建立洁净区微生物数据库与无菌药品GMP生产过程控制的探讨

目的 建立洁净区微生物数据库,为追溯洁净区微生物污染来源提供依据,为无菌药品生产过程控制提供有力指导.方法 对乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗生产车间洁净区环境和操作人员进行微生物负载检测,并对该车间注射用水、纯化水系统样品进行微生物限度检测,鉴别研究相应分离菌,建立洁净区微生物数据库.同时对乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗中间产品进行无菌检查检测,并对阳性结果分离菌进行鉴别分析.然后根据建立的洁净区微生物数据库对阳性结果举例进行溯源探讨分析.结果 洁净区环境和人员主要存在里拉/藤黄微球菌、人葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌以及科氏葡萄球菌科氏亚种等革兰阳性菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌等,水系统中则主要存在少动鞘氨醇单胞菌和铫子芽胞杆菌等.中间产品无菌阳性结果主要存在里拉/藤黄微球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌以及奇异变形菌等,经调查分析,分别为操作过程中经环境偶然带入或试验动物操作不慎带入.结论 建立洁净区微生物数据库是追溯产品微生物污染来源的有效方法,能够为无菌药品GMP生产过程制定有效的控制措施提供依据,并使其更有针对性.     

质量保证体系的各个要素

随着药品生物制品企业质量管理工作的发展,特别是对ＧＭＰ的实施,质量保证（ＱＡ）逐渐成为生物制品企业的重要的质量管理体系。尽管ＱＣ和ＧＭＰ都是ＱＡ 的重要组成,但由于ＱＡ 作为特定的管理体系,在国内生物制品企业还始建不久,尚未形成适合本国企业的ＱＡ 理论体系,所以有必要结合国内外的经验开展ＱＡ 的理论研究,以有助于ＱＡ 工作的更有效的开展。本文对构成ＱＡ 体系中组织、计划、过程、因素、ＱＡ 方法等要素的内涵、相互关系以及与ＧＭＰ、ＱＣ、企业行政管理等外部要素的关系进行综述,旨在探讨ＱＡ 活动的规律性,以指导ＱＡ 的实践。     

在药品监管中建立近红外药品快速识别体系的分析及应用

近红外药品快速识别体系是医学界为了限制假药流入市场的一种重要措施,在药品监督工作中占有重要地位。本文从近红外药品快速识别体系的可行性入手,对近红外药品定性分析模型作详细分析,得出相关结论,供同行参考借鉴。     

药品生产环境中的新型自动监控系统

通过对药品生产环境重要性和保证生产环境的手段分析,介绍了一种新型的用于药品生产洁净室的自动监控方法,有效地保证了药品对生产环境的特殊要求。     

生物药品生产过程中污染问题的管控策略

生物药品制药流程严谨,每个步骤都需要达到对应的标准和规范,这是保证生物药品性能发挥的关键所在,也是其不同于其他生产行业的独特之处。文章从这个角度探究,探析生物药品生产过程中强化污染问题管理的必要性,对于生物药品生产过程中污染问题的管控,提出了建设性的意见和建议。     

试析药品生产风险管理存在问题归因分析及对策

本文分析了国内药品生产企业应用风险管理的现状,提出了实施质量风险管理的必要性,并指出在加强药品生产风险管理环节中应注意的几个问题,一是强化风险管理意识,二是建立信息反馈机制,三是进行评估与交流。     

关于药品生产工艺验证的新举措

在实施世界卫生组织（ＷＨＯ）和食品与药品管理局（ＦＤＡ）颁布的ＧＭＰ过程中,药品质量管理专家们发现单靠抽检样品不能反映市场上药品的实际质量,被抽检的样品结果合格,其同批药品的质量在事实上不一定符合标准。为此,他们经过多年的研究分析,应该对工艺过程的本身进行检验,即对生产工艺过程要进行验证,使ＧＭＰ概念深化到“质量保证”的新阶段     

探讨药品储存对药品质量的影响

影响药品质量的因素较多,由于药品的化学特性,在某些条件的影响下药品会出现水解、氧化、光化学分解、聚合以及变旋等化学反应,这些反应较为复杂,因此,药品的隔离保存与避光存存极为重要。     

An implementation of the HACCP system in the production of food-packaging material

The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system according to the Codex Alimentarius model was applied to the processes of five paper and paperboard mills and four plants further converting paper or board intended for contact with foodstuffs. The generalised flow diagrams of the processes are presented. Each of the overall processes contained 40–150 process steps. Normally three to five sessions with HACCP teams and additional private negotiations were needed for each mill or plant. Hazards leading to critical control points (CCPs) were microbiological (handling/storage, circulation water, starch, process environment) and physical (process environment) in mills, and microbiological (storage, lacquers or glues, packaging and process environment), chemical (printing) and physical (storage of products, packaging and process environment) in plants. Specifications, critical limits (e.g., based on different kinds of reports and instructions), monitoring methods (microbiological and visual) and frequency, responsibilities and corrective actions of the processes are presented. Most of the improvements focused on improving the process environment. In five cases, hygiene training was included in the implementation of the HACCP system. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 213–218 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000233 Received 04 April 2001/ Accepted in revised form 06 December 2001     

Current good manufacturing practice in plant automation of biological production processes

The production of biologicals is subject to strict governmental regulations. These are drawn up in current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), a.o. by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. To implement cGMP in a production facility, plant automation becomes an essential tool. For this purpose Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) have been developed that control all operations inside a production facility. The introduction of these recipe-driven control systems that follow ISA S88 standards for batch processes has made it possible to implement cGMP regulations in the control strategy of biological production processes. Next to this, an MES offers additional features such as stock management, planning and routing tools, process-dependent control, implementation of software sensors and predictive models, application of historical data and on-line statistical techniques for trend analysis and detection of instrumentation failures. This paper focuses on the development of new production strategies in which cGMP guidelines are an essential part.     

