异养硝化细菌的生物脱氮

正氮类污染物是造成水体污染和富营养化的主要原因,水体中氮的去除对于清洁水体有着重要的意义~([1-2])。因此,高效与便捷地去除污水中的氮是污水处理中的关键问题,而生物脱氮又被认为是目前废水脱氮中最经济有效的方法之一~([3])。最初研究者们认为只有自养硝化细菌才能进行高效的硝化作用,近年来研究表明,异养硝化微生物同样在生物硝化过程中起着不可忽视的作用~([4])。异养硝化微生物相比传统的自养微生物在废水生物脱氮中占有明显优势,具有良好的应用前景。     

Biological nutrients removal from the supernatant originating from the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

Abstract

This study critically evaluates the biological processes and techniques applied to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from the anaerobic supernatant produced from the treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and from its co-digestion with other biodegradable organic waste (BOW) streams. The wide application of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of several organic waste streams results in the production of high quantities of anaerobic effluents. Such effluents are characterized by high nutrient content, because organic and particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are hydrolyzed in the anaerobic digestion process. Consequently, adequate post-treatment is required in order to comply with the existing land application and discharge legislation in the European Union countries. This may include physicochemical and biological processes, with the latter being more advantageous due to their lower cost. Nitrogen removal is accomplished through the conventional nitrification/denitrification, nitritation/denitritation and the complete autotrophic nitrogen removal process; the latter is accomplished by nitritation coupled with the anoxic ammonium oxidation process. As anaerobic digestion effluents are characterized by low COD/TKN ratio, conventional denitrification/nitrification is not an attractive option; short-cut nitrogen removal processes are more promising. Both suspended and attached growth processes have been employed to treat the anaerobic supernatant. Specifically, the sequencing batch reactor, the membrane bioreactor, the conventional activated sludge and the moving bed biofilm reactor processes have been investigated. Physicochemical phosphorus removal via struvite precipitation has been extensively examined. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal from the anaerobic supernatant can take place through the sequencing anaerobic/aerobic process. More recently, denitrifying phosphorus removal via nitrite or nitrate has been explored. The removal of phosphorus from the anaerobic supernatant of OFMSW is an interesting research topic that has not yet been explored. At the moment, standardization in the design of facilities that treat anaerobic supernatant produced from the treatment of OFMSW is still under development. To move toward this direction, it is first necessary to assess the performance of alternative treatment options. It study concentrates existing data regarding the characteristics of the anaerobic supernatant produced from the treatment of OFMSW and from their co-digestion with other BOW. This provides data documenting the effect of the anaerobic digestion operating conditions on the supernatant quality and critically evaluates alternative options for the post-treatment of the liquid fraction produced from the anaerobic digestion process.     

The Survival of antibiotic resistant and sensitiveEscherichia coli strains during anaerobic digestion

Summary Total counts ofEscherichia coli were followed during anaerobic digestion of pig slurry laboratory scale digesters at 37° C. Counts decreased rapidly during anaerobic digestion. Antibiotic resistant strains in most cases appeared to be more persistent in anaerobic digesters than sensitiveE. coli strains as calculated from the decimal decay rates.     

Enhancement options for the utilisation of nitrogen rich animal by-products in anaerobic digestion

This study focuses on the enhancement of an Austrian anaerobic digestion plant at a slaughterhouse site which exclusively uses animal by-products as substrate. High ammonia concentrations from protein degradation cause severe inhibitions of anaerobic microorganisms. For improving the current situation the COD:TKN ratio is widened by (a) ammonia stripping directly out of the process and (b) addition of a C source to the substrate. Different OLR and HRT were tested in continuous experiments to simulate new operating conditions. The results show that the addition of carbon cannot improve fermentation capacity. The reduction of ammonia boosts the degradation: After reduction of TKN from 7.5 to 4.0 g kg⁻¹ the initially high VFA concentration decreased and the COD degradation was improved by 55.5%. Hence, the implementation of the new N reduction process facilitates either the increase of the OLR by 61% or the reduction of the HRT by 25%.     

Transition of microbial communities during the adaption to anaerobic digestion of carrot waste

In this study a microbial community suitable for anaerobic digestion of carrot pomace was developed from inocula obtained from natural environmental sources. The changes along the process were monitored using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. As the community adapted from a diverse natural community to a community with a definite function, diversity decreased drastically. Major bacterial groups remaining after enrichment were Bacilli (31-45.3%), Porphyromonadaceae (12.1-24.8%) and Spirochaetes (12.5-18.5%). The archaeal population was even less diverse and mainly represented by a single OTU that was 99.7% similar to Methanosarcina mazei. One enrichment which failed to produce large amounts of methane had shifts in the bacterial populations and loss of methanogenic archaea.     

