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1.
Govindhaswamy Umapathy Shaik Hussain Sisinthy Shivaji 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(4):889-900
Habitat fragmentation is considered the most serious threat to primate conservation in the tropics, and understanding it effects
on lion-tailed macaque is very important because most of the populations live in fragmented habitats. We examined demographic
parameters of 9 lion-tailed macaque groups in 8 rain forest fragments with reference to fragment area, tree density, canopy
cover, tree height, and total basal area of food trees. Group size ranged from 7 to 90 individuals but was not related to
habitat variables. Birth and growth rates of groups did not differ significantly between small (n = 4) and large (n = 4) fragments. Tree density, canopy cover, and total basal of food trees all show strong positive correlations with fragment
area. Growth rate correlates with tree density, but there are no other significant relationships between birth or growth rate
and habitat variables. The percentage of immature individuals in the group is significantly positively associated with the
total basal area of food trees, but not with any other habitat variable. Comparison of our data from this study with data
available for the same population in 1996 indicates a slight decline in birth rate but an increase in total number of individuals,
from 154 to 242. Of the 5 small fragment groups, 3 have increased in size since 1996 while the sizes of the other 2 groups
have remained the same. Based on this study, we advocate that to manage the fragile lion-tailed macaque groups the following
steps need to be taken: 1) create dispersal corridors between the fragments using fruit trees to facilitate male dispersal,
2) construct canopy bridges across the prevailing roads, 3) protect the fragments from further degradation, and 4) periodically
monitor these populations for long-term conservation. 相似文献
2.
Naoya Kitao Daisuke Fukui Masaaki Hashimoto Peter G. Osborne 《International journal of biometeorology》2009,53(2):159-165
The raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, is a canid with a passive overwintering strategy in northern Europe. However, the behaviour and physiology of the Japanese
subspecies, N. p. albus, which has fewer chromosomes than the other subspecies, remain unknown. We measured body temperature, body composition and
blood biochemistry of wild free-ranging and fasted enclosure-housed N. p. albus during boreal winter in Hokkaido, Japan. Body temperature of N. p. albus decreased from 38°C in autumn to 35.9–36.7°C while maintaining a circadian rhythm in late February (n = 3). A transient 18–36% decrease in resting heart rate occurred when body temperature was low (n = 2). Despite a 33–45% decrease in body weight due to winter fasting, circulating glucose, total protein and triglyceride
levels were maintained (n = 4). Serum urea nitrogen dropped by 43–45% from autumn to spring, suggesting protein conservation during fasting. The overwintering
survival strategy of N. p. albus in central Hokkaido is based upon large changes in seasonal activity patterns, winter denning and communal housing without
the large decrease in body temperature that is characteristic of subarctic animals exhibiting hibernation or torpor.
Naoya Kitao, Daisuke Fukui and Peter G. Osborne contributed equally to this work 相似文献
3.
Kerstin Müller Rainer Altenkamp Jens Raila Daniel Schmidt Robert Dietrich Andrea Hurtienne Michael Wink Oliver Krone Leo Brunnberg Florian J. Schweigert 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(5):1043-1049
In this study, we investigated the α-tocopherol plasma concentrations in healthy free-ranging nestlings of the white-tailed
sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) (n = 32), osprey (Pandion haliaetus) (n = 39), northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) (n = 25), common buzzard (Buteo buteo) (n = 31), and honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus) (n = 18) as well as of free-ranging adults of the white-tailed sea eagle (n = 10), osprey (n = 31), and northern goshawk (n = 45). α-Tocopherol plasma concentrations were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. α-Tocopherol
plasma concentrations in nestlings of osprey, white-tailed sea eagle, and northern goshawk did not differ significantly amongst
the species, but the common buzzard and honey buzzard nestlings had significantly lower α-tocopherol plasma concentrations
than nestlings of the other species (both P < 0.001). Adult male ospreys and white-tailed sea eagles had significantly higher α-tocopherol concentrations compared to
adult females (both P < 0.005). Adult ospreys and northern goshawks had significantly higher α-tocopherol plasma concentrations compared to their
nestlings (both P < 0.001). In adult female northern goshawks, plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol increased significantly before egg laying
(P < 0.001). These results demonstrate α-tocopherol plasma concentrations in birds of prey to be species specific and influenced
by age and reproductive status. 相似文献
4.