60Co-γ 诱变皖麦50HMW—GS变异的筛选及其M3代品质分析

为了探讨60Co-γ 射线对小麦HMW—GS组成的变异,以及变异后代的稳定性和品质变异效应,获得优质的种质资源,本试验用200Gy 60Co-γ射线辐照皖麦50于种子,SDS—PAGE法对M2代HMW—GS组成进行变异筛选,并对M3代HMW—GS组成变异稳定性进行鉴定和GMP含量、GMP粒度、部分营养及加工品质进行测定。结果表明：655株M2群体中,有1个单株HMW—GS组成发生变异,变异率0．15％;HMW—GS组分由亲本的7＋9／2＋12变为1／7＋9／2＋12,并在M3代保持稳定;M3代5个变异穗行,蛋白质含量、GMP含量、GMP／Pr均比皖麦50提高,GMP粒度分布范围扩大,粒径大于10．28μm的比例增加。     

抗体药物表达技术最新进展

生物技术药物是21世纪医药工业发展的中坚力量,其中单克隆抗体类药物是生物技术药物的典型代表,是恶性肿瘤、自身免疫病等领域全球销售额最高的药品种类。在抗体药物发展的几十年里,随着基因工程、蛋白质工程等领域的发展,抗体生产的宿主细胞建立、表达、纯化等各阶段的技术均不断取得突破,文中综述和讨论了抗体药物生产所采用的真核哺乳动物细胞表达系统、原核大肠杆菌表达系统、转基因动物反应器、无细胞蛋白质合成系统以及相关的关键技术进展。     

Within-laboratory and between-laboratory variability in the measurement of anti-müllerian hormone determined within an external quality assurance scheme

Ten laboratories in an external quality assurance scheme used the same assay to measure anti-müllerian hormone concentration (Beckman Coulter Gen II) and received twenty serum samples distributed over a 15 month period. The mean bias for all results was only ?0.089%, but there was large coefficient of repeatability of 38.8% (sample bias ranged from ?37.9% to +54.7%). While each laboratory showed good reproducibility, there was a wide range of average values relative to the consensus value from ?24.0% to +22.7%. This between-laboratory variability suggests clinicians should use the same laboratory to avoid problems with result interpretation.     

A comparison of variability in Papanicolaou and liquid-based cytology inadequacy rates using Shewhart control charts

OBJECTIVE: To use Shewhart control charts to compare variability in inadequacy rates from Papanicolaou (Pap) and liquid-based cytology (LBC). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of quality assurance data. SETTING: Eleven Welsh cytology laboratories. METHODS: Shewhart 'p' charts were plotted for proportions of slides reported as inadequate. Charts were compared for statistical control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Evidence of statistical control in the processes. RESULTS: Control charts allowed easy interpretation of patterns in the data. Variability in inadequacy rates was much lower for LBC than for Pap cytology. CONCLUSION: Monitoring inadequate rates with Shewhart charts provides more information than tabular monitoring reports, assisting in quality improvement. With respect to inadequacy rates, LBC is less variable than Pap cytology.     

Rapid rescreening of cervical smears as a quality control method in a high-risk population

OBJECTIVE: Cancer of the cervix is one of the commonest cancers in South Africa. Accurate cytological diagnosis is one of the prerequisites for an effective cervical screening programme and requires the implementation of appropriate quality assurance modalities. This study was undertaken to determine if rapid review of reportedly negative cervical smears is a useful internal quality assurance modality in an unscreened population with very high rates of cervical carcinoma. METHOD: Approximately 26% of all cervical smears received at the study institution between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2003, and initially reported as negative or inadequate, underwent rapid review. RESULTS: A total of 62,866 (26%) cervical smears out of 241,796 reportedly negative or inadequate cervical smears underwent rapid review. An amended report was sent out in 373 (0.59%) of these 62,866 cervical smears. This included 101 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and high-grade atypical squamous cells (ASC-H), 143 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 54 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and 33 atypical glandular cells that were not reported initially. The false-negative proportion for HSIL and ASC-H (combined) in this study was 5.76%. No squamous cell carcinomas were diagnosed on rapid review but one patient with HSIL/ASC-H on review had squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy. Three cytotechnologists had a lower sensitivity of primary screening and required retraining. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid review is beneficial as an internal quality assurance modality in an unscreened high-risk population and increases the detection of women with significant cervical lesions requiring treatment. The relatively low cost of rapid review compared with other rescreening modalities makes this an attractive option in low resource settings.