Behavior of methanogens during start-up of farm-scale anaerobic digester treating swine wastewater

The aim of this study was to monitor the changes in methanogenic community structures in an anaerobic digester (250 m³ working volume) during start-up including prolonged starvation periods. Redundancy analysis was performed to investigate the correlations between environmental variables and microbial community structures. The anaerobic digester was operated for 591 days at alternating operating temperatures. In initial start-up period at stage I (35 °C), growth of various species of mesophilic aceticlastic methanogens (AMs) and hydrogenotrophic methanogens (HMs) was observed. Methanobacteriales species survived better than other methanogens under long-term starvation conditions. In stage II (50 °C), HMs became dominant over AMs as the operating temperature changed from mesophilic to thermophilic due to increase of ammonia inhibition. In stage III (35 °C), only the Methanomicrobiales population significantly increased during 50 days of HRT while Methanobacteriales dominated over 15 days of HRT. The influent pH negatively correlated with all methanogenic populations especially in stage II.     

Long term operation of pilot-scale biological nutrient removal process in treating municipal wastewater

The performance of a pilot-scale biological nutrient removal process has been evaluated for 336 days, receiving the real municipal wastewater with a flowrate of 6.8 m³/d. The process incorporated an intermittent aeration reactor for enhancing the effluent quality, and a nitrification reactor packed with the porous polyurethane foam media for supporting the attached-growth of microorganism responsible for nitrification. The observation shows that the process enabled a relatively stable and high performance in both organics and nutrient removals. When the SRT was maintained at 12 days, COD, nitrogen, and phosphorus removals averaged as high as 89% at a loading rate of 0.42–3.95 kg COD/m³ d (corresponding to average influent concentration of 304 mg COD/L), 76% at the loading rate of 0.03–0.27 kg N/m³ d (with 37.1 mg TN/L on average), and 95% at the loading rate of 0.01–0.07 kg TP/m³ d (with 5.4 mg TP/L on average), respectively.     

厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是指在厌氧条件下,厌氧氨氧化混合菌直接以NH4 为电子供体,以NO3-或NO2-为电子受体,将NH4^ 、NO3-或NO2-转变成N2的过程。厌氧氨氧化作为一种新型的污水处理工艺具有较高的理论意义和良好的应用前景。本文主要阐述了厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮技术原理、厌氧氨氧化的可能途径、方法及其应用现状,并且讨论了厌氧氨氧化反应的微生物学机理和厌氧氨氧化工艺的开发,提出了今后研究的主要方向。     

Microbial population dynamics during start-up and overload conditions of anaerobic digesters treating municipal solid waste and sewage sludge

Microbial population dynamics were investigated during start-up and during periods of overload conditions in anaerobic co-digesters treating municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. Changes in community structure were monitored using ribosomal RNA-based oligonucleotide probe hybridization to measure the abundance of syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria (SPOB), saturated fatty acid-beta-oxidizing syntrophs (SFAS), and methanogens. These changes were linked to traditional performance parameters such as biogas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Digesters with high levels of Archaea started up successfully. Methanosaeta concilii was the dominant aceticlastic methanogen in these systems. In contrast, digesters that experienced a difficult start-up period had lower levels of Archaea with proportionally more abundant Methanosarcina spp. Syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria and saturated fatty acid-beta-oxidizing syntrophs were present at low levels in all digesters, and SPOB appeared to play a role in stabilizing propionate levels during start-up of one digester. Digesters with a history of poor performance tolerated a severe organic overload event better than digesters that had previously performed well. It is hypothesized that higher levels of SPOB and SFAS and their methanogenic partners in previously unstable digesters are responsible for this behavior.     

Effect of influent COD/N ratio on biological nitrogen removal (BNR) from high-strength ammonium industrial wastewater

The effect of influent COD/N ratio on biological nitrogen removal (BNR) from high-strength ammonium industrial wastewater was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a modified Ludzack–Ettinger pilot-plant configuration for 365 days. Total nitrification of an influent concentration of 1200 mg NH₄⁺–N l⁻¹ was obtained in this period. Influent COD/N ratios between 0.71 and 3.4 g COD g N⁻¹ were tested by varying the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) supplied to the pilot plant. An exponential decrease of nitrification rate was observed when the influent COD/N ratio increased.

The experimental COD/N ratio for denitrification was 7.1±0.8 g COD g N⁻¹ while the stoichiometric ratio was 4.2 g COD g N⁻¹. This difference is attributable to the oxidation of organic matter in the anoxic reactor with the oxygen of the internal recycle. The influence of influent COD/N ratio on the treatment of high-strength ammonium industrial wastewater can be quantified with these results. The influence of COD/N ratio should be one of the main parameters in the design of biological nitrogen removal processes in industrial wastewater treatment.     