Arrilton Araújo Maria Bernardete Cordeiro de Sousa 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(5):1355-1364
The social relationship dynamic among callitrichid females is well known. Breeding exclusivity by dominant females involves
female-female competition, usually resulting in the inhibition of subordinate reproduction. However, the strategies to maintain
the male breeding position are still unclear. Researchers have observed no overt aggression between males, and differences
in testosterone levels between dominant and subordinate individuals do not correlate with differences in reproductive success.
In Callithrix monogamy is the predominant mating system, and testicular size is compatible with the absence of sperm competition. We analyzed
testicular volume during development in 95 individuals at different ages (infant n = 12, juvenile n = 9, subadult n = 15, and adult n = 59). We also investigated if the ratio between testicular volume and body mass correlates with breeding position in the
social group. The ratio was significantly higher in breeding males and a positive correlation between body mass and testicular
volume is significant only for nonbreeding males. The findings suggest that testicular size varies with male reproductive
status in the social group and that the enlargement of testicular volume in breeding common marmoset males seems to be a result
of proximate causes and to depend on social and reproductive contexts acting together or separately. 相似文献
5.
Tatiana Kugelmeier Rodrigo del Rio do Valle Marcelo Alcindo de Barros Vaz Guimarães José Augusto Pereira Carneiro Muniz Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro Cláudio Alvarenga de Oliveira 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(3):605-615
A better understanding of a species’ reproductive physiology can help conservation programs to manage primates in the wild
and develop assisted reproductive technologies in captivity. We investigated whether measurements of fecal progestin and estrogen
metabolites obtained by a radioimmunoassay could be used to monitor the ovarian cycle of Alouatta caraya. We also compared the occurrence of vaginal bleeding with the hormone profiles. We collected fecal samples from 3 adult and
1 subadult captive female over 5 mo and performed vaginal cytology for the adults. The interval between fecal progestin surges
in the adult females was 19.11 ± 2.14 d (n = 18 cycles). Fecal progestin concentrations remained at basal values for 9.83 ± 2.21 d (n = 18) and rose to elevated values for 9.47 ± 0.72 d (n = 19). The subadult female showed basal levels of fecal estrogen and progestin concentrations throughout the study, suggesting
that our hormone measurements are valid to monitor the ovarian cycle. Bleeding periods coincided with basal levels of fecal
estrogens and progestin at intervals of 19.8 ± 0.9 d and lasted for 4.1 ± 1.0 d. Although we obtained these data from only
3 individuals, the results indicate that this species likely has a menstrual-type ovarian cycle. These data provide the first
endocrine profile for the Alouatta caraya ovarian cycle and are similar to results obtained for other howler species. This similarity is important for comparative
studies of howlers, allowing for a better understanding of their reproductive physiology and contributing to a critical information
base for managing Alouatta species. 相似文献
6.
The continued degradation of forest habitats and isolation of fragmented populations means that the conservation of endemic
marmosets in the Brazilian Atlantic forest depends on human interventions including legal protection. Population monitoring
is required to ensure effective management and appropriate allocation of conservation resources; however, deriving estimates
of population metrics such as density within heterogeneous environments is challenging. We aimed to quantify the population
density and spatial distribution of buffy-tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix aurita) in the northern region of Serra-do-Mar State Park. We incorporated habitat suitability as quantified by a niche modeling
algorithm (MAXENT) to refine density estimates obtained via distance methods. We used 6 environmental predictors to model
the distribution of Callithrix aurita and used the resulting MAXENT niche model to identify environmental conditions that represent suitable habitat for this species.
