防护林学研究现状与展望

防护林学是研究防护林构建及经营的理论与技术的科学, 其核心内容包括防护林构建理论与技术、防护林经营理论与技术和防护林效益评价。防护林学发展的终极目的是构建与经营防护林, 使其防护功能或生态服务功能高效、稳定并可持续。防护林学是偏重实用的应用基础学科, 其发展始终依托防护林工程建设需求, 特别是以国家运作方式开展的大型防护林工程建设, 对推动防护林学发展做出了巨大贡献。国外著名的防护林工程有美国大平原各州林业工程(罗斯福工程)、前苏联斯大林改造大自然计划、日本的治山治水防护林工程和北非五国“绿色坝”跨国防护林工程等。围绕这些工程, 在防护林规划设计、树种选择、空间配置、造林方法, 结构、抚育、间伐、衰退机制与更新, 以及效益评价等各个方面开展了相关研究, 其中, 以效益评价及效益与结构的关系研究最为广泛与深入。中国幅员辽阔、自然条件复杂、森林资源相对匮乏且分布不均、自然环境恶劣, 对防护林的需求极大, 自“三北”防护林体系建设工程启动以来, 中国防护林建设规模已居世界首位, 防护林学在中国得到了长足发展, 尤其在防护林经营理论与技术研究方面取得突破性进展。防护林学以效益评价为桥梁将防护林构建和经营组合在一起, 效益与结构的关系为防护林构建及现有防护林经营提供了科学依据。未来防护林学研究将以更广泛的生态公益林或防护性森林为对象, 在研究方法上将由以林分尺度为主向更微观和更宏观两个方向拓展; 在防护林构建方面, 仍以林学理论与技术为主体, 并重点与生态系统稳定性原理、景观生态学原理相结合, 开展防护林(体系)区域分异规划设计、营建理论与技术研究; 在防护林经营方面, 将以防护林衰退与恢复机制、带状防护林更新和非带状防护林近自然经营理论与技术为重点开展研究; 在效益评价方面, 将采用遥感等技术, 以防护林(体系)、大规模防护林建设的生态环境效应评价等为主要内容开展研究。     

Measuring the local community's participation in the management of community forests in Cameroon

Cameroon revised its forestry policy and included the legal concept of community forests, a concept difficult to develop. This study aims to resolve this difficulty by understanding the concept as it is designed by the Cameroon Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF). To this end, two formulae, the second simpler than the first, were developed to measure the percentage of involvement of the local community in the process of implementing a community forest. A questionnaire constructed to assess the importance of the activities in this process provided the coefficients for the first formula. The questionnaire was administered to five groups representing the possible participants in the implementation process. There are statistically significant differences among the mean ratings of importance by the five groups and for the various activities. Despite the latter differences, the numerical difference between the two formulae is negligible. Correlations of the ranking of the importance of the activities predict successful collaboration among MINEF, conservation project officials, and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In contrast, the local communities are less likely to collaborate with the first three groups. There is a gulf between the communities and outside organizations (Ministry, conservation project officials and NGOs). Strategies for facilitating the process of implementing the community forest are suggested.     

Fire in the tropical gallery forests of Belize

ABSTRACT. Historical records of burning, field observations, and a manipulation experiment were used to evaluate the extent and impact of fire in a system of gallery forests in the Mountain Pine Ridge savanna, Belize. The outer boundaries of gallery forests are fire-prone zones, but fires rarely intrude into these forests. This is attributed to the existence of fire-tolerant trees in the outer zone, which preserve a forest interior of low flammability. Occasional fire incursions are patchily distributed and partially inhibited by slope convexities. Intrusions consume litter and root mats and destroy seedlings and saplings, but create a wide variety of subsequent light regimes depending upon the degree of canopy destruction. At most sites, partial canopy cover persists and seedlings of a subset of forest tree species establish preferentially. Early survivorship of these seedlings is comparable to those established in undamaged forest. Where canopy opening is severe, a secondary succession is initiated, with large numbers of herbaceous plants deriving from the seed bank. Gallery forests contain core zones into which fire very rarely intrudes, and peripheral zones that experience fire incursions that are patchily distributed in space and time. In the latter zones fire incursions play a role comparable to that of canopy gaps in continuous forests, but also create a unique class of micro-habitats to which a subset of tree species is specialized. The fire regime over the recent past in this gallery forest system appears to have had an enriching, rather than a depauperizing, effect on the forest communities, and such systems represent plausible refugia for forest species in fire-prone landscapes.     

