ARISA方法研究产甲烷菌共存及去除条件下瘤胃真菌多样性变化

摘要：【目的】建立厌氧真菌多样性分析方法,并研究厌氧真菌与产甲烷菌共培养液在传代过程中厌氧真菌的区系变化及共培养液中去除产甲烷菌条件下厌氧真菌多样性的变化。【方法】根据厌氧真菌ITS1序列长度多态性,设计厌氧真菌特异性引物,然后PCR扩增样品中厌氧真菌ITS1序列,在基因分析仪中分析PCR产物序列长度多态性,分析共培养液在传代过程中及共培养液中去除产甲烷菌后厌氧真菌多样性的变化。【结果】对瘤胃厌氧真菌Caecomyces属YC301菌株、Neocallimastix属菌株（YC501与YC502）的ARI     

T-RFLP分析厌氧真菌传代频率对共存产甲烷菌菌群的影响

【目的】建立瘤胃产甲烷菌T-RFLP多样性分析方法,并研究厌氧真菌与产甲烷菌共培养液在不同时间传代对共存产甲烷菌菌群的影响。【方法】利用产甲烷菌mcrA基因特异性引物PCR扩增后,选择合适内切酶对扩增产物进行内切,分析内切后末端片段长度多态性,测定共培养液在不同传代频率时共存产甲烷菌多样性的变化。【结果】利用Msp I内切酶分析发现,末端片段长度约为470 bp的产甲烷菌为共培养液中的优势甲烷菌,共培养液传代至第15代时,片段长度约为130 bp和200 bp的产甲烷菌也成为共培养中的优势菌株;比较发现,Taq I能更好地内切共培养液中甲烷菌mcrA基因序列,瘤胃内容物及3 d传代共培养液中产甲烷菌主要为末端片段长度约为70、100、200、270、300、330和470 bp的菌株,共培养液在体外传代培养过程中,末端片段长度约为70、100、270和470 bp的产甲烷菌变化更为显著。Taq I比较分析不同传代频率(3、5和7 d)对共培养液中产甲烷菌菌群结构的影响表明,3 d传代的共培养液中产甲烷菌菌群与瘤胃内容物较为相似,而5 d和7 d传代的共培养液中产甲烷菌菌群间差异较小,但与瘤胃内容物差异较大,导致不同传代频率的共培养液中产甲烷菌菌群间显著差异的最主要菌株为末端片段长度约为100 bp的产甲烷菌,其次为末端片段长度约为70 bp和270 bp的产甲烷菌。【结论】利用建立的快速可行的瘤胃产甲烷菌T-RFLP方法分析表明,传代频率显著影响厌氧真菌与产甲烷菌共培养液中产甲烷菌的菌群结构,3 d传代共培养液内产甲烷菌菌群与瘤胃内容物更相似。     

共存于厌氧真菌分离培养液中瘤胃甲烷菌的检测及其多样性分析

对分离自山羊瘤胃的真菌分离培养液中甲烷菌进行16SrDNA扩增、DGGE分析、RFLP及测序分析,研究共存于真菌分离培养液中甲烷菌的种类及其多样性。DGGE结果显示:从厌氧真菌分离至第45代,甲烷菌多样性指数由1·32降至0·99,相似性最低为34·7%;第45代至62代,多样性指数由0·99升至1·15,相似性最低为89·2%。RFLP多态性分析69个克隆共得到5个操作分类单元,选择其中6个具有代表性的序列进行测序。序列及系统进化分析表明,属于其中3个操作分类单元的克隆最相似菌都是UnculturedarchaealsymbiontPA202,相似性均为95%,没有与这些克隆相似性较高的已培养甲烷菌;属于另外2个操作分类单元的克隆最相似菌都是Unculturedrumenmethanogen956,相似性均为97%,最相似已知菌为Methanobrevibactersp.NT7,相似性为97%。结果表明,真菌培养液中存在目前尚未分离培养的瘤胃甲烷菌。     

厌氧真菌和甲烷菌共培养的研究进展

厌氧真菌是自然界中降解植物纤维素类物质最高效的微生物之一.近年来,大量厌氧真菌和甲烷菌共培养菌株被分离.共培养中,甲烷菌通过对厌氧真菌代谢产物的利用显著提高厌氧真菌对木质纤维素的降解;厌氧真菌通过为甲烷菌提供能量和营养物质使甲烷菌快速生成大量甲烷.全面深入地了解共培养中两者的互作关系以及共培养降解木质纤维素产甲烷的特性...     

