Phytoplankton in the Littoral and Pelagial Zones of the Rybinsk Reservoir in Years with Different Temperature and Water-Level Regimes

The features of the floristic composition and dynamics of the biomass of phytoplankton in shallow and deep areas of the Volga reach in the Rybinsk Reservoir have been studied during years with different thermal and water-level regimes (2009–2011). The floristic diversity and biomass of phytoplankton increase with a decrease in depth. The increase in water temperature at low water level stimulates phytoplankton vegetation in the pelagial zone and a decrease in biomass in the littoral zone, while a high diversity of algocenoses is recorded irrespective of habitat. The contribution of filamentous algae and cyanoprokaryotes to the biomass increases in the shallow littoral part; in the open part of the reservoir, the biomass of mixotrophic flagellates decreases. Their abundance, as well as the abundance of zignematales, increases with decreasing depth.     

Quantifying the impact of periphytic algae on nutrient availability for phytoplankton

SUMMARY.

• 1 Recent laboratory studies demonstrate that periphytic algae growing on the sediment surface reduce nutrient availability in the overlying water. Consequently, periphytic algae may competitively reduce growth of phytoplankton.
• 2 The aim of this study was to quantify the competitive impact of sediment-attached periphytic algae on phytoplankton in the presence of all other factors simultaneously affecting nutrient dynamics in natural systems.
• 3 In enclosure experiments, performed in three lakes of different productivity, the periphytic algal biomass was manipulated. When compared to enclosures with high biomass of periphytic algae, those with reduced biomass showed an increase in total phosphorus concentration in the water of 32–44%. Extrapolation of the experimental results to whole lakes predicts an increase in original total phosphorus concentration of between 1.5% and 8.0%. According to existing regressions between total phosphorus and phytoplankton chlorophyll, the potential increase in original phytoplankton biomass will be between 2.5% and 12.6%.
• 4 With respect to the shallow parts of lakes, my results support the conclusions revealed from laboratory studies that periphytic algae have a significant impact on the phosphorus concentration in the overlying water. However, when considering whole-lake dynamics, the competitive impact of periphytic algae on phytoplankton biomass development is probably of minor importance.
• 5 Rather, the main competitive advantage of growing on the sediment surface, compared to in the water, may be the exclusive access to nutrients in the sediment.

     

The influence of macrophytes on a phytoplankton community in experimental conditions

The impact of submerged macrophytes or their extracts on planktonic algae was studied under experimental conditions. Live Ceratophyllum demersum L., its extract, and extracts of four other plant species induced modifications in the phytoplankton dominance structure. These modifications were: a decline in the number of Oscillatoria limnetica Lemm., which was the most numerous cyanobacterian species, and a decline in biomass and percentage contribution of all cyanobacteria to total algal biomass. This was accompanied by an increase in biomass and percentage contribution of green algae, especially Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. Also, there was an increase in biomass and percentage contribution of nanoplankton (under 50 µm) to total phytoplankton biomass.The isolation of planktonic algae from direct influence of C. demersum by means of dialysis membranes caused an increase in number, biomass and percentage contribution of cyanobacteria. Release of organic compounds of over 3000 daltons by macrophytes apparently contributed to a decline of cyanobacteria by changing the phytoplankton dominance structure.     

Phytoplankton communities of Volga Reach open shallows of Rybinsk Reservoir at the area affected by the vital activity products of grey heron (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ardea cinerea</Emphasis> L.)

Changes in phytoplankton community composition typical for the increase in water trophic level had been noticed in 2009–2011 at the site of the open shallow of the Volga Reach in Rybinsk Reservoir (Volga), which is under the impact of grey heron colonies. The reduction in floristic abundance, the increase in the phytoplankton total biomass, and the increase in the proportion of phytophlagellates (cryptophytes, euglenales, dinophytes, and chrysophytes, as well as flagellar forms of green algae) were registered at the heronries. Changes in phytoplankton communities were temporary and were related to the heron nesting period; these allow us to consider the studied site a “traumatic” ecotone.     

