Graphene‐Based Organic Electrochemical Capacitors for AC Line Filtering

Less‐defective graphene oxide sheets with a small average size of 0.7 µm are electrochemically reduced to form a hydrogel film with highly oriented porous structure. It is applied as the electrode of organic electrochemical capacitor (OEC) after solvent change with organic electrolyte and deep reduction in this organic medium. At 120 Hz, the typical OEC exhibits a high areal specific energy density of 472 µF V² cm^?2 with a wide workable voltage window of 2.5 V, a phase angle of ?80.5°, a resistor‐capacitor time constant (τ_RC) of 0.219 ms, and an excellent electrochemical stability. Thus, it is promising to replace aluminum electrolytic capacitors for AC line filtering. Furthermore, two identical OECs connected in series keep the performance of single device, making them practically applicable in electronics.     

Supercapacitors Performance Evaluation

The performance of a supercapacitor can be characterized by a series of key parameters, including the cell capacitance, operating voltage, equivalent series resistance, power density, energy density, and time constant. To accurately measure these parameters, a variety of methods have been proposed and are used in academia and industry. As a result, some confusion has been caused due to the inconsistencies between different evaluation methods and practices. Such confusion hinders effective communication of new research findings, and creates a hurdle in transferring novel supercapacitor technologies from research labs to commercial applications. Based on public sources, this article is an attempt to inventory, critique and hopefully streamline the commonly used instruments, key performance metrics, calculation methods, and major affecting factors for supercapacitor performance evaluation. Thereafter the primary sources of inconsistencies are identified and possible solutions are suggested, with emphasis on device performance vs. material properties and the rate dependency of supercapacitors. We hope, by using reliable, intrinsic, and comparable parameters produced, the existing inconsistencies and confusion can be largely eliminated so as to facilitate further progress in the field.     

Engineering of Mesoscale Pores in Balancing Mass Loading and Rate Capability of Hematite Films for Electrochemical Capacitors

Design and synthesis of metal oxide‐based pseudocapacitive materials to simultaneously achieve high mass loading (e.g., up to 10 mg cm^?2) and excellent rate capability for electrochemical capacitors is a long‐lasting challenge. These two characteristics are usually mutually exclusive due to the poor ion diffusion kinetics of most metal oxides. Here, a glucose‐assisted hydrothermal method to prepare thick hematite film (>1 µm) with engineerable mesopore size through controlled variation of glucose concentration is demonstrated. The capability of controlling the size of mesopores offers a unique opportunity to investigate for the first time the interplay between mesopore size and electrochemical performance of hematite films. The hematite film with an average mesopore size of 3 nm at an ultrahigh loading of 10 mg cm^?2 exhibits an areal capacitance of 1502 mF cm^?2 at 1 mA cm^?2, and retains 871.2 mF cm^?2 at 50 mA cm^?2. Such performance, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is at the top of the reported hematite electrodes with comparable or even lower mass loadings. The strategy demonstrated herein may be extended to fabricate diverse types of mesoporous metal oxide architectures with improved ion diffusion kinetics, which is critical for a broad range of devices for energy storage and conversion.     

Electrospun Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Electrodes: Designed Architectures and Electrochemical Performance

Electrospinning is the most facile and highly versatile approach to produce 1D polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanomaterials with a small diameter, controllable dimensions, and designed architectures. In particular, with large surface area, high porosity, low density, good directionality, and tunable composition, electrospun nanofibers and mats are regarded as ideal candidates for various kinds of electrochemical energy storage devices such as supercapacitors (SCs). In this review, the recent progress in electrospun electrode materials for SCs is presented, covering the architecture design and their electrochemical performance. After a brief introduction about SCs, the basic principles of the electrospinning technique are discussed. Following, attention is paid to the discussion of various electrospun nanofibers and mats including 1D carbons, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal nitrides, conducting polymers and composite nanomaterials with various types of architectures as electrodes for SCs. The relationship between the composition, architecture, and the electrochemical performance is discussed in detail. Finally, some challenges and perspectives of future research of the electrospun nanofibers and mats for high performance SCs are highlighted. It is anticipated that this review would provide the researchers some inspiration for constructing new types of energy storage devices.     

