过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ与器官纤维化

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)是一类由配体激活的核转录因子,属于核受体超家族成员.包括三种亚型:PPARα、PPARβ和PPARγ.其中PPARγ在脂肪细胞分化、糖代谢和炎症反应等过程中都发挥重要作用.近几年研究表明,PPARγ激动剂可以在器官纤维化的发生路径进行调节,减缓纤维化的进程.本文就PPARγ与肝、肾、肺、心和胰腺等器官纤维化发病关系的研究进展进行介绍.     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ与肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor,PPAR)属于核受体超家族成员之一,PPAR有3种亚型,即PPARα、PPARβ和PPARγ.近年研究发现肿瘤细胞中普遍表达PPARγ,而且PPARγ配体可以抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,因此PPARγ被认为是肿瘤治疗的新靶点.本文就PPARγ与肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究进展作一简要综述.     

过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体与炎症及免疫反应

过氧化物酶增殖体激活受体(pemxisome proliferator-activated receptor,PPAR)作为糖、脂代谢的调节物,是一种细胞核内受体,属Ⅱ型核受体超家族成员,由激活剂活化后可调控多种核内靶基因的表达,影响人体糖脂代谢、细胞发育等过程,也参与调节炎症与免疫反应。PPAR在体内可分为3型,即α、β和γ型。该主要介绍了PPAR的结构、PPAR配基、PPAR激活后在炎症反应等发生发展过程中的作用机制及重要意义。     

PPAR基因在脊椎动物发育过程中的功能研究

过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体(peroxisome proliferstor activated receptor,PPAR)是核激素受体家族中的配体激活受体,在不同的物种中已经发现了它的3种亚型,即PPARα、PPARβ(也有称δ)和PPARγ。通过结合到相应的激活剂上,这些受体在一些重要的代谢途径中刺激靶基因的表达。本文是就PPAR在一些脊椎动物胚胎发育过程中的功能方面作一综述。PPAR的功能表现在脂肪组织、脑组织、胎盘和皮肤的分化方面。     

鹅PPAR基因全长cDNA的克隆和序列分析

PPAR基因是近年发现的与脂类代谢有重要关联的核受体基因。本项研究参考鸡、人类、啮齿类等动物的PPAR基因序列,用RT-PCR方法首次获得了鹅PPARα和PPARγ基因的cDNA序列,2个基因CDS长度分别为1407bp和1428bp。鹅与鸡、人、鼠等5种动物PPARα基因、PPARγ基因CDS序列同源性分别为87.43%、92.00%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为93.38%、96.95%。进一步对包括鹅在内的17个物种PPAR基因的CDS序列进行同源性比较结果显示,PPAR基因不同亚型的同源性相对较低,为66.18%;PPAR基因相同亚型的同源性很高,PPARα、PPARγ和PPARβ（PPARδ）的同源性分别为84.80%、86.23%和 87.36%。这些研究结果反应了PPAR基因在进化过程中是保守的,并且不同的亚型在基因组成和功能上有一定的差异,它将有利于对PPAR基因与鹅生长及脂类代谢关系的进一步研究。Abstract:The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) belongs to a large family of nuclear receptors. This study was designed to clone and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding PPAR from goose .The RT-PCR method was developed to clone the cDNA, and the lengths of cDNA encoding PPARαand PPARγwere1407bp and 1428bp respectively. The cDNAs of the two genes were cloned and sequenced for the first time. The identities of CDS of PPARαand PPARγgene were 87.43% and 92.00% by homologous comparison among goose and other five species, and that were 93.38% and 96.95% in amino acid sequences. The further analysis among seventeen species including goose showed that the identities of PPAR genes were low(66.18%) among different sub-type (α、γ、β) of PPAR genes and that was high for the same sub-type of PPAR genes: PPARα、PPARγ and PPARβ（or PPARδ） were 84.80%、86.23% and 87.36% respectively. The results showed that these two genes are conservative in the process of evolution and has important physiological function for the growth and development of birds and mammals. The results of the present study will benefit the further study of relationship between PPAR genes and the growth and development, especially in fat metabolism of goose.     

脂质过氧化物体增殖物激活受体研究概况

脂质过氧化物体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)家族由PPARα、PPARβ／δ和PPARγ三种核受体组成。PPARs是配体调节的转录因子,与另外一种核受体视黄醛衍生物X受体(RXR)形成异二聚体,结合到靶基因启动子区的特异反应元件(PPRE)上,从而发挥重要的调节基因表达的作用。现在已知有多种天然及合成的PPARs配体,其中,合成药物fibrates(PPARα配体)及thiazolidinediones(PPARγ配体)分别能有效地治疗血脂异常及2型糖尿病。利用这些配体对PPARs进行研究,揭示了PPARs在脂肪形成、脂质代谢、糖稳态、胰岛素敏感性、细胞生长及分化、动脉粥样硬化、炎症及肿瘤等多种生理及病理生理过程中的重要作用。本文对PPARs的结构、组织分布、主要配体,以及它们在健康和疾病状态下的作用进行综述。     