分区集群式清洁养殖池塘浮游生物群落结构及水环境特征

以传统模式养殖池作对照,研究了分区集群式清洁养殖模式池塘浮游生物群落结构及其水环境特征。结果表明,集群模式池塘网箱内外TN(总氮)分别为1.22 mg/L和1.31 mg/L,TP(总磷)分别为0.169 mg/L和0.170 mg/L,传统模式TN、TP分别为1.76 mg/L和0.689 mg/L。共检出浮游植物6门169种,绿藻门占优。密集养殖区(网箱内)浮游植物生物量为24.54 mg/L,多样性指数2.52,清洁区(网箱外)生物量23.51 mg/L,多样性指数2.47;共检出浮游动物183种,轮虫类占优。密集养殖区浮游动物生物量3.53 mg/L,多样性指数1.82,清洁区生物量2.95 mg/L,多样性指数1.86,传统模式浮游植物、浮游动物生物量分别为49.12、0.53 mg/L,多样性指数分别为2.06、1.79。与传统模式相对比,集群模式池塘TN、TP降低,蓝藻比例下降,浮游植物生物量减少,浮游动物生物量增大,生物多样性指数提高,水环境有一定改善。     

Phytoplankton and bacterioplankton production in a reed-covered water body

Between 1996 and 1998 phytoplanktonic primary production and bacterioplankton production were measured monthly at five sampling stations in the lower Kis-Balaton reservoir. The open water area of the reservoir was rich in phytoplankton and had hypertrophic characteristics, but inside the reed stand (80% of the surface area) phytoplankton biomass and production were substantially (30–50 times) lower. The algal removal efficiency of the lower Kis-Balaton reservoir was 96%. The reservoir had a considerably smaller effect on bacterioplankton removal than on the phytoplankton. The decrease of biomass and production of bacterioplankton in the through-flowing water was approximately 60%. Inside the reed stand the biomass and the production of planktonic bacteria exceeded that of the phytoplankton by several times, suggesting that the release of biodegradable dissolved organic (humic) substances from macrophytes stimulated the metabolism of bacterioplankton. The significant reduction of phytoplankton inside the dense reed stand was primarily the result of the shading effect of the reeds. In the open water area a shading experiment demonstrated that a 1-week residence period for planktonic algae in the reed-covered area was sufficient for their complete elimination. The decomposition of planktonic algae, reed material and the lack of primary production inside the reed stand created oxygen-deficient and phosphorus-rich conditions during the vegetative period. These results suggest that reed-covered water bodies can effectively retain suspended solids and planktonic algae, but because of decomposition processes they cannot retain biologically-available phosphorus.     

Seasonal and interannual dynamics of phytoplankton of the Yenisei River in the area of the Gremyachii Log water-intake facilities

A total of 81 taxa of algae of the rank below the genus of five divisions have been recorded in phytoplankton of the Yenisei River in the area of the Gremyachii Log water-intake facilities. Diatoms dominate in the structure of algocenoses in abundance and biomass. The trophic status of the area, estimated according to the average biomass of phytoplankton 1.92 ± 0.09 mg/L, corresponds to the mesotrophic state; the water quality corresponds to the third class: “satisfactory clean.”     

放养鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichys molitrix C et V)对水库围隔浮游生物群落的影响

本文研究在水库围隔实验生态系统中鲢鱼对浮游生物群落的影响。结果表明,放养鲢鱼后,浮游动物生物量、浮游植物生物量、叶绿素a和浮游植物毛产量分别下降了58.7％、63.6％、52.5％和65.0％;透明度、浮游植物群落多样性指数分别提高了18.2％、32.5％;铜绿微囊藻数量减少了90.6％“水华”得到明显抑制。但小型绿藻(<20μm)数量未出现显著变化,因而其在藻类生物量中所占比例反而提高了82.3％。围隔内可被鲢鱼滤食的大型藻类(硅藻、甲藻、隐藻和绿藻(>20μm))占藻类生物量的85.8％,因此鲢鱼的存在能明显限制浮游植物的生物量。此外,放养鲢鱼还显著降低了水体中的COD,TP,DO和pH值,这表明鲢鱼对水质有净化作用。     