聚3，4乙烯二氧噻吩修饰的新型碳纳米管纤维电极及其电化学性能评价

目的 植入式脑机接口在神经疾病的治疗方面已经得到了广泛应用，治疗的效果依赖于与神经组织接触的电极。与刚性材料制作的电极相比，碳基微纤维电极尺度小、生物兼容性好、组织炎症反应小，可以减少植入后的异物反应，改善神经记录信号的信噪比，可以长期保持稳定的电极特性。方法 本文设计了一种柔性碳纳米管（carbon nanotubes，CNTs）纤维电极的修饰方法，该方法采用电化学聚合的方式可以将聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩（poly（3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene），PEDOT）薄膜沉积到CNTs纤维电极上，作为微电极涂层。为了证明修饰涂层在电极表面具有良好的机械稳定性，对修饰电极进行了超声处理。此外，本文将PEDOT薄膜沉积到ITO玻璃上，评价了PEDOT薄膜的生物相容性。结果 恒电流方式在CNTs纤维电极表面沉积的PEDOT涂层降低了电极的电化学阻抗，提高了电极的电化学性能，且PEDOT沉积的时间越长阻抗减少的幅度越明显。对电极进行超声处理后，电极的电化学阻抗没有产生显著变化，说明超声处理后PEDOT涂层剥离较少，证明了修饰涂层在电极表面具有良好的机械稳定性。最后，细胞实验表明，PEDOT薄膜具有与ITO导电玻璃相当的细胞相容性。结论 PEDOT薄膜可以提高CNTs纤维电极的稳定性，有望提高脑机接口系统的寿命和可靠性，具有应用于长时间记录神经电信号的前景。     

Emerging 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices: A Critical Review

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing, a layer‐by‐layer deposition technology, has a revolutionary role in a broad range of applications. As an emerging advanced fabrication technology, it has drawn growing interest in the field of electrochemical energy storage because of its inherent advantages including the freeform construction and controllable 3D structural prototyping. This article focuses on the topic of 3D‐printed electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs), which bridge advanced electrochemical energy storage and future additive manufacturing. Basic 3D printing systems and material considerations are described to provide a fundamental understanding of printing technologies for the fabrication of EESDs. The performance metrics of 3D‐printed EESDs are then given and the related performance optimization strategies are discussed. Next, the recent advances of 3D‐printed EESDs, including sandwich‐type and in‐plane architectures, are summarized. Conclusions and future perspectives with some unique challenges and important directions are then discussed. It can be expected that, with the help of 3D printing technology, the development of advanced electrochemical energy storage systems will be greatly promoted.     

Relationship Between Structural Properties and Electrochemical Characteristics of Monolithic Carbon Xerogel‐Based Electrochemical Double‐Layer Electrodes in Aqueous and Organic Electrolytes

The impact of the micropore width, external surface area, and meso‐/macropore size on the charging performance of electrochemical double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) electrodes is systematically investigated. Nonactivated carbon xerogels are used as model electrodes in aqueous and organic electrolytes. Monolithic porous model carbons with different structural parameters are prepared using a resorcinol‐formaldehyde‐based sol–gel process and subsequent pyrolysis of the organic precursors. Electrochemical properties are characterized by utilizing them as EDLC half‐cells operated in aqueous and organic electrolytes, respectively. Experimental data derived for organic electrolytes reveals that the respective ions cannot enter the micropores within the skeleton of the meso‐ and macroporous carbons. Therefore the total capacitance is limited by the external surface formed by the interface between the meso‐/macropores and the microporous carbon particles forming the xerogel skeleton. In contrast, for aqueous electrolytes the total capacitance solely depends on the total surface area, including interfaces at the micropore scale. For both types of electrolytes the charging rate of the electrodes is systematically enhanced when increasing the diameter of the carbon xerogel particles from 10 to 75 nm and the meso‐/macropore size from 10 to 121 nm.     

Sysmex XN-3000全自动血细胞分析仪血小板计数性能评价分析

目的:探讨Sysmex XN-3000全自动血细胞分析仪的血小板计数性能。方法:采用Sysmex XN-3000全自动血细胞分析仪的3种方法进行血小板计数,从精密度、线性范围、携带污染率及红细胞碎片干扰等4方面评价,并与使用抗CD61抗体的流式细胞术检测结果进行比较。结果:与电阻抗法(PLT-I)、光学法(PLT-O)相比,核酸染色法(PLT-F)的重复性最好,精确度较高;3种方法的稀释线性和携带污染均得到良好的结果;在红细胞碎片干扰实验中,PLT-F具有较强的抗干扰能力(P均大于0.05),PLT-O次之;相关分析结果显示3种方法都得到良好的相关性,PLT-F法的准确性较高,尤其在低值血小板计数中。结论:临床常规标本可以使用Sysmex XN-3000全自动血液分析仪的PLT-I或PLT-O法;当标本血小板数目异常或溶血时,建议使用PLT-F法复查,必要时采用镜检法或流式细胞术。     

医院综合绩效考核体系的构建与实施

医院综合绩效考核体系包括成本核算办法、平衡计分卡绩效考核、千分制质控考核、年度绩效考核、单项奖等方面,介绍和分析了各种绩效考核办法及其利弊。构建医院综合绩效考核体系,可以相互扬长避短,兼顾多个方面,促进医院又好又快发展。     

Metrics for Success: Strategies for Enabling Core Facility Performance and Assessing Outcomes

Core Facilities are key elements in the research portfolio of academic and private research institutions. Administrators overseeing core facilities (core administrators) require assessment tools for evaluating the need and effectiveness of these facilities at their institutions. This article discusses ways to promote best practices in core facilities as well as ways to evaluate their performance across 8 of the following categories: general management, research and technical staff, financial management, customer base and satisfaction, resource management, communications, institutional impact, and strategic planning. For each category, we provide lessons learned that we believe contribute to the effective and efficient overall management of core facilities. If done well, we believe that encouraging best practices and evaluating performance in core facilities will demonstrate and reinforce the importance of core facilities in the research and educational mission of institutions. It will also increase job satisfaction of those working in core facilities and improve the likelihood of sustainability of both facilities and personnel.     