Impact of secondary forest management on ant assemblage composition in the temperate region in Japan

In Japan, the impacts of human disturbance on ant assemblages have been intensively studied mainly in suburban areas. In contrast, the impact on ant assemblages of long-term human management and abandonment of forests is not well studied even though forestry is viewed as a process that seriously impacts ant assemblages. Besides, the studies focused on the relationship between secondary forest management for producing the firewood and charcoal which is considered to be characteristic of Japan and ant assemblage is not well studied. Do the long-term impacts on the secondary forest alter the ant composition? The effects of forest management on ant assemblages were studied through comparisons of managed, unmanaged and clear cut forest plots in secondary tree stands that had been used previously for producing firewood and charcoal. Ant species richness did not differ among forest categories, but ant species composition varied among forest categories. The absence or presence of openland and woodland ant specialist species is considered a good indicator for secondary forest management.     

Climate change and its impact on the forests of Kilimanjaro

Cloud forests are of great importance in the hydrological functioning of watersheds in subhumid East Africa. However, the montane forests of Mt. Kilimanjaro are heavily threatened by global change impacts. Based on an evaluation of over 1500 vegetation plots and interpretation of satellite imagery from 1976 and 2000, land-cover changes on Kilimanjaro were evaluated and their impact on the water balance estimated. While the vanishing glaciers of Kilimanjaro attract broad interest, the associated increase of frequency and intensity of fires on the slopes of Kilimanjaro is less conspicuous but ecologically far more significant. These climate change-induced fires have lead to changes in species composition and structure of the forests and to a downward shift of the upper forest line by several hundred metres. During the last 70 years, Kilimanjaro has lost nearly one-third of its forest cover, in the upper areas caused by fire, on the lower forest border mainly caused by clearing. The loss of 150 km² of cloud forest – the most effective source in the upper montane and subalpine fog interception zone – caused by fire during the last three decades means a considerable reduction in water yield. In contrast to common belief, global warming does not necessarily cause upward migration of plants and animals. On Kilimanjaro the opposite trend is under way, with consequences more harmful than those due to the loss of the showy ice cap of Africa's highest mountain.     

排放与森林碳汇作用下云南省碳净排放量估计

以云南省为例,用马尔科夫链计算能源结构,在经济增长模型基础上基于动态最优化理论估计能源消费碳排放,并基于CO₂FIX模型计算云南省森林碳汇,预测在能源消费碳排放和森林碳汇共同作用下的从2008到2050年碳净排放量。研究发现云南省能源消费碳排放量和碳净排放量曲线都呈"倒U"型,在2035年达到高峰,高峰值分别为和129.71 MtC和118.89 MtC;在森林碳汇中,原有森林的碳汇作用在现在和未来一段时间内处于主导地位,但新造林有着巨大的碳汇潜力,所以在保护原有森林的同时要植树造林,从生态学角度抵消碳排放;森林碳汇只能减少小部分碳排放,更主要的是改善云南省的能源结构,加快技术进步速度,开发水电等新能源,从根本上减少温室气体的排放。     

不同林分类型林缘华北落叶松细胞特征

以塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松纯林及华北落叶松-白桦混交林为对象,研究林地边缘华北落叶松边界木与林内木径向生长、年轮细胞大小及数量的差异,分析林缘对不同林分类型华北落叶松径向生长及细胞特征的影响。结果表明: 纯林中边界木的径向生长显著快于林内木,年轮总宽、早材和晚材总生长量在边界木较林内木分别增加48.9%、58.9%和29.6%,而混交林边界木与林内木的径向生长差距并不明显。纯林边界木早材细胞总数、早材大细胞和小细胞数量较林内木分别增加63.3%、55.6%和70.0%,晚材细胞总数、晚材大细胞和小细胞数量边界木较林内木分别增加35.4%、37.5%和28.5%,而早晚材细胞大小在边界木与林内木间无显著差异。混交林边界木早晚材细胞数量与林内木无显著差异,但边界木早材细胞大小较林内木增大50.0%,边界木早材最大细胞、最小细胞、大细胞及小细胞的大小较林内木分别增大28.6%、33.3%、16.6%和25.0%。通过混交的方式营造混交林可以有效地缓解林缘导致的纯林中边界木生长过快而林内木生长较慢的现象。     