Peculiarities of the copper toxic effect on the phytoplankton communities of the Baltic Sea

The ecotoxicological investigations on the resistance of various phytoplankton communities were performed in the Southern Baltic Sea during summer and winter periods. The primary production rate was studied for different Cu concentrations. The enhancement of the toxic effect as well as total biomass and productivity increase were observed for phytocenosis. Total algae biomass on most of the stations increased accordingly to the dinoflagellate growth. Both dinoflagellate impact and relative copper toxic effect declined in the Gdansk Bay opposite to the high total algae biomass observed. We assume the dinoflagellate abundance is linked with the sensitivity of the phytoplankton cells to copper.     

滇池北部湖区浮游植物时空格局及相关环境因子

为研究滇池北部湖区浮游植物的时空格局,探讨影响格局形成的关键影响因子,2008年12月至2009年6月,在滇池北部湖区选择6个点位,共开展了24次采样,调查并分析了浮游植物群落及其相关理化参数。通过比对滇池全湖周年监测数据,研究发现,北部湖区叶绿素a浓度从12月中旬开始下降,2月中旬降至最低值26.5μg/L,5月中旬达到最大值530.5μg/L。调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物74属97种,其中绿藻53种,蓝藻20种,硅藻17种,隐藻2种,金藻2种,甲藻1种,裸藻2种。蓝藻生物量在12月、3月至6月期间占优势,12月份优势种为绿色微囊藻(Microcystis viridis),3月至5月为水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenonflos-aquae),6月为惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)。硅藻在1月占优势,优势种为颗粒直链藻最窄变种(Melosira granulata var.angustissima)。研究结果表明,水温高于14℃以上,微囊藻生物量迅速增加;束丝藻生物量随温度增加而增加,高于22℃时迅速减少。北部湖区6个点位浮游植物的空间差异显著,D1、D4号点微囊藻、束丝藻生物量显著高于其他四个点(P<0.01),D2、D5号点广缘小环藻生物量显著高于其他四个点(P<0.01)。研究结果显示,在富营养化严重的滇池北部湖区,水温可能为影响浮游植物种类组成及生物量的关键因子,浮游植物水平分布的差异主要由气象因素和水体营养盐共同决定。     

围隔中鲢和菹草控藻效果及其生态学意义

在滇池沿岸的池塘中 ,构建了面积为 10 0m2 ,水深为 85cm ,底质均为淤泥的四个围隔 ,其中在三个围隔内分别放养密度为 10 0g/m3 、75g/m3 、5 0g/m3 的鲢。它们均在一定程度上控制浮游植物的生物量并改善水体透明度 ,其中初始放养鲢 75g/m3 的围隔控制效果最明显。放养三种密度的鲢在有效控制微囊藻水华的同时 ,原先水体的优势种类发生质的变化 ,水体中浮游植物的多样性也明显增加。放鱼 2个月后 ,在生物操纵的围隔中同时种入菹草 ,在75g/m3 的鲢控藻的围隔中 ,菹草长势良好 ,浮游动物大量出现 ,透明度进一步增加     