QoS Support by the HiperLAN/2 MAC Protocol: A Performance Evaluation

HiperLAN/2 (HIgh PErformance Radio Local Area Network) is a new standard from ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for high-speed wireless LANs, interconnecting portable devices to each other and to broadband core networks, based on different networking technologies such as IP, ATM, IEEE 1394, and others. This paper introduces the basic features of the HiperLAN/2 MAC protocol. It presents performance evaluation results, specifically related to the mechanisms provided by HiperLAN/2 to manage bandwidth resource requests and granting. These results are assessed in terms of their flexibility and efficiency in supporting delay sensitive traffic, such as voice and Web data traffic, which are expected to be transported by broadband wireless LANs.     

3D Porous Pyramid Heterostructure Array Realizing Efficient Photo‐Electrochemical Performance

Direct photo‐electrochemical (PEC) water splitting is of great practical interest for developing a sustainable energy systems, but remains a big challenge owing to sluggish charge separation, low efficiency, and poor stability. Herein, a 3D porous In₂O₃/In₂S₃ pyramid heterostructure array on a fluorine‐doped tin oxide substrate is fabricated by an ion exchange–induced synthesis strategy. Based on the synergistic structural and electronic modulations from density functional theory calculations and experimental observations, 3D porous In₂O₃/In₂S₃ photoanode by the protective layer delivers a low onset potential of ≈0.02 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the highest photocurrent density of 8.2 mA cm^?2 at 1.23 V versus RHE among all the In₂S₃ photoanodes reported to date, an incident photon‐to‐current efficiency of 76% at 400 nm, and high stability over 20 h for PEC water splitting are reported. This work provides an alternative promising prototype for the design and construction of novel heterostructures in robust PEC water splitting applications.     

上海黄浦区社区卫生服务绩效评价与SWOT分析

公立医院规划布局是卫生资源配置极为最重要的一个环节。公立医院的合理配置、优化布局有助于提高医疗资源运行效率,使居民获得最大健康产出。从系统角度出发,要更好地配置公立医院资源,必须更好地发挥公立医院与社区卫生服务机构的协同作用,建立有序的分级诊疗模式。因此,文章结合全民健康覆盖的四个条件,对上海市黄浦区社区卫生服务作绩效评估与SWOT分析,为社区卫生服务的进一步发展提供建议,也为更好地配置公立医院资源提供参考。     

对构建中国第三方医院评审机构的思考和建议

讨论了中国第三方评审机构、设置方法,以及它与政府和其他有关机构之间的关系。评审机构最佳设置地点是高校。这样的设置不仅可使第三方评审迅速步入轨道,而且也有利于培养中国下一代医院评审专业人员和建立医院评审的长久机制。     

公立医院开展项目支出预算绩效评价的探讨

目前,我国大部分公立医院尚未广泛开展内部项目支出预算绩效评价工作。随着财政部与国家卫生和计划生育委员会的预算项目绩效管理的深入开展,公立医院通过加强多部门的合作,以战略发展为导向开展项目支出预算绩效评价工作对提高资金使用效益具有重要意义。     

Improving Electrochemical Stability and Low‐Temperature Performance with Water/Acetonitrile Hybrid Electrolytes

Although the “water‐in‐salt” electrolyte has significantly expanded the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes from 1.23 to 3 V, its inevitable hydrogen evolution under 1.9 V versus Li⁺/Li prevents the practical use of many energy‐dense anodes. Meanwhile, its liquidus temperature at 17 °C restricts its application below ambient temperatures. An advanced hybrid electrolyte is proposed in this work by introducing acetonitrile (AN) as co‐solvent, which minimizes the presence of interfacial water at the negatively charged electrode surface, and generates a thin and uniform interphase consisting of an organic outer layer based on nitrile (C?N) and sulfamide (R‐S‐N‐S) species and an inner layer rich in LiF. Such an interphase significantly suppresses water reduction and expands the electrochemical stability window to an unprecedented width of 4.5 V. Thanks to the low freezing point (?48 °C) and low viscosity of AN, the hybrid electrolyte is highly conductive in a wide temperature range, and enables a LiMn₂O₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ full cell at both ambient and sub‐ambient temperatures with excellent cycling stability and rate capability. Meanwhile, such a hybrid electrolyte also inherits the nonflammable nature of aqueous electrolyte. The well‐balanced merits of the developed electrolyte make it suitable for high energy density aqueous batteries.