We used 877.7 km of line transect surveys and distance methods to derive estimates of 2.19 groups or 7.55 individuals/km2 from direct observations (n = 40), providing an overall population estimate of 1892 (95% CI = 1155–3068) individuals in 250.7 km2 of Atlantic forest. Our refined density estimate, obtained by combining distance methods and a niche model, yielded a result
of 1386 individuals. Suitable habitat was not uniformly distributed across the study area and was most strongly associated
with altitude and the type of vegetation cover. We provide a review of previous surveys and find this is the largest known
population of Callithrix aurita. Our refinement of density estimates provides a simple and informative addition to the primatologist’s toolbox. 相似文献
7.
Sharon Gursky 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(1):117-131
One of the most widely accepted explanations for the difference in the sex bias between mammals and birds is that male-biased
dispersal in mammals is due to the preponderance of polygynous mating systems exhibited by this class, whereas birds are predominantly
monogamous. Spectral tarsiers (Tarsius spectrum) are unusual in that they exhibit variation in its mating system. Although the majority of spectral tarsier groups are monogamous,
ca. 15% are polygynous. If mating system influences dispersal, then I predicted that the polygynous groups would exhibit male
biased dispersal whereas I predicted that the dispersal patterns of the monogamous groups would be analogous to that exhibited
by birds, specifically female biased. Alternatively, I hypothesized that ecological variation may influence dispersal habits
in this species. Specifically, I predicted that polygynous groups would exhibit greater habitat quality than monogamous groups.
The 2 hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. On the basis of 14 individuals birdbanded between 1994 and 1999, I determined
that individuals of both sexes were equally likely to disperse (males, n = 5; females, n = 9). Males dispersed twice as far as females did. The mean dispersal distance for males was 660 m, and for females it was
266 m. Females (77%) were more likely to form a territory adjacent to the parental territory than were males (20%). Individuals
exhibited relatively high amounts of site fidelity (86%) that were related to physical characteristics of the sleeping site.
Adults that dispersed a second time (n = 4) initially resided in trees that were shorter and had a smaller diameter-at-breast height than the trees of individuals
that exhibited site fidelity. The results of my study partly support the parental mating system hypothesis and also support
the habitat quality hypothesis. 相似文献
8.
Since fishery management regulations have shifted much of the groundfish trawl effort in the northeastern Pacific from the
continental shelf to the slope, fishery impacts on unassessed demersal slope rockfish species like the aurora rockfish (Sebastes aurora) may have increased. Understanding the life history of these species is a critical first step in developing management strategies
to protect them from overharvest. In this study we employ cross-dating methods to validate the annual periodicity of growth
increments and investigate the age, growth and maturity of aurora rockfish, a species for which life history information is
quite limited. Specimens were collected on an opportunistic basis from Oregon commercial landings and from research cruises,
over the years 2003–2006. Age was estimated for 438 individuals using otoliths processed via the break-and-burn method. The
maximum estimated age was 118 years for females (n = 324) and 81 years for males (n = 114). The von Bertalanffy growth function showed that males grow faster and reach a smaller maximum size than females (males:
L
inf = 34, K = 0.09, t
0 = −1.9; females: L
inf = 37, K = 0.06, t
0 = −5.5), though both sexes demonstrate relatively slow growth. Visual assessment of ovaries showed that the aurora rockfish
is a synchronous spawner with parturition occurring in May and June off Oregon. Female age and length at 50% maturity were
calculated at 12.6 years and 26 cm, respectively (n = 307). Maturity and age data provided evidence for a protracted adolescence in this species. 相似文献
9.
Wildlife value orientations and demographics in The Netherlands 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jerry J. Vaske Maarten H. Jacobs Mette T. J. Sijtsma 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(6):1179-1187
This article identified the Dutch publics’ value orientations toward wildlife and examined differences in value orientations
among four demographic characteristics: age, sex, current residence, and education. The two wildlife value orientations—domination
and mutualism—were based on prior theorizing and research in the USA. People with a domination value orientation believe wildlife
should be managed for human benefit and are more likely to prioritize human well-being over wildlife in their attitudes and
behaviors. Individuals with a mutualism orientation view wildlife as part of an extended family, deserving of rights and care.
