to produce recombinant
proteins. Furthermore, recent advances in bioreactor design and construction allow hairy root-based technologies to be scaled
up while maintaining their biosynthetic potential. This review highlights recent progress in the field and outlines future
prospects for exploiting the potential utility of hairy root cultures as “chemical factories” for producing bioactive substances. 相似文献
14.
Hirokazu Toju 《Ecological Research》2011,26(2):239-251
Organisms are surrounded by their predators, parasites, hosts, and mutualists, being involved in reciprocal adaptation processes
with such “biotic environment”. The concept of “coevolution”, therefore, provides a basis for the comprehensive understanding
of evolutionary and ecological dynamics in biological communities and ecosystems. Recent studies have shown that coevolutionary
processes are spatially heterogeneous and that traits mediating interspecific interactions can evolve rapidly in natural communities.
Here, I discuss factors promoting the geographic differentiation of coevolutionary interactions, the spatial scales of the
geographic structuring, and the pace of coevolutionary changes, reviewing findings in the arms race coevolution involving
a long-mouthed weevil and its host camellia plant. Evolutionary, ecological, and population genetic studies on the system
illuminated that viewpoints from the aspect of “coevolving biosphere” were important for predicting how ongoing anthropogenic
change in global environment alter the spatiotemporal dynamics of biological communities. 相似文献
15.
A. A. Zagorskaya Yu. V. Sidorchuk V. K. Shumnyi E. V. Deineko 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2009,56(6):830-837
A comparative analysis of IAA and total cytokinin contents at various developmental stages of floral morphogenesis (I–XII)
in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants with mutant phenotypes was performed. Disturbances in flower structure were correlated with changes in the content
and dynamics of these phytohormones. In plants with the phenotype “wavy corolla”, IAA content increased by three times as
compared with control at stage VIII; in plants with the phenotype “longostyly”, IAA content increased gradually from VIII
to XII stage and sharply (by nine times) at stage XII. In plants with the phenotype “wavy corolla”, total content of cytokinins
was lower than in control at all developmental stages (except for stage I), whereas their dynamics coincided with that in
control flowers. In plants with the phenotype “longostyly”, cytokinin content was twice lower than in control at early developmental
stages, whereas it oscillated at later stages, approaching to control value at stage XII. It is supposed that differences
observed could result from T-DNA insertion into plant own genes, which led to changes in the content and dynamics of phytohormones
in developing flowers and production of anomalies in the flower structure. 相似文献
16.
Jeffrey W. Adelberg Maria P. Delgado Jeffery T. Tomkins 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(1):95-107
Residual nutrients from Murashige and Skoog medium were analyzed following a 5-wk multifactor experiment. Plant density, sugar
concentration, and plant growth regulators (benzyladenine and ancymidol) were examined using four genotypes of daylily (Hemerocallis) to determine which factors most influenced nutrient use. Active nutrient uptake was observed for 11 nutrients (potassium,
sodium, copper, phosphorus, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, sulfur, and zinc) with lower concentrations in spent
medium than in the tissue water volume (fresh-dry mass expressed as mL H2O). Two patterns of nutrient use were visualized by correlative analysis of nutrient uptake. Greatest growth lowered plant
nutrient concentrations of potassium, sodium, phosphorus, iron, and copper in all genotypes, and luxuriant uptake was indicated
with least growth. Potassium, sodium, iron, and copper concentrations in plant dry matter were equal to or exceeded what is
observed in vigorously growing nursery plants. However, phosphorus concentration in plant dry matter was low enough to be
considered deficient when compared to Hemerocallis plants in nursery production. With a second group of nutrients (calcium, magnesium, manganese, and boron), the genotype,
“Barbara Mitchell” lacked active uptake and was deficient. Calcium concentration was low in all plants compared to Hemerocallis grown under nursery conditions (“Barbara Mitchell” was the lowest concentration) despite active uptake by the other three
genotypes—“Brocaded Gown,” “Mary’s Gold,” and “Heart of a Missionary.” Magnesium concentration in these three genotypes was
low enough in vessels with greatest growth to question its adequacy at high densities. Increased sucrose in medium reduced
the dry matter concentrations of all tested nutrients. Plant growth regulators had less impact on nutrient use than genotype
and plant density. Nutrient uptake may be an important physiological component of genotypic variation. 相似文献
17.