博斯腾湖浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因子分析

2011年对博斯腾湖大湖区17个采样站位的浮游植物及水体主要理化因子进行了4次系统调查。结果表明, 在17个站位共鉴定出浮游植物127种（属）, 其中优势种（属）9种。浮游植物群落全年均以硅藻为主导, 冬、春季节, 浮游植物组成呈硅藻-甲藻型, 优势类群主要为贫-中营养型浮游藻类, 到夏、秋季节逐渐形成硅藻-绿藻型, 以富营养型的浮游藻类为优势类群。浮游植物总平均生物量为（2.512.95） mg/L, 生物量季节变动显著, 峰值出现在夏季, 冬季最低。基于Canoco的多变量分析表明: 环境变量共解释了浮游植物群落总变异的54.5%, 水温是影响浮游植物分布最重要的环境因子, 其次为枝角类丰度。水中氮含量是影响浮游植物丰度的主要因子, 同时浮游植物对水体有机物含量也有较大的影响。       

陶粒浮床对草鱼养殖池塘水质和浮游植物的影响

为了探讨陶粒浮床对草鱼养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构的影响, 将6个池塘随机分为两组, 分别为浮床组和对照组, 2013年510月对养殖池塘的藻类群落结构和水质因子进行定期采样分析。结果表明: 浮床组池塘水体透明度显著高于对照组(P0.05), 养殖后期, 浮床组主要营养盐指标显著低于对照组(P0.05), 微生物总数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。水质理化指标波动范围小, 系统稳定性较强。试验期间共检出浮游藻类8门111属179种, 其中绿藻93种, 蓝藻25种, 硅藻23种, 裸藻17种, 黄藻6种, 甲藻5种, 金藻5种, 隐藻5种。在养殖中后期, 陶粒浮床对藻类的种类组成有显著影响, 藻类种数明显高于对照组, 浮床组和对照组浮游植物数量范围分别为101. 95106614.95 106 ind./L和151.43106612.60 106 ind./L, 生物量范围分别为90.79402.85 mg/L和116.33831.55 mg/L, 到养殖中后期(8月份以后), 对照组浮游植物的生物量显著高于浮床组(P0.05)。绿藻门和蓝藻门的贡献率一直占总密度的90%以上。浮游植物群落呈明显的季节变化, 绿藻门呈先降低后升高的趋势, 蓝藻门相反。试验初期浮游植物的优势种为栅藻; 在试验开始30d后, 浮床组栅藻继续保持优势藻的地位, 对照组的优势种则变为平裂藻和微囊藻; 78月份, 浮床组和对照组的优势种均为蓝藻门的平裂藻, 9月份后优势藻逐渐由栅藻和绿球藻取代。浮床组和对照组藻类多样性指数无显著差异, 物种丰富度均呈逐渐下降的趋势, 范围为3.165.59, Shannon指数和Simpson指数均呈先降低后升高的趋势, 范围分别为1.502.46和0.540.87。陶粒浮床对改善池塘水质、丰富藻类种类组成、降低过高生物量和微囊藻爆发的风险有一定作用。       

Seasonal Dynamics of Benthic and Planktonic Algae in a Nutrient‐Rich Lowland River (Spree,Germany)

We studied chlorophyll a (chl. a), biovolume and species composition of benthic algae and phytoplankton in the eutrophic lower River Spree in 1996. The chl. a concentration was estimated as 3.5 (2.7–4.5) µg/cm² for epipsammon, 9.4 (7.4–11.9) µg/cm² for epipelon and 6.7 (5.7–7.8) µg/cm² for the epilithon (median and 95% C. L.). The mean total biomass of benthic algae was significantly higher (6.0 µg chl. a/cm²) than the areal chl. a content of the pelagic zone (1.6 µg chl. a/cm²). Although certain phytoplankton taxa were abundant in the periphyton, benthic taxa generally dominated the assemblages. Seasonal dynamics of benthic algae were probably controlled by light and nitrate supply (sand), discharge fluctuations (sand, mud) and invertebrate grazing (stones). This paper shows the importance of benthic algae even in phytoplankton‐rich lowland rivers with sandy or muddy sediments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