PPARα与阿尔茨海默病的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是一种进行性、破坏认知与记忆功能的持续性神经退行性疾病.它的主要病理特征是以β淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein,Aβ)沉积和Tau蛋白过度磷酸化形成神经原纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangle,NFT)为主,是一种日益严重的全球健康性问题.过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor,PPAR)是在中枢神经系统(CNS)中表达,调节能量代谢、神经传递、氧化还原稳态、线粒体功能等生理过程的一种核受体. PPARα作为其中一个亚型,在AD控制突触可塑性和调节神经元认知功能中有重要作用,说明PPARα是治疗AD的一个很有前途的靶点.这篇综述探讨了Aβ、氧化应激、神经炎症、脂质代谢在AD中的意义,以及PPARα的潜在价值及其在AD中的作用,揭示了未来PPARα作为AD治疗靶点的可能性.     

PPARγ变异与复杂疾病

过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ（PPARγ）是核激素受体超家族成员。PPARγ基因主要表达于脂肪组织,促进脂肪细胞分化,调控多种脂肪细胞分泌的蛋白质因子基因的表达。它也是糖尿病治疗药物噻唑烷二酮类化合物(TZDs)作用的靶分子。PPARγ的常见多态性影响胰腺β细胞功能,导致胰岛素分泌及外周组织对胰岛素敏感性的改变。它与2型糖尿病、肥胖、心血管疾病、癌症的发病风险相关联,阐明PPARγ的作用机制对复杂疾病的诊断、预防和治疗具有重要意义。     

shPLCε通过PPARβ/twist1抑制前列腺癌细胞的迁移和EMT过程

该研究旨在探讨磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C epsilon(phospholipase C epsilon,PLCε)对前列腺癌细胞上皮–间充质转换(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)及迁移能力的影响。用LV-sh PLCε感染前列腺癌细胞,q-PCR和Western blot检测PLCε、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体β(peroxisome proliferator activated receptorβ,PPARβ)、twist1和EMT相关分子m RNA和蛋白质水平,划痕实验和Transwell实验检测细胞迁移能力。结果表明,感染LV-sh PLCε可显著下调PLCε、PPARβ和twist1的m RNA和蛋白质水平,同时降低前列腺癌细胞株PC3和DU145的迁移能力以及EMT过程。而在sh PLCε组细胞中加入PPARβ的激动剂能一定程度逆转PPARβ和twist1的下调,促进细胞的迁移能力和EMT过程;而PPARβ的抑制剂产生相反作用。该研究说明,PLCε可通过PPARβ/twist1影响前列腺癌细胞的迁移能力和EMT过程。     

β-胡萝卜素抑制MCF-7细胞生长上调过氧化酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）表达

为了研究过氧化酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）表达在β 胡萝卜素影响乳腺癌MCF 7细胞活力中所起的作用,采用MTT法测定细胞活力、Western 印迹检测细胞中PPARγ的蛋白质水平,用RT-PCR从mRNA水平检测细胞内PPARγ、P21^WAF1/CIP1、COX-2和P27表达.研究发现,β 胡萝卜素显著抑制人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7细胞的生长,β-胡萝卜素对细胞生长的抑制作用呈现出时间和计量依赖关系;β-胡萝卜素能够呈现时间效应地从mRNA和蛋白质水平显著上调PPARγ的表达,β-胡萝卜素能够通过PPARγ调节P21^WAF1/CIP1和COX-2mRNA水平;PPARγ的抑制剂GW9662和抗氧化剂还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）都能部分阻止由β-胡萝卜素引起的细胞活力下降.研究结果提示,激活PPARγ途径和调制细胞氧化状态是β 胡萝卜素对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的生长抑制效应原因之一.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a critical role in the development of TGFβ resistance of H460 cell

The primary goal of the study was to investigate how peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) played a critical role in the protection of H460 cell, one of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with multidrug resistance, from transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-mediated mitoinhibition. In the study, TGFβ resistance of H460 cell was first confirmed by analyses of PPARγ expression, its interaction with TGFβ-induced Smad3 and phospho-Smad3 (p-Smad3) and survival of H460. Results showed that enable to escape from G2/M phase arrest, H460 cell had higher resistance to TGFβ-mediated mitoinhibition than CH27 (a drug sensitive control). TGFβ significantly increased PPARγ expression of H460 but not of CH27 cell whereas nuclear accumulation of p-Smad3 was only limited to CH27, the latter was believed to contribute to the induction of P^{21 waf1/cip1} and cyclin B1, cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and TGFβ-mediated mitoinhibition of CH27 cell. TGFβ-induced PPARγ of H460 cell was further demonstrated to bind to Smad3 and p-Smad3, and GW9662 (PPARγ inhibitor) or PPARγ-specific shRNA could disrupt the binding. GW9662 also increased the nuclear accumulation of p-Smad3 that eventually led to the reduction of TGFβ resistance of H460. A transient knockdown of PPARγ with shRNA revealed a similar effect as GW9662. In addition, activation of P³⁸ instead of ERK played a critical role in TGFβ-induced expression of PPARγ, which subsequently activated RhoA in H460 cell.     