Influence of drying on the survival of anaerobic fungi in rumen digesta and faeces of cattle

Abstract Tolerance of anaerobic fungi in the faeces and rumen digesta of cattle to drying in air at approx. 20°C or 39°C was investigated. Anaerobic fungi were able to survive in dried faeces, but no significant survival was observed in digesta collected from five different regions of the rumen. Anaerobic fungi in faeces also survived when samples were dried in the presence of rumen digesta. When dried in the presence of sterile faeces, however, anaerobic fungi in rumen digesta failed to survive the drying process. The most plausible explanation for these results is that, during passage from the rumen to the rectum, anaerobic fungi undergo a transition to a dormant form resistant to air-drying.     

Cellulose Fermentation by a Rumen Anaerobic Fungus in Both the Absence and the Presence of Rumen Methanogens

The fermentation of cellulose by an ovine rumen anaerobic fungus in the absence and presence of rumen methanogens is described. In the monoculture, moles of product as a percentage of the moles of hexose fermented were: acetate, 72.7; carbon dioxide, 37.6; formate, 83.1; ethanol, 37.4; lactate, 67.0; and hydrogen, 35.3. In the coculture, acetate was the major product (134.7%), and carbon dioxide increased (88.7%). Lactate and ethanol production decreased to 2.9 and 19%, respectively, little formate was detected (1%), and hydrogen did not accumulate. Substantial amounts of methane were produced in the coculture (58.7%). Studies with [2-¹⁴C]acetate indicated that acetate was not a precursor of methane. The demonstration of cellulose fermentation by a fungus extends the range of known rumen organisms capable of participating in cellulose digestion and provides further support for a role of anaerobic fungi in rumen fiber digestion. The effect of the methanogens on the pattern of fermentation is interpreted as a shift in flow of electrons away from electron sink products to methane via hydrogen. The study provides a new example of intermicrobial hydrogen transfer and the first demonstration of hydrogen formation by a fungus.     

Isolation of natural cultures of anaerobic fungi and indigenously associated methanogens from herbivores and their bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials to methane

This study aimed to obtain natural cultures of anaerobic fungi and their indigenously associated methanogens from herbivores and investigate their ability to degrade lignocelluloses to methane. Eight natural cultures were obtained by Hungate roll tube technique. The fungi were identified as belonging to Piromyces, Anaeromyces and Neocallimastix respectively by microscopy, and the methanogens as Methanobrevibacter spp. by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In vitro studies with rice straw showed that these cultures degraded 33.5-48.3% substrate and produced 0.33-0.84 mmol/(100 ml culture) methane. Two cultures were further selected for their ability to degrade different lignocellulosic materials and could produce 0.38-1.27 mmol/(100 ml culture) methane. When methanogens were inhibited, the lignocellulose-degrading ability of cultures significantly reduced. In conclusion, natural cultures of anaerobic fungi with indigenously associated methanogens with high fiber degradation ability were obtained, and these cultures may have the potential in industrial use in lignocelluloses degradation and methane production.     