A comparison of the efficiencies of the shotgun and the bow in neotropical forest hunting

Whenever introduced into Amazonia and its neighboring regions, the shotgun has quickly replaced the bow and arrow and other aboriginal weapons of the hunt. The quick and widespread adoption of the shotgun is plainly a matter of its superiority over most aboriginal weapons. This paper compares the hunting efficiencies of the shotgun and the bow by means of a controlled field experiment among the Ye'kwana and Yanomamö Indians of the Upper Orinoco River of southern Venezuela. It also examines the impact of the shotgun on local animal populations and the economic changes brought about by the need to cash-crop in order to purchase Western hunting technology.Funds for the research and writing of this paper were made possible by an NIMH predoctoral fellowship to Napoleon A. Chagnon, Grant No. NIMH 5 R01 MH 26008-SSR.     

论滩地灭螺林的概念与应用

根据“兴林灭螺”产生背景,发展现状和重要影响,阐述滩地灭螺林与其他林种之间的区别,滩地灭螺林除具有灭螺防病的功能之外,还有其特殊的地理环境,特定的树咎构成,特异的营造技术和林相结构;总结滩地灭螺林的经营原则是超强度集约经营,短周期经营,规模经营和综合经营,因此滩地灭螺林在林业生产中应划分为一个新的林种,提出长江中下游沿江地区新的林种结构是滩地灭螺林、防护林,经济林与景观游憩林,并就如何加快发展滩地     

Rainfall seasonality and drought performance shape the distribution of tropical tree species in Ghana

Tree species distribution in lowland tropical forests is strongly associated with rainfall amount and distribution. Not only plant water availability, but also irradiance, soil fertility, and pest pressure covary along rainfall gradients. To assess the role of water availability in shaping species distribution, we carried out a reciprocal transplanting experiment in gaps in a dry and a wet forest site in Ghana, using 2,670 seedlings of 23 tree species belonging to three contrasting rainfall distributions groups (dry species, ubiquitous species, and wet species). We evaluated seasonal patterns in climatic conditions, seedling physiology and performance (survival and growth) over a 2‐year period and related seedling performance to species distribution along Ghana's rainfall gradient. The dry forest site had, compared to the wet forest, higher irradiance, and soil nutrient availability and experienced stronger atmospheric drought (2.0 vs. 0.6 kPa vapor pressure deficit) and reduced soil water potential (?5.0 vs. ?0.6 MPa soil water potential) during the dry season. In both forests, dry species showed significantly higher stomatal conductance and lower leaf water potential, than wet species, and in the dry forest, dry species also realized higher drought survival and growth rate than wet species. Dry species are therefore more drought tolerant, and unlike the wet forest species, they achieve a home advantage. Species drought performance in the dry forest relative to the wet forest significantly predicted species position on the rainfall gradient in Ghana, indicating that the ability to grow and survive better in dry forests and during dry seasons may allow species to occur in low rainfall areas. Drought is therefore an important environmental filter that influences forest composition and dynamics. Currently, many tropical forests experience increase in frequency and intensity of droughts, and our results suggest that this may lead to reduction in tree productivity and shifts in species distribution.     