Data were obtained from a mailed survey (n = 353) sent to randomly selected individuals in the Dutch population. K-means cluster analysis was used to segment respondents
into three groups based on their responses to the 19 items used to measure their wildlife value orientations. As predicted
by the literature, those with a domination wildlife value orientation were statistically older (M = 55.2) than mutualism oriented individuals (M = 51.5). Females (61%) and those living in an urban area (48%) tended to be more mutualism-oriented. There were no significant
differences among the clusters in education level. Overall, this article provides information about wildlife value orientations
and public demographic characteristics that can help wildlife managers to (1) understand the diversity of value orientations
that exist and (2) gauge support for or opposition to management policies. 相似文献
10.
Gregorio Mentaberre Jorge Ramón López-Olvera Encarnación Casas-Díaz Laura Fernández-Sirera Ignasi Marco Santiago Lavín 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2010,56(5):757-764
The physical capture of wild ungulates is performed for different purposes when anesthesia in field conditions is not possible
or advisable. The use of tranquilizers may contribute to improved welfare of captured animals. This study aimed to evaluate
the effect of azaperone and haloperidol on the stress response of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) through the evaluation of physiological, hematological, and serum biochemical parameters. Thirty-five Iberian ibexes were
drive-net captured and randomly injected with azaperone (0.52 ± 0.07 mg/kg intramuscularly (IM); n = 10), haloperidol (0.17 ± 0.04 mg/kg IM; n = 10), or saline (0.5 mL IM; n = 15) and physically restrained for 3 h. The variability of heart rate was lower in the azaperone-treated ibexes, suggesting
a calming effect, and erythrocyte and biochemical parameters indicated vasodilation, splenic sequestration, hemodilution,
improvement of renal perfusion, and a protective effect on muscle as a result of smooth muscle relaxation induced by azaperone.
Haloperidol showed poorer results, maybe due to insufficient dosage. These results support the suitability of using azaperone
in capture operations of Iberian ibex in order to reduce stress and prevent its adverse effects. 相似文献
11.
We investigated the occurrence of scramble competition among Colobus vellerosus at Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana. If scramble competition had an impact on feeding efficiency among females, we expected a positive
relationship between group size and the proportion of time spent feeding, day journey length, or home range size assuming
resource availability is similar among the groups compared. We collected focal data on the feeding behavior of adult females
and males over 11 mo (September 2000–August 2001) on 2 study groups: WW (n = 31–33 individuals) and B (n = 8–16 individuals). We also collected ranging data on group movements at half-hour intervals. The large group (WW1) had
a significantly longer day journey length than the small group (B1), and females in the large group spent a significantly
greater proportion of time feeding in the wet season, a period of low food availability, which suggests it may be a bottleneck
period when food resources are scarce and Colobus vellerosus is close to being energy limited. The proximity data suggested females may be able to reduce or adjust for competition by
having fewer neighbors when they feed and by spreading out when in a larger group. However, we found no relationship between
home range size and group size or that females spent a greater proportion of time feeding than adult males did. Our results
highlight the need to factor in differences in food availability when investigating scramble competition. Though equivocal,
our results suggest scramble competition occurs among Colobus vellerosus, leading us to suggest there was a match with the potential competitive regime, i.e., food distribution. 相似文献
12.
Elongate loach (Leptobotia elongata (Bleeker)), an endemic fish species to China, is a famous ornamental freshwater fish. Here, a comparative study of mtDNA
control region (D-loop) (835 bp) sequences was performed to analyze its wild population structure and evaluate the genetic
diversity for 110 individuals from five locations in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, China. A total of 49 polymorphic
sites and 45 haplotypes yielded high haplotype diversity (h = 0.952), but low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00454) as that of many fish species. Sequence divergences between haplotypes ranged from 0.0033 ± 0.0011 to 0.0050 ± 0.0012
in intra-groups, and from 0.0037 ± 0.0.0011 to 0.0050 ± 0.0012 between groups. Significant values of Tajima’s D (−1.86383, P < 0.01) and Fu’s F
S (−25.93, P < 0.01), together with uni-modal mismatch distribution, indicated a recent genetic bottleneck or population expansion of
the species. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated a small amount of differentiation among groups (1.7%); most
of the total variation occurred within groups (98.3%). Also, there was no significant population structure (F
ST = 0.017, P > 0.05), and estimates of gene flows among groups were extremely high (Nm = 28.88), suggesting low genetic divergence between populations in the species. The lack of genetic differentiation among
groups is most likely due to the combined gene flow from the downstream movement of eggs and larvae with currents and the
upstream or downstream migration of adults throughout the distribution. These groups of L. elongata distributed in upper reaches of the Yangtze River should be considered as a single management unit. 相似文献
13.