PPARβ mRNA expression,reduced by n − 3 PUFA diet in mammary tumor,controls breast cancer cell growth

The effect of numerous anticancer drugs on breast cancer cell lines and rodent mammary tumors can be enhanced by a treatment with long-chain n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n − 3 PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n − 3) which is a natural ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). In order to identify the PPAR regulating breast cancer cell growth, we tested the impact of siRNA, selected to suppress PPARα, PPARβ or PPARγ mRNA in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The siPPARβ was the most effective to inhibit breast cancer cell growth in both cell lines. Using PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ pharmacological antagonists, we showed that PPARβ regulated DHA-induced inhibition of growth in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. In addition, the expressions of all 3 PPAR mRNA were co-regulated in both cell lines, upon treatments with siRNA or PPAR antagonists. PPAR mRNA expression was also examined in the NitrosoMethylUrea (NMU)-induced rat mammary tumor model. The expressions of PPARα and PPARβ mRNAs were correlated in the control group but not in the n − 3 PUFA group in which the expression of PPARβ mRNA was reduced. Although PPARα expression was also increased in the n − 3 PUFA-enriched diet group under docetaxel treatment, it is only the expression of PPARβ mRNA that correlated with the regression of mammary tumors: those that most regressed displayed the lowest PPARβ mRNA expression. Altogether, these data identify PPARβ as an important player capable of modulating other PPAR mRNA expressions, under DHA diet, for inhibiting breast cancer cell growth and mammary tumor growth.     

25-Hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate attenuates inflammatory response via PPARγ signaling in human THP-1 macrophages

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are important in regulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses in macrophages. Activation of PPARγ represses key inflammatory response gene expressions. Recently, we identified a new cholesterol metabolite, 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (25HC3S), as a potent regulatory molecule of lipid metabolism. In this paper, we report the effect of 25HC3S and its precursor 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) on PPARγ activity and on inflammatory responses. Addition of 25HC3S to human macrophages markedly increased nuclear PPARγ and cytosol IκB and decreased nuclear NF-κB protein levels. PPARγ response element reporter gene assays showed that 25HC3S significantly increased luciferase activities. PPARγ competitor assay showed that the K(i) for 25HC3S was ～1 μM, similar to those of other known natural ligands. NF-κB-dependent promoter reporter gene assays showed that 25HC3S suppressed TNFα-induced luciferase activities only when cotransfected with pcDNAI-PPARγ plasmid. In addition, 25HC3S decreased LPS-induced expression and release of IL-1β. In the PPARγ-specific siRNA transfected macrophages or in the presence of PPARγ-specific antagonist, 25HC3S failed to increase IκB and to suppress TNFα and IL-1β expression. In contrast to 25HC3S, its precursor 25HC, a known liver X receptor ligand, decreased nuclear PPARγ and cytosol IκB and increased nuclear NF-κB protein levels. We conclude that 25HC3S acts in macrophages as a PPARγ ligand and suppresses inflammatory responses via the PPARγ/IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ agonists together with TGF-β convert human CD4+CD25- T cells into functional Foxp3+ regulatory T cells

Human peripheral CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells can be induced to express Foxp3 when activated in vitro by TCR stimulation with TGF-β and IL-2. However, these TGF-β-induced Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (iTregs) lack a regulatory phenotype. From libraries of nuclear receptor ligands and bioactive lipids, we screened three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α (bezafibrate, GW7647, and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid) and two PPARγ agonists (ciglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ-(12,14)-PG J(2)) as molecules that increased Foxp3 expression in human iTregs significantly compared with that in DMSO-treated iTregs (control). These PPARα and PPARγ agonist-treated iTregs maintained a high level of Foxp3 expression and had suppressive properties. There were no significant differences in the suppressive properties of iTregs treated with the three PPARα and two PPARγ agonists, and all of the treated iTregs increased demethylation levels of the Foxp3 promoter and intronic conserved noncoding sequence 3 regions. Furthermore, PPARα and PPARγ agonists, together with TGF-β, more strongly inhibited the expression of all three DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) (DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b) in activated CD4(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that PPARα and PPARγ agonists together with TGF-β elicit Foxp3 DNA demethylation through potent downregulation of DNMTs and induce potent and stable Foxp3 expression, resulting in the generation of functional iTregs. Moreover, trichostatin A and retinoic acid enhanced the generation of iTregs synergistically with PPARα and PPARγ agonists.