关于上海境内中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带北界的一点意见

在1980年出版的“中国植被”一书中,我国亚热带东部地区中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带北界的东端,在上海境内是沿着长江中的崇明和横沙两岛之间通过的。即是说,除崇明岛外,上海是划入了中亚热带的植被地带之内。这条界线与1960年出版的“中国植被区划(初稿)”中所示的东端界线差距较大。1982年刘昉勋等对江苏境内中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带的北界问题,提出了新的商榷意见,认为“中国植被”中所划的这条界线在江苏境内位置偏北,不应包括整个太湖以及无锡和苏州两地,而应是跨过太湖,经过光福镇,包括吴县南部和吴江县地区,把中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带的北界向南推移了。这一划分对上海境内的问题颇有启发。上海位于长江三角洲的前缘,是由长江挟带的泥沙在江海相互作用下冲淤而成的冲     

各种属性森林对干旱胁迫的响应研究进展

全球气候变化的背景下,干旱事件的发生频率、强度和持续时间不断增加,增加了森林生态系统面临的风险,探讨森林对干旱胁迫响应的规律与特征是生态学领域研究的热点。以干旱的定量表达为切入点,总结和归纳了评估森林对干旱响应的常见指标、评估方法和应用案例,特别是梳理了各种属性(如林龄、冠层高度等)的森林对干旱胁迫响应的差异性。基于当前研究进展和问题,提出在未来研究中,亟待发展多尺度综合解析各种属性森林对干旱胁迫响应差异的驱动机制研究;各种属性森林生态系统稳态转换临界点的探测;森林对干旱的响应规律在森林管理和模型优化的实践应用。     

Understanding the Influences of Spatial Patterns on N Availability Within the Brazilian Amazon Forest

Nitrogen variations at different spatial scales and integrated across functional groups were addressed for lowland tropical forests in the Brazilian Amazon as follows: (1) how does N availability vary across the region over different spatial scales (regional × landscape scale); (2) how are these variations in N availability integrated across plant functional groups (legume × non-legume trees). Leaf N, P, and Ca concentrations as well the leaf N isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N) from a large set of legume and non-legume tree species were measured. Legumes had higher foliar N/Ca ratios than non-legumes, consistent with the high energetic costs in plant growth associated with higher foliar P/Ca ratios found in legumes than in non-legumes. At the regional level, foliar δ¹⁵N decreased with increasing rainfall. At the landscape level, N availability was higher in the forests on clayey soils on the plateau than in forests on sandier soils. The isotope as well as the non-isotope data relationships here documented, explain to a large extent the variation in δ¹⁵N signatures across gradients of rainfall and soil. Although at the regional level, the precipitation regime is a major determinant of differences in N availability, at the landscape level, under the same precipitation regime, soil type seems to be a major factor influencing the availability of N in the Brazilian Amazon forest.     

Ecological correlates of abundance in the Tana mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus)

I investigated the ecological correlates of abundance in the Tana mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus), one of the world's most endangered primates, with the goal of recommending management strategies. I systematically selected 31 forest fragments throughout the mangabey's 60-km distribution along the lower Tana River in southeastern Kenya. Within the 31 fragments, I measured vegetation structure, food abundance, and human forest product use in 107 belt transects, and conducted 370 mangabey surveys. I used a weighted multiple regression analysis to determine whether there was a dependence between the selected forest attributes and the mean number of mangabey groups per fragment. Fragment area and density of trees > or =10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were the only variables that significantly correlated with the variation in mangabey abundance. No additional variables were significant when the analysis was limited to forest fragments inside the Tana River Primate National Reserve (TRPNR) or to fragments outside the TRPNR. When I estimated the resources available before recent human forest product use by adding nonharvested and harvested variables, the total basal area of the top 15 food species became significant. This was only within the TRPNR, however. Management, therefore, should focus on increasing forest area, density of trees > or =10 cm DBH, and coverage of food trees throughout the mangabey's distribution. Solutions must be found for the problem of forest clearing, and forest product use must be better managed to protect the habitat of this critically endangered primate. The significance of food abundance only within the TRPNR suggests a need to collect dietary data from mangabey groups in fragments toward the southern limit of the mangabey's distribution, where plant species composition differs from that in fragments in which dietary data have been previously collected.     