Development and use of quantitative competitive PCR assays for relative quantifying rumen anaerobic fungal populations in both in vitro and in vivo systems

This paper describes the use of a quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) assay; using PCR primers to the rRNA locus of rumen fungi and a standard-control DNA including design and validation. In order to test the efficiency of this method for quantifying anaerobic rumen fungi, it has been attempted to evaluate this method in in vitro conditions by comparing with an assay based on measuring cell wall chitin. The changes in fungal growth have been studied when they are grown in in vitro on either untreated (US) or sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw (TS). Results showed that rumen fungi growth was significantly higher in treated samples compared with untreated during the 12 d incubation (P < 0.05) and plotting the chitin assay's results against the competitive PCR's showed high positive correlation (R² ≥ 0.87). The low mean values of the coefficients of variance in repeatability in the QC-PCR method against the chitin assay demonstrated more reliability of this new approach. And finally, the efficiency of this method was investigated in in vivo conditions. Samples of rumen fluid were collected from four fistulated Holstein steers which were fed four different diets (basal diet, high starch, high sucrose and starch plus sucrose) in rotation. The results of QC-PCR showed that addition of these non-structural carbohydrates to the basal diets caused a significant decrease in rumen anaerobic fungi biomass. The QC-PCR method appears to be a reliable and can be used for rumen samples.     

Fermentation of barley straw by anaerobic rumen bacteria and fungi in axenic culture and in co-culture with methanogens

When incubated in axenic culture, strains of anaerobic rumen fungi were more active than cellulolytic bacteria in solubilizing barley straw stem fragments 5 to 10 mm in length. Pretreatment with ammonia had little effect on microbial attack. Of three species of methanogens tested, Methanobrevibacter smithii strain PS formed the most stable and reproducible co-cultures with the fungi and with Ruminococcus albus , and the presence of this organism enhanced the extent of degradation of straw, although this effect was less marked than that previously observed when pure cellulose was used as substrate.     

Effect of disodium fumarate on microbial abundance,ruminal fermentation and methane emission in goats under different forage : concentrate ratios

This study investigated the effects of disodium fumarate (DF) on methane emission, ruminal fermentation and microbial abundance in goats under different forage (F) : concentrate (C) ratios and fed according to maintenance requirements. Four ruminally fistulated, castrated male goats were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and the main factors being the F : C ratios (41 : 59 or 58 : 42) and DF supplementation (0 or 10 g/day). DF reduced methane production (P < 0.05) on average by 11.9%, irrespective of the F : C ratio. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate were greater in the rumen of goats supplemented with DF (P < 0.05), whereas the abundance of methanogens was lower (P < 0.05). In high-forage diets, the abundance of Selenomonas ruminantium, a fumarate-reducing bacterium, was greater in the rumen of goats supplemented with DF. The abundance of fungi, protozoa, Ruminococus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes were not affected by the addition of DF. Variable F : C ratios affected the abundance of methanogens, fungi and R. flavefaciens (P < 0.05), but did not affect methane emission. The result implied that DF had a beneficial effect on the in vivo rumen fermentation of the goats fed diets with different F : C ratios and that this effect were not a direct action on anaerobic fungi, protozoa and fibrolytic bacteria, the generally recognized fiber-degrading and hydrogen-producing microorganisms, but due to the stimulation of fumarate-reducing bacteria and the depression of methanogens.     

Effects of key operational parameters on biohydrogen production via anaerobic fermentation in a sequencing batch reactor

In this study, a series of tests were conducted in a 6 L anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) to investigate the effect of pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate on biohydrogen production at 28 °C. Sucrose was used as the main substrate to mimic carbohydrate-rich wastewater and inoculum was prepared from anaerobic digested sludge without pretreatment. The reactor was operated initially with nitrogen sparging to form anaerobic condition. Results showed that methanogens were effectively suppressed. The optimum pH value would vary depending on the HRT. Maximum hydrogen production rate and yield of 3.04 L H₂/L reactor d and 2.16 mol H₂/mol hexose respectively were achieved at pH 4.5, HRT 30 h, and OLR 11.0 kg/m³ d. Two relationships involving the propionic acid/acetic acid ratio and ethanol/acetic acid ratio were derived from the analysis of the metabolites of fermentation. Ethanol/acetic acid ratio of 1.25 was found to be a threshold value for higher hydrogen production.     