Kerry L. Nicholson Paul R. Krausman Adrian Munguia-Vega Melanie Culver 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(6):1151-1163
Spatial and temporal interactions among individual members of populations can have direct applications to habitat management
of mountain lions (Puma concolor). Our objectives were to evaluate home range overlap and spatial/temporal use of overlap zones (OZ) of mountain lions in
Arizona. We incorporated spatial data with genetic analyses to assess relatedness between mountain lions with overlapping
home ranges. We recorded the space use patterns of 29 radio-collared mountain lions in Arizona from August 2005 to August
2008. We genotyped 28 mountain lions and estimated the degree of relatedness among individuals. For 26 pairs of temporally
overlapping mountain lions, 18 overlapped spatially and temporally and eight had corresponding genetic information. Home range
overlap ranged from 1.18% to 46.38% (
[`(x)] = \text24.\text43 \overline x = {\text{24}}.{\text{43}} , SE = 2.96). Male–male pairs were located within 1 km of each other on average, 0.04% of the time, whereas male–female pairs
on average were 3.0%. Two male–male pairs exhibited symmetrical spatial avoidance and two symmetrical spatial attractions
to the OZ. We observed simultaneous temporal attraction in three male–male pairs and four male–female pairs. Individuals from
Tucson were slightly related to one another within the population (n = 13, mean R = 0.0373 ± 0.0151) whereas lions from Payson (n = 6, mean R = −0.0079 ± 0.0356) and Prescott (n = 9, mean R = −0.0242 ± 0.0452) were not as related. Overall, males were less related to other males (n = 20, mean R = −0.0495 ± 0.0161) than females were related to other females (n = 8, mean R = 0.0015 ± 0.0839). Genetic distance was positively correlated with geographic distance (r
2 = 0.22, P = 0.001). Spatial requirements and interactions influence social behavior and can play a role in determining population density. 相似文献
14.
The local meta-GGA exchange correlation density functional (TPSS) with a relativistic effective core potential was employed
to systematically investigate the geometric structures, stabilities, and electronic properties of bimetallic Ca2Au
n
(n = 1–9) and pure gold Au
n
(n ≤ 11) clusters. The optimized geometries show that the most stable isomers for Ca2Au
n
clusters have 3D structure when n > 2, and that one Au atom capping the Ca2Au
n−1 structure for different-sized Ca2Au
n
(n = 1–9) clusters is the dominant growth pattern. The average atomic binding energies and second-order difference in energies
show that the Ca2Au4 isomer is the most stable among the Ca2Au
n
clusters. The same pronounced even–odd alternations are found in the HOMO–LUMO gaps, VIPs, and hardnesses. The polarizabilities
of the Ca2Au
n
clusters show an obvious local minimum at n = 4. Moreover, the inverse corrections to the polarizabilities versus the ionization potential and hardness were found for
the gold clusters. 相似文献
15.
Nina Giotto Alain Laurent Nabil Mohamed Nicolas Prevot Jean-François Gerard 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2008,54(4):539-547
Observations on the behaviour and ecology of the beira (Dorcatragus megalotis) were made during spring 2004 in a wild population discovered in 1993 in a low mountain range in the South of the Republic
of Djibouti. Spring was found to be both a birthing and a mating season. Beiras fed in the first and last daylight hours,
mainly on dicotyledons and in patches supporting trees and/or bushes. They spent the warmest hours of the day in the shade
of trees, or in rock shelters when the temperature became too hot. Observed groups (n = 56) ranged in size from one to five individuals (mean ± SD = 2.70 ± 1.49). Most of these groups included a single adult
male (62.5%) or no adult male at all (33.9%). The only encounter observed between two adult males resulted in the chasing
of one by the other. Furthermore, the mixed-sex groups including a single adult male seemed rather stable, and their members
used collective urination–defecation sites. From a behavioural point of view, the beira thus appears not very far from the
dik-diks (Madoqua spp.), but differs from them by a greater sociability between adult females and its type of habitat. 相似文献
16.