Habitat preference in the critically endangered yellow‐tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) at La Esperanza,Peru

Habitat loss is one of the main threats to wildlife. Therefore, knowledge of habitat use and preference is essential for the design of conservation strategies and identification of priority sites for the protection of endangered species. The yellow‐tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda Humboldt, 1812), categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is endemic to montane forests in northern Peru where its habitat is greatly threatened. We assessed how habitat use and preference in L. flavicauda are linked to forest structure and composition. The study took place near La Esperanza, in the Amazonas region, Peru. Our objective was to identify characteristics of habitat most utilized by L. flavicauda to provide information that will be useful for the selection of priority sites for conservation measures. Using presence records collected from May 2013 to February 2014 for one group of L. flavicauda, we classified the study site into three different use zones: low‐use, medium‐use, and high‐use. We assessed forest structure and composition for all use zones using 0.1 ha Gentry vegetation transects. Results show high levels of variation in plant species composition across the three use zones. Plants used as food resources had considerably greater density, dominance, and ecological importance in high‐use zones. High‐use zones presented similar structure to medium‐ and low‐use zones; thus it remains difficult to assess the influence of forest structure on habitat preference. We recommend focusing conservation efforts on areas with a similar floristic composition to the high‐use zones recorded in this study and suggest utilizing key alimentation species for reforestation efforts.     

鹤山人工林的辐射能环境研究

对鹤山针叶混交林,以乡土树为主的阔叶混交林和豆科混交的林冠作用层和林地作用地层辐射等方面进行了研究,在太阳高度角和天气等因素的影响下,全年抵达各林的总辐射月变化基本上都呈双峰曲线,各林的峰值分布于５月和７～９月和谷值分布于２月和６月,由于坡向的影响,东南坡的太阳总辐射量大,平坦地和西皮次之,东坡较小,林坡最小,各林型冠上直接辐射和散射辐射占自总太阳辐射量的比例有所不同,但各林林冠上直射所占比例均大     

Forest vegetation in relation to surface water chemistry in the North Branch of the Moose River,Adirondack Park,N.Y.

The Regional Integrated Lake-Watershed Acidification Study (RILWAS) was conducted to identify and to quantify the environmental factors controlling surface water chemistry in forested watersheds of the Adirondack region of New York. The RILWAS vegetation research was designed to: (1) compare the quantitative patterns of forest cover and tree community structure in the study catchments of the Moose River drainage system; and (2) identify important vegetation differences among study watersheds that might help to explain inter-watershed differences in water chemistry and aquatic responses to acidic deposition. Field transect data indicated that the overall drainage system includes 50% mixed forest cover, 38% hardwood forest, 10% coniferous forest, and 2% wetland cover. Major tree species include yellow birch, red spruce, American beech, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and red maple. Analysis of forest structure indicated that mean weighted basal area estimates ranged two-fold from 24–48 m²ha^–1 among watersheds. Likewise, mean weighted estimates for aboveground biomass and aboveground annual productivity ranged among watersheds from 160 to 320 MT ha^–1 and from 8 to 18 MT ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively. Results showed that differences in surface water chemistry were independent of vegetation differences among watersheds.     

可持续经营框架下阔叶红松林区生物多样性间接评价体系的研究

森林生物多样性的保护和持续利用是森林可持续经营的重要内容,如何快速有效地评价生物多样性是当前森林经营实践中面临的重要问题。本文以可持续发展为指导思想,针对阔叶红松林区森林可持续经营中的生物多样性保护问题,提出了一套生物多样性间接评价的体系和评价方法。生物多样性间接评价的基本原理是以物种与生境的关系、森林自然干扰状况、物种间的相互关系和对特殊生境及敏感物种的考虑等为基础的。依据阔叶红松林区的干扰状况、林分一般状况、立木层、灌木层、草本层、附生植物和藤本植物等的特点,采用重复累加的方法,制定了阔叶红松林区林分生物多样性间接评价的打分表。在一个森林经营单位(林业局或林场)进行生物多样性的保护时,首先应根据不同森林类型对干扰的适应和抵抗力大小确定对各类森林优先保护的次序,然后再在各类森林的不同小班中进行生物多样性间接评价打分表的填写,最后根据不同小班生物多样性得分的多少确定其保护的等级或先后次序。生物多样性间接评价调查可以结合森林经理调查来进行。