Adaption of microbial community during the start-up stage of a thermophilic anaerobic digester treating food waste

A successful start-up enables acceleration of anaerobic digestion (AD) into steady state. The microbial community influences the AD performance during the start-up. To investigate how microbial communities changed during the start-up, microbial dynamics was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing in this study. The results confirmed that the AD was started up within 25 d. Thermophilic methanogens and bacterial members functioning in hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and syntrophic oxidation became predominant during the start-up stage, reflecting a quick adaption of microorganisms to operating conditions. Such predominance also indicated the great contribution of these members to the fast start-up of AD. Redundancy analysis confirmed that the bacterial abundance significantly correlated with AD conditions. The stable ratio of hydrogenotrophic methanogens to aceticlastic methanogens is also important to maintain the stability of the AD process. This work will be helpful to understand the contribution of microbial community to the start-up of AD.     

贫营养好氧反硝化菌群的水库原位投菌脱氮特性北大核心CSCD

【目的】分析水深和温度对好氧反硝化菌群的影响并探索其脱氮特性,以期为微污染水库水生物脱氮提供依据。【方法】从微污染水源水库表层沉积物中富集、驯化、筛选得到贫营养好氧反硝化混合菌群;应用好氧反硝化混合菌进行硬质瓶子和软质瓶子水库原位投菌实验分析其脱氮性能。【结果】实验结果表明:硬质瓶子系统(无水压影响)各个水深下的硝氮完全去除,软质瓶子(有水压影响)在0.5、5.0 m达到90.66%和100%,其余水深最大为99.61%、80.55%、67.01%和64.73%;亚硝氮并没有出现积累;氨氮由于实验后期菌体的死亡略有上升;水深0.5、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0 m下的总氮在实验结束时,硬质瓶子的去除率达到50.11%、61.49%、56.24%、44.50%、36.80%和38.73%,软质瓶子达到33.47%、60.61%、43.98%、36.28%、27.52%和28.57%;OD_(600)与p H都出现先升后降的变化,DO在3–8 mg/L。混合菌在11–30°C表现出很好的脱氮能力,并随着温度上升而增加;水压对脱氮有不利影响。【结论】该混合菌温度适应性很强,静水压对其脱氮过程有抑制作用。     

Methanosarcina as the dominant aceticlastic methanogens during mesophilic anaerobic digestion of putrescible waste

Taking into account isotope ¹³C value a mathematical model was developed to describe the dynamics of methanogenic population during mesophilic anaerobic digestion of putrescible solid waste and waste imitating Chinese municipal solid waste. Three groups of methanogens were considered in the model including unified hydrogenotrophic methanogens and two aceticlastic methanogens Methanosaeta sp. and Methanosarcina sp. It was assumed that Methanosaeta sp. and Methanosarcina sp. are inhibited by high volatile fatty acids concentration. The total organic and inorganic carbon concentrations, methane production, methane and carbon dioxide partial pressures as well as the isotope ¹³C incorporation in PSW and CMSW were used for the model calibration and validation. The model showed that in spite of the high initial biomass concentration of Methanosaeta sp. Methanosarcina sp. became the dominant aceticlastic methanogens in the system. This prediction was confirmed by FISH. It is concluded that Methanosarcina sp. forming multicellular aggregates may resist to inhibition by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) because a slow diffusion rate of the acids limits the VFA concentrations inside the Methanosarcina sp. aggregates.     

Influence of surfactants on anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: acid and methane production and pollution removal

The objective of this study is to summarize the effects of surfactants on anaerobic digestion (AD) of waste activated sludge (WAS). The increasing amount of WAS has caused serious environmental problems. Anaerobic digestion, as the main treatment for WAS containing three stages (i.e. hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis), has been widely investigated. Surfactant addition has been demonstrated to improve the efficiency of AD. Surfactant, as an amphipathic substance, can enhance the efficiency of hydrolysis by separating large sludge and releasing the encapsulated hydrolase, providing more substance for subsequent acidogenesis. Afterwards, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as the major product, have been produced. Previous investigations revealed that surfactant could affect the transformation of SCFA. They changed the types of acidification products by promoting changes in microbial activity and in the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N), especially the ratio of acetic and propionic acid, which were applied for either the removal of nutrient or the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). In addition, the activity of microorganisms can be affected by surfactant, which mainly leads to the activity changes of methanogens. Besides, the solubilization of surfactant will promote the solubility of contaminants in sludge, such as organic contaminants and heavy metals, by increasing the bioavailability or desorbing of the sludge.     