西安城市河流浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为探究西安市城市河流浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,分别于2020年10月和2021年6月对灞河、浐河、沣河及黑河共计24个采样点进行了浮游植物群落组成、细胞密度和生物量的调查研究,并利用冗余分析(RDA)研究环境因子对浮游植物群落结构的影响。调查结果显示,枯水期共鉴定出浮游植物6门115种,主要包括蓝藻门(11.30%)、硅藻门(54.78%)及绿藻门(26.96%),浮游植物细胞密度均值为(3.36±3.50)×106 cells/L,生物量均值为(1.79±3.59) mg/L。丰水期共鉴定出浮游植物7门168种,主要包括蓝藻门(7.74%)、硅藻门(51.79%)及绿藻门(29.76%),浮游植物细胞密度均值为(9.17±9.73)×10⁶ cells/L,生物量均值为(6.54±11.57) mg/L。与枯水期相比,丰水期在物种数量、细胞密度和生物量都大于枯水期。聚类分析结果表明,西安城市河流大部分采样点之间浮游植物群落结构及水环境状况具有相似性,而人类活动可能是导致其余点位具有空间差异性的主要原因。冗余分析(RNA)结果表明影响西安市城市河流...     

The effect of a lake fertilization on the stability and material utilization of a limnetic ecosystem

The interaction between the phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish populations and certain abiotic environmental factors, was investigated in an oligotrophic Norwegian lake during a 5-yr period (1974–1978). The effects of adding artificial fertilizer in 1975 and 1976 were also studied. When cladoceran dominated, the zooplankton community was able to maintain a more or less constant phytoplankton biomass and a rather low phytoplankton production even when nutrient levels were raised. In years when rotifers were dominant, algal biomass and productivity increased, despite the amount of added nutrients being lower. The regression for the relationship between daily phytoplankton P/B and daily herbivore zooplankton P/B indicated that these trophic levels were highly interdependent. A change, from large-sized to smaller herbivorous zooplankton, due to fish predation, also led to an increase in phytoplankton turnover. The investigations show that planktivorous fish may be the key factor which determines the stability of limnetic systems and controls the material transfer from the algae to the higher trophic level.     

The impact of diel vertical migration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia</Emphasis> on phytoplankton dynamics

Diel vertical migration (DVM) of large zooplankton is a very common phenomenon in the pelagic zone of lakes and oceans. Although the underlying mechanisms of DVM are well understood, we lack experimental studies on the consequences of this behaviour for the zooplankton’s food resource—the phytoplankton. As large zooplankton species or individuals migrate downwards into lower and darker water strata by day and upwards into surface layers by night, a huge amount of herbivorous biomass moves through the water column twice a day. This migration must have profound consequences for the phytoplankton. It is generally assumed that migration supports an enhanced phytoplankton biomass and a change in the composition of the phytoplankton community towards smaller, edible algae in the epilimnion of a lake. We tested this assumption for the first time in field experiments by comparing phytoplankton biomass and community assemblage in mesocosms with and without artificially migrating natural stocks of Daphnia hyalina. We show that DVM can enhance phytoplankton biomass in the epilimnion and that it has a strong impact on the composition of a phytoplankton community leading to an advantage for small, edible algae. Our results support the idea that DVM of Daphnia can have strong effects on phytoplankton dynamics in a lake.     