共存甲烷短杆菌Methanobrevibacter thaueri F1提高梨囊鞭菌Piromyces sp. F1对硝呋烯腙的耐受性

【背景】硝呋烯腙能够抑制厌氧真菌。共存甲烷菌可以促进厌氧真菌的生长以及对木质纤维素的降解,然而关于共存甲烷菌对厌氧真菌抗逆性影响的研究较少。【目的】旨在研究甲烷菌共存对厌氧真菌耐受硝呋烯腙的影响。【方法】采用体外批次培养,以稻草为底物,添加不同浓度的硝呋烯腙(0、5、10、25 mg/L),分别接种厌氧真菌纯培养和厌氧真菌与甲烷菌共培养悬浮液,于39°C静置培养96 h。测定不同时间点的产气量和甲烷产量,结束后测定p H、干物质降解率(DMD)、中性洗涤纤维消失率(NDFD)、半纤维素消失率(ADSD)、酸性洗涤纤维消失率(ADFD)以及上清液中甲酸、乳酸和乙酸的浓度。【结果】添加5、10和25 mg/L硝呋烯腙皆显著降低了厌氧真菌纯培养的发酵活性(P0.05);添加5 mg/L硝呋烯腙没有显著降低厌氧真菌与甲烷菌共培养的发酵活性(P0.05),添加10和25 mg/L硝呋烯腙则显著降低了共培养发酵活性(P0.05);比较5、10 mg/L硝呋烯腙对纯培养和共培养发酵活性影响的结果表明,共培养发酵活性显著高于纯培养发酵活性(P0.05)。【结论】硝呋烯腙对厌氧真菌纯培养和厌氧真菌与甲烷菌共培养的抑制作用都存在剂量效应,在一定添加浓度范围内(25 mg/L),甲烷菌共存可以显著提高厌氧真菌对硝呋烯腙的耐受性。     

Microbial diversity in the rumen,reticulum, omasum,and abomasum of yak on a rapid fattening regime in an agro-pastoral transition zone

The ruminant digestive system harbors a complex gut microbiome, which is poorly understood in the case of the four stomach compartments of yak. High-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR were used to analyse microbial communities in the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of six domesticated yak. The diversity of prokaryotes was higher in reticulum and omasum than in rumen and abomasum. Bacteroidetes predominated in the four stomach compartments, with abundance gradually decreasing in the trend rumen > reticulum > omasum > abomasum. Microorganism composition was different among the four compartments, all of which contained high levels of bacteria, methanogens, protozoa and anaerobic fungi. Some prokaryotic genera were associated with volatile fatty acids and pH. This study provides the first insights into the microorganism composition of four stomach compartments in yak, and may provide a foundation for future studies in this area.     

Effect of tea saponin on methanogenesis,microbial community structure and expression of mcrA gene,in cultures of rumen micro‐organisms

Aims: To determine the in‐vitro effect and mode of action of tea saponin on the rumen microbial community and methane production. Methods and Results: Saponin extracted from tea seeds was added to (1) an in‐vitro fermentation inoculated with rumen fluid and (2) a pure culture of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium. Methane production and expression of the methyl coenzyme‐M reductase subunit A (mcrA) were monitored in both cultures. Abundance of methanogens, protozoa, rumen fungi and cellulolytic bacteria were quantified using real‐time PCR, and bacterial diversity was observed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Addition of tea saponin significantly reduced methane production and mcrA gene expression in the ruminal fermentation but not with the pure culture of M. ruminantium. The abundance of protozoa and fungi were significantly decreased 50% and 79% respectively but methanogen numbers were not affected, and Fibrobacter succinogenes increased by 41%. Bacterial diversity was similar in cultures with or without tea saponin. Conclusions: Tea saponin appeared to reduce methane production by inhibiting protozoa and presumably lowering methanogenic activity of protozoal‐associated methanogens. Significance and Impact of the Study: Tea saponin may be useful as a supplement to indirectly inhibit methane production in ruminants without a deleterious effect on rumen function.     