浮床空心菜对氮循环细菌数量与分布和氮素净化效果的影响

通过在塑料水箱中水培空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica),研究浮床空心菜对氮循环细菌数量、分布和氮素净化效果的影响。研究结果表明,浮床空心菜氮循环细菌总数、氨化菌、亚硝化菌、硝化菌数量极显著高于空白对照(P<0.01),浮床空心菜反硝化菌数量与空白对照差异不显著(P>0.05);氨化菌在根内、根面、水体中的分布差异不大,亚硝化菌主要分布在根内和根面,硝化菌主要分布在根面,反硝化菌主要分布在水体中;试验结束时,浮床空心菜系统和空白对照对氨氮的去除率分别为91.8%和88.5%,对总氮的去除率分别为48.2%和62.1%。通过浮床空心菜各种氮循环细菌数量、分布与氮素浓度的相关性分析,发现浮床空心菜系统中氮素的去除是植物吸收,根系表面的氨化作用,以及水体中硝化、反硝化共同作用的结果,而空白对照系统中氮素的主要去除途径是微生物的硝化/反硝化作用以及氨挥发。     

植物叶际好氧反硝化细菌的筛选及其脱氮性能研究

【目的】探索叶际微生物协同植物削减大气氮氧化物的机制,了解叶际可培养好氧反硝化细菌的存在及多样性,获得高效的叶际好氧反硝化细菌资源。【方法】采用富集培养结合格里斯试剂检测、溴百里酚蓝(bromothymol blue, BTB)培养基筛选的方法从景观植物叶际分离筛选好氧反硝化细菌,对好氧反硝化细菌的16S rRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析,并选取其中一株高效好氧反硝化细菌进行脱氮性能研究。【结果】从6种景观植物石楠、女贞、木樨、樟树、卫矛冬青、荷花玉兰的叶际中分离到好氧反硝化细菌13株,经16S rRNA基因序列分析发现,13株细菌分别属于4门7科7属,其中4株为肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),3株为无色杆菌属(Achromobacter),2株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),其余4株分别属于鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)和假节杆菌属(Pseudarthrobacter)。定量分析发现菌株SF的反硝化效果较好。通过单因素试验和响应面设计试验,对菌株SF的脱氮性能进行了一系列研究,探究了碳源、温度、初始pH、碳氮比和转速等因素对菌株SF脱氮效果的影响。结果表明,菌株SF的最佳脱氮条件：碳源为葡萄糖,初始pH值为7.5,碳氮比为9.7,转速180 r/min,温度为33.5 ℃。在此条件下,当初始硝酸盐浓度为361 mg/L时,72 h总氮去除率可达到93.3%。【结论】景观植物叶际中存在较多种类的可培养好氧反硝化细菌,丰富了叶际氮循环相关微生物的类型,为探索叶际微生物协同削减大气氮氧化物的机制奠定了基础。通过高效脱氮菌株的筛选,为进一步应用微生物协同植物削减空气氮氧化物污染提供了候选菌株。     

Assessing amendment properties of digestate by studying the organic matter composition and the degree of biological stability during the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of MSW

The transformation of organic matter during anaerobic digestion of mixtures of energetic crops, cow slurry, agro-industrial waste and organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) was studied by analysing different samples at diverse points during the anaerobic digestion process in a full-scale plant. Both chemical (fiber analysis) and spectroscopic approaches (¹³C CPMAS NMR) indicated the anaerobic digestion process proceeded by degradation of more labile fraction (e.g. carbohydrate-like molecules) and concentration of more recalcitrant molecules (lignin and non-hydrolysable lipids). These modifications determined a higher degree of biological stability of digestate with respect to the starting mixture, as suggested, also, by the good correlations found between the cumulative oxygen uptake (OD₂₀), and the sum of (cellulose + hemicellulose + cell soluble) contents of biomasses detected by fiber analysis (r = 0.99; P < 0.05), and both O–alkyl-C (r = 0.98; P < 0.05) and alkyl-C (r = −0.99; P < 0.05) measured by ¹³C CPMAS NMR.     

Effect of temperature on the performance of an anaerobic tubular reactor treating fruit and vegetable waste

This study compares the performance of anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) in the thermophilic (55 °C) process with those under psychrophilic (20 °C) and mesophilic (35 °C) conditions in a tubular anaerobic digesters on a laboratory scale. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranged from 10 to 20 days, and raw fruit and vegetable waste was supplied in a semi-continuous mode at various concentrations of total solids (TS) (4, 6, 8 and 10% on dry weight). Biogas production from the experimental thermophilic digester was higher on average than from psychrophilic and mesophilic digesters by 144 and 41%, respectively. The net energy production in the thermophilic digester was 195.7 and 49.07 kJ per day higher than that for the psychrophilic and mesophilic digesters, respectively. The relation between the daily production of biogas and the temperature indicates that for the same produced quantity of biogas, the size of the thermophilic digester can be reduced with regard to that of the psychrophilic and the mesophilic digesters.