The role of highly unsaturated fatty acids in aquatic foodweb processes

1. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are almost exclusively synthesized by plants. Animals can convert from one form of PUFA to another through elongation and desaturation, but very few can synthesize PUFA de novo. PUFA play an important role in regulating cell membrane properties, serve as precursors for important animal hormones and are essential for animals. 2. In aquaculture studies, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), a subset of PUFA, have been found to be critical for maintaining high growth, survival and reproductive rates and high food conversion efficiencies for a wide variety of marine and freshwater organisms. 3. The plankton literature suggests high food-quality algae species are rich in HUFA and low food-quality algae are poor in HUFA. Adding semi-pure emulsions of HUFA to algae monocultures can markedly increase the growth rates of zooplankton feeding on these mixtures. 4. A study measuring zooplankton biomass accrual when feeding on natural phytoplankton found a strong correlation between phytoplankton HUFA (specifically eicosapentaenoic acid) content and herbivorous zooplankton production. 5. The aquatic ecology literature suggests that planktonic foodwebs with high HUFA content phytoplankton have high zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass ratios, while systems with low HUFA phytoplankton have low zooplankton biomass. Also, the seasonal succession of plankton in many temperate lakes follows patterns tied to phytoplankton HUFA content, with intense zooplankton grazing and ‘clear-water-phases’ characteristic of periods when the phytoplankton is dominated by HUFA-rich species. 6. Herbivorous zooplankton production is constrained by the zooplankton’s ability to ingest and digest phytoplankton. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that much of the phytoplankton which is assimilated may be nutritionally inadequate. HUFA may be key nutritional constituents of zooplankton diets, and may determine energetic efficiency across the plant–animal interface, secondary production and the strength of trophic coupling in aquatic pelagic foodwebs.     

西江下游浮游植物群落周年变化模式

西江肇庆段是珠江干流汇入珠三角河网水域的咽喉通道,对2009年该江段的浮游植物群落组成及变化进行系统阐析.调查期间共发现浮游植物7门,245种(包括变种、变型),其中硅藻和绿藻是浮游植物群落组成的最主要类群,分别占总种数的42.44％和34.69％,其次是裸藻和蓝藻.PCA分析结果显示,浮游植物各类群的种类丰富度和生物量的周年变化趋势主要受水温和径流量的影响.浮游植物种类丰富度的周年变化呈现明显的高温季节高,低温季节低的特征,除因大多数藻类物种直接喜好高温之外,径流量的增大有助于真浮游绿藻种类的外源注入及半浮游和偶然性浮游硅藻种类的增加.浮游植物生物量的周年变化呈现明显的双峰型,峰值分别出现在8月和11月.然而8月份第1个高峰出现之前,生物量波动不大,尽管水温的升高有助于生物量的增加,但是径流量增大所带来的稀释作用掩盖了水温上升对浮游植物生长的促进作用.真浮游植物生物量的变化趋势和数值与总浮游植物极其接近,主要得益于真浮游硅藻物种颗粒直链藻在总种群中的绝对优势地位.综上,水温升高对浮游植物种类丰富度和生物量的增长均有促进,径流量的增大虽然有助于种类丰富度的增加,但不利于生物量的增加.     

长期砷胁迫下大屯海浮游植物群落的季节性特征及其驱动因子

重金属是影响湖泊水质和生态健康的重要胁迫因子,系统识别生物对长期污染胁迫的响应模式是开展污染湖泊生态修复的重要基础。本研究以经历持续砷污染的大屯海为研究对象,于2017年6月—2018年3月对水体浮游植物和环境因子开展季节性调查。结果显示: 大屯海的浮游植物群落主要由蓝藻门组成,与已有研究反映的长期砷胁迫下浮游植物组成以蓝藻门等耐受属种为主的特征一致。相似性和方差分析结果表明,浮游植物群落结构和生物量存在显著的时间差异而空间差异不显著。Pearson相关分析表明,浮游植物总生物量与溶解性正磷酸盐和砷呈显著正相关,与砷对藻类生长产生的低促高抑效应一致,同时磷酸盐的增加可能降低了砷对藻类的毒性效应。冗余分析显示,溶解性营养盐和砷是影响浮游植物群落变化的显著因子。方差分解结果表明,营养盐和水温分别单独解释了群落结构变化的17.6%和3.8%,且与砷产生了较强的相互作用(15.1%);而砷对浮游植物的群落构建无显著的独立作用,反映了现有优势藻类具有对砷较强的耐受性从而对砷浓度的变化不敏感。因此,大屯海的优势浮游植物以耐砷藻类为主,砷对藻类产生的低促效应是污染湖泊修复中需要重点关注的生态效应之一。