Effect of phenolic acids and phenolics from plant cell walls on rumenlike fermentation in consecutive batch culture

Information on the interaction between mixed populations in the rumen and plant phenolics is required to fully elucidate the limitations of phenolic compounds on forage digestibility. The objective of this study was to examine the degradation of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) hay incubated with mixed ruminal populations in consecutive batch culture (CBC) with or without phenolic acids or phenolic compounds extracted from plant cell walls. Each CBC consisted of a series of 10 cultures (3 replicates per culture) inoculated (10%, vol/vol) in sequence at 48-h intervals with microbial suspension from the previous set of cultures. All cultures were grown on a semidefined medium containing Italian ryegrass hay, and each CBC was initiated with an inoculum from the rumen. Rumenlike fermentation characteristics were maintained in control CBCs by repeated inoculum transfer. Treatment CBCs were transferred as described above, but cultures 5, 6, and 7 were incubated in the presence of trans-p-coumaric, cis-p-coumaric, or trans-ferulic acid or phenolics extracted from the cell walls of maize stem or barley straw. Mean apparent dry matter disappearance in control CBC cultures was 495 mg per g of hay, whereas the presence of phenolics reduced the initial dry matter disappearance by 6.3 to 25.6%. trans-p-Coumaric acid and, to a lesser extent, the phenolics from cell walls of maize stem were the most inhibitory compounds for dry matter disappearance and for the production of volatile fatty acids; trans-p-coumaric acid altered the molar ratio of acetate/propionate/butyrate. The CBC further showed variations in the ability of the rumen microbial population to adapt to phenolic compounds.     

Effect of phenolic acids and phenolics from plant cell walls on rumenlike fermentation in consecutive batch culture.

Information on the interaction between mixed populations in the rumen and plant phenolics is required to fully elucidate the limitations of phenolic compounds on forage digestibility. The objective of this study was to examine the degradation of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) hay incubated with mixed ruminal populations in consecutive batch culture (CBC) with or without phenolic acids or phenolic compounds extracted from plant cell walls. Each CBC consisted of a series of 10 cultures (3 replicates per culture) inoculated (10%, vol/vol) in sequence at 48-h intervals with microbial suspension from the previous set of cultures. All cultures were grown on a semidefined medium containing Italian ryegrass hay, and each CBC was initiated with an inoculum from the rumen. Rumenlike fermentation characteristics were maintained in control CBCs by repeated inoculum transfer. Treatment CBCs were transferred as described above, but cultures 5, 6, and 7 were incubated in the presence of trans-p-coumaric, cis-p-coumaric, or trans-ferulic acid or phenolics extracted from the cell walls of maize stem or barley straw. Mean apparent dry matter disappearance in control CBC cultures was 495 mg per g of hay, whereas the presence of phenolics reduced the initial dry matter disappearance by 6.3 to 25.6%. trans-p-Coumaric acid and, to a lesser extent, the phenolics from cell walls of maize stem were the most inhibitory compounds for dry matter disappearance and for the production of volatile fatty acids; trans-p-coumaric acid altered the molar ratio of acetate/propionate/butyrate. The CBC further showed variations in the ability of the rumen microbial population to adapt to phenolic compounds.     

The biotechnological potential of anaerobic fungi on fiber degradation and methane production

Anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota), an early branching family of fungi, are commonly encountered in the digestive tract of mammalian herbivores. To date, isolates from ten described genera have been reported, and several novel taxonomic groupings are detected using culture-independent molecular methods. Anaerobic fungi are recognized as playing key roles in the decomposition of lignocellulose (up to 50% of the ingested and untreated lignocellulose), with their physical penetration and extracellular enzymatical secretion of an unbiased diverse repertoire of cell-wall-degrading enzymes. The secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes of anaerobic fungi include both free enzymes and extracellular multi-enzyme complexes called cellulosomes, both of which have potential as fiber degraders in industries. In addition, anaerobic fungi can provide large amounts of substrates such as hydrogen, formate, and acetate for their co-cultured methanogens. Consequently, large amounts of methane can be produced. And thus, it is promising to use the co-culture of anaerobic fungi and methanogens in the biogas process to intensify the biogas yield owing to the efficient and robust degradation of recalcitrant biomass by anaerobic fungi and improved methane production from co-cultures of anaerobic fungi and methanogens.     