Deborah A. Randall John P. Pollinger Kifle Argaw David W. Macdonald Robert K. Wayne 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(1):89-101
We used demographic, spatial, and microsatellite data to assess fine-scale genetic structure in Ethiopian wolves found in
the Bale Mountains and evaluated the impact of historical versus recent demographic processes on genetic variation. We applied
several analytical methods, assuming equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions, to assess demography and genetic structure.
Genetic variation (H
E = 0.584–0.607, allelic richness = 4.2–4.3) was higher than previously reported for this species and genetic structure was
influenced by geography and social structure. Statistically significant F
ST values (0.06–0.08) implied differentiation among subpopulations. STRUCTURE analyses showed that neighbouring packs often
have shared co-ancestry and spatial autocorrelation showed higher genetic similarity between individuals within packs and
between individuals in neighbouring packs compared to random pairs of individuals. Recent effective population sizes were
lower than 2n (where n is the number of packs) and lower than the number of breeding individuals with N
e
/N ratios near 0.20. All subpopulations have experienced bottlenecks, one occurring due to a rabies outbreak in 2003. Nevertheless,
differentiation among these subpopulations is consistent with long-term migration rates and fragmentation at the end of the
Pleistocene. Enhanced drift due to population bottlenecks may be countered by higher migration into disease-affected subpopulations.
Contemporary factors such as social structure and population bottlenecks are clearly influencing the level and distribution
of genetic variation in this population, which has implications for its conservation. 相似文献
17.
One hundred sixty-four adult male volunteers (29 controls [Group 1] and 135 combi drivers) enrolled in the study. The combi
drivers were divided into three groups as nonusers of either Maras powder or cigarette (Group 2), smokers (Group 3), and users of Maras powder (Group 4). Blood lead levels (BLLs) were analyzed by
atomic absorption spectrophotometer. BLL was detected as 2.8 ± 2.3 μg/dL in Group 1 (n = 29); however, it was 3.5 ± 1.6 μg/dL in Group 2 (n = 33), 3.8 ± 2.4 μg/dL in Group 3 (n = 62), and 3.9 ± 2.4 μg/dL in Group 4 (n = 40). BLL in Group 1 was found significantly lower than other groups (p < 0.05). The use of cigarette or Maras powder by the drivers did not give rise to a marked difference on the BLLs (p > 0.05). BLL of (combi) drivers was detected to be significantly higher than nondrivers; however, it was still under the
hazardous level of 10 μg/dL announced by WHO. Although there are publications reporting that usage of tobacco increases the
level of lead in blood, both smoking and use of Maras powder did not affect BLL markedly in our study.
Poster presented (the abstract section published in Congress Book) at the 7th Congress of Turkish Family Physicians, 23–26
May 2006, Cesme-IZMIR, Turkey. 相似文献
18.
Borgwardt N Culik BM 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1999,169(2):100-106
Open-flow oxygen and carbon dioxide respirometry was used in Neumünster Zoo (Germany) to examine the energy requirements
of six Asian small-clawed otters (Amblonyx cinerea) at rest and swimming voluntarily under water. Our aim was to compare their energy requirements with those of other warm-blooded
species to elucidate scale effects and to test whether the least aquatic of the three otter species differs markedly from
these and its larger relatives. While at rest on land (16 °C, n = 26), otters (n = 6, mean body mass 3.1 ± 0.4 kg) had a respiratory quotient of 0.77 and a resting metabolic rate of 5.0 ± 0.8 Wkg−1(SD). This increased to 9.1 ± 0.8 Wkg−1 during rest in water (11–15 °C, n = 4) and to 17.6 ± 1.4 Wkg−1 during foraging and feeding activities in a channel (12 °C, n = 5). While swimming under water (n = 620 measurements) in an 11-m long channel, otters preferred a speed range between 0.7 ms−1 and 1.2 ms−1. Transport costs were minimal at 1 ms−1 and amounted to 1.47 ± 0.24 JN−1 m−1 (n = 213). Metabolic rates of small-clawed otters in air were similar to those of larger otter species, and about double those
of terrestrial mammals of comparable size. In water, metabolic rates during rest and swimming were larger than those extrapolated
from larger otter species and submerged swimming homeotherms. This is attributed to high thermoregulatory costs, and high
body drag at low Reynolds numbers.