Andrea Michaela Bauer F. Hoti M. von Korff K. Pillen J. Léon M. J. Sillanpää 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2009,119(1):105-123
A common difficulty in mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is that QTL effects may show environment specificity and thus
differ across environments. Furthermore, quantitative traits are likely to be influenced by multiple QTLs or genes having
different effect sizes. There is currently a need for efficient mapping strategies to account for both multiple QTLs and marker-by-environment
interactions. Thus, the objective of our study was to develop a Bayesian multi-locus multi-environmental method of QTL analysis.
This strategy is compared to (1) Bayesian multi-locus mapping, where each environment is analysed separately, (2) Restricted
Maximum Likelihood (REML) single-locus method using a mixed hierarchical model, and (3) REML forward selection applying a
mixed hierarchical model. For this study, we used data on multi-environmental field trials of 301 BC2DH lines derived from a cross between the spring barley elite cultivar Scarlett and the wild donor ISR42-8 from Israel. The
lines were genotyped by 98 SSR markers and measured for the agronomic traits “ears per m2,” “days until heading,” “plant height,”
“thousand grain weight,” and “grain yield”. Additionally, a simulation study was performed to verify the QTL results obtained
in the spring barley population. In general, the results of Bayesian QTL mapping are in accordance with REML methods. In this
study, Bayesian multi-locus multi-environmental analysis is a valuable method that is particularly suitable if lines are cultivated
in multi-environmental field trials.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
18.
“Fairmount 1 thorny” (“FM1 thorny”) (a Rosa multiflora Thunb ex. J. Murr.) and a thornless sport of “FM1 thorny” (“Fairmount 1” (“FM1”)) were established in vitro to investigate
chimeral segregation under various levels of BA and to obtain a pure thornless rose. While the chimeral thornless sport was
expected to segregate in vitro and yield both thorny and thornless plantlets, “FM1 thorny” was to yield only thorny plants.
“FM1” segregated in vitro into its constituent genotypes and yielded thorny and thornless plantlets, suggesting that “FM1”
is chimeral. “FM1 thorny” produced only thorny plants in vitro. These results indicate that the “FM1 thorny” clone was not chimeral (pure thorny) and that the thornless regenerates of “FM1”
did not develop via somaclonal variation. There was a significant linear relationship between increasing BA concentration
and the percentage of thorny plants. Among a population of 690 tissue culture derived plants from all the BA experiments,
6 plants were classified as pure thornless plants 1 year later. 相似文献
19.
Two successive hydroponic experiments were carried out to identify barley varieties tolerant to Cd toxicity via examining
Soil–Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) value, plant height, leaves and tillers per plant, root number and volume, and biomass
accumulation. The results showed that SPAD values (chlorophyll meter readings), plant height, leaf number, root number and
volume, and biomass accumulation of shoot/root were significantly reduced in the plants grown in 20 μM Cd nutrient solution
compared with control, and the uptake and translocation of Zn, Mn, and Cu was also strictly hindered. Furthermore, there was
a highly significant difference in the reduction in these growth parameters among varieties, and varieties “Weisuobuzhi” and
“Jipi 1” showed the least reduction both in the two experiments, suggesting their high tolerance to Cd toxicity, while “Dong
17” and “Suyinmai 2” with the greatest reduction and the toxicity symptoms appeared rapidly and severely, denoting as Cd-sensitive
varieties. Significant variety difference in Cd concentration was also found, with Weisuobuzhi containing the highest and
Jipi 1 the lowest Cd concentration in shoots. 相似文献
20.
Division of cyanobacteria serves as a model for studying division of plant chloroplasts. Analysis of mutants obtained by methods
of “forward” and “reverse” genetics underlies effective strategy for studying genetics of cell division in these photoautotrophic
prokaryotes. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that some cyanobacterial genes involved in the control of cell division
have homologs among cyanobacteria, green algae, and higher plants, some others, only in bacteria, whereas the remaining genes
are specific only for cyanobacteria. 相似文献