一种厌氧真菌共培养甲烷菌株的分离及其甲烷生产特性解析

【背景】开发生物甲烷资源是减轻化石燃料供求紧张的有效措施,而秸秆类原料的预处理及甲烷生产方法需要不断创新,从而进一步满足可持续发展。厌氧真菌与甲烷菌共培养能够通过假根侵入及纤维降解酶双重预处理秸秆并生产甲烷,但目前全世界被报道的骆驼胃肠道来源的厌氧真菌分离培养物仅有1株。【目的】从新疆准噶尔双峰驼瘤胃内容物中分离出新型厌氧真菌和甲烷菌共培养物,研究其在降解秸秆并联合生产生物甲烷方面的应用潜力。【方法】采用Hungate滚管纯化技术将从骆驼胃肠道中分离的厌氧真菌和甲烷菌共培养,对其进行形态学及分子学鉴定,随后厌氧发酵5种底物(稻秸、芦苇、构树叶、苜蓿秆和草木樨),研究产甲烷量、降解效果及主要代谢产物等方面的特性。【结果】筛选到的共培养物中的厌氧真菌为Oontomyces sp. CR1,甲烷菌为Methanobrevibacter sp. CR1。其在降解稻秸时表现出最高的木聚糖酶酶活力(21.64 IU/mL)及甲烷产量(143.39 mL/g-DM),甲烷生产特性较分离自其他动物宿主的厌氧真菌共培养物更优。【结论】共培养厌氧真菌与甲烷菌菌株CR1是一种新型高效降解菌株资源,其在利用木质纤维素生物质生产生物甲烷方面具有良好的应用前景。     

The rumen anaerobic fungi

The anaerobic fungi represent a new group of organisms inhabiting the rumen ecosystem and possess a life cycle alternating between a motile flagellated form (zoospore) and a non-motile vegetative reproductive form (thallus). In vivo studies show extensive colonization of plant material suspended in the rumen indicating the fungi have a role in fiber digestion. Pure cultures of anaerobic fungi ferment cellulose to give lactate, acetate, CO₂ and H₂ as the major products. Ethanol and formate may also be produced. Fermentation of cellulose by the fungi in coculture with H₂-utilizing methanogens results in a shift in the fermentation pattern favouring the production of H₂ (utilized in the formation of CH₄) and acetate at the expense of the electron-sink products, lactate and ethanol. It is postulated that the methanogens in reducing the partial pressure of H₂, facilitate an increased passage of reducing equivalents towards the production of H₂ via a pyridine-nucleotide (PN)-linked hydrogenase reaction. H₂ is believed to be produced in microbodies of the fungi called hydrogenosomes which possess all of the enzymes necessary for this function including PN-linked hydrogenase. Absence of mitochondria and key electron transport components in these organisms indicate a dependence wholly on fermentative processes for growth. Anaerobic fungi also participate in hemicellulose and starch degredation but it is not yet clear whether they have a role in the degradation of lignin. Simple sugars (mono- and disaccharides) are readily utilized and their uptake is subject to similar regulatory constraints such as is found with other micro-organisms.Enzymological studies have revealed that anaerobic fungi release substantial amounts of endo-acting cellulase and protease, possibly giving them a competitive advantage over rumen bacteria in the degradation of plant structural material.     

Molecular identification of methanogenic archaea from sheep in Queensland, Australia reveal more uncultured novel archaea

Molecular diversity of rumen methanogens in sheep in Queensland, Australia was investigated using 16S rRNA gene libraries prepared from pooled rumen contents from nine merino sheep. A total of 78 clones were identified revealing 26 different sequences. Of these 26 sequences, eight sequences (15 clones) were 95-100% similar to cultivated methanogens belonging to the orders Methanobacteriales and Methanomicrobiales, and the remaining 18 phylotypes (63 clones) were 72-75% similar to Thermoplasma acidophilum and Thermoplasma volcanium. These unique sequences clustered within a distinct and strongly supported (100% bootstrap support) phylogenetic group, exclusively composed of sequences from uncharacterized archaea from very diverse anaerobic environments. Members of this unique group that were previously considered atypical for the rumen environment were the predominant clones.