Accepted: 21 December 1998 相似文献
19.
Jaak Jürim?e Peter J. Abernethy B. M. Quigley Kirsten Blake Michael T. McEniery 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1997,75(4):357-362
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression of the triceps brachii muscle
and isoinertial, isometric and isokinetic strength indices in competitive bodybuilders (CB, n = 5), recreational resistance trainers (RT, n = 5), endurance-trained rowers (ER, n = 5) and control (C, n = 5) subjects. Muscle tissue samples were analysed for MHC isoform content using 6% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis. The CB possessed significantly smaller (P < 0.05) percentage of MHC type IIb proteins [12.92 (SD 7.08)%] than RT [30.08 (SD 6.58)%] ER [31.20 (SD 2.74)%] and C [38.22
(SD 2.95)%] groups (i.e. CB < RT ≈ ER < C). While the content of MHC type IIa isoforms did not differ significantly between
the two resistance-trained groups [CB = 55.76 (SD 5.38)%; RT = 45.72 (SD 7.8)%], CB presented significantly more type IIa
MHC isoforms than ER [42.84 (SD 2.98)%] and C [34.72 (SD 1.57)%] subjects (i.e. CB ≈ RT > ER ≈ C). The MHC type I protein
content did not differ significantly among RT [24.20 (SD 4.89)%] ER [25.38 (SD 1.67)%] and C [27.06 (SD 1.81)%] groups. The
CB [31.32 (SD 2.67)%] presented significantly more type I MHC isoforms only in comparison with RT. However, when changes in
the percentage of MHC type I isoforms were converted to effect sizes (ES), it appeared that low statistical power rather than
the absence of an effect accounted for the nonsignificant differences between CB and other groups (i.e. CB > RT ≈ ER ≈ C).
Significant differences existed in isoinertial strength among the trained athletes (i.e. CB > RT > ER ≈ C), while isometric
and isokinetic strength were not significantly different among any of the trained groups. However, the ES transformation of
data demonstrated that large differences existed between resistance-trained groups and ER for isometric and isokinetic strength
(i.e. CB ≈ RT > ER ≈ C). A statistically significant negative correlation (P < 0.001) was found between MHC type IIb isoforms and isoinertial strength index (r = − 0.68). The MHC type IIa proteins were positively related to all the strength measures considered (r = 0.51 – 0.61; P < 0.001). These data demonstrated different patterns of MHC isoform expression among the different groups of athletes and
it is suggested that these differences on occasion may affect the expression of strength.
Accepted: 24 September 1996 相似文献
20.
Data on the concentration of the elements in the human body are important, for example, to estimate the amounts required to
maintain a good healthy state or find their connections with morbidity and mortality. In this paper, the concentration of
copper (by flame atomic absorption spectrometry) in material obtained from autopsy cases of nonpoisoned people (n = 130), aged from 14 to 80 years, between 1990–2006, is presented. The following values were found (mean ± SD in micrograms
of copper per gram or per milliliter): brain 3.32 ± 1.50 (n = 43), liver 3.47 ± 1.51 (n = 79), kidney 2.15 ± 0.90 (n = 76), stomach 1.10 ± 0.76 (n = 65), intestines 1.54 ± 1.19 (n = 25), lung 1.91 ± 1.30 (n = 27), spleen 1.23 ± 0.28 (n = 3), heart 3.26 ± 0.59 (n = 5), bile 3.60 ± 1.67 (n = 13), and blood 0.85 ± 0.19 (n = 73). 相似文献