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1.
Immunogenicity for T cell-independent B-cell response assessed by splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) response and cell-surface expression measured by laser flow cytometry of various class I H-2 antigens on mouse red blood cells (RBC) were compared. It was found that the order of magnitude of both immunogenicity and cell-surface expression on RBC is H-2Dd H-2Db > H-2Kd, H-2Kb. Furthermore, H-2d public antigens and H-2Ld antigens were neither immunogenic nor easily demonstrable on RBC. These findings contrasted with poor immunogenicity for PFC response (Nakashima et al. 1982, 1983) and proportionally strong expression of H-2 antigens on lymphoid cells. Immunogenicity and cell-surface expression of H-2Dd antigen on RBC were not shown to be controlled by the action of genes outside H-2D. It was therefore suggested that a number of H-2 antigens, including H-2Kd private, H-2Kb private, and H-2d public specificities are at least functionally defective on RBC. This is possibly due to the structural characteristics of the antigens. Since immunogenicity and cell-surface expression were in parallel, the expression of H-2 antigens on RBC must be dictated by a subset of B cells whose activity was assessed by PFC response. This finding supports the view that the H-2 molecules display a new category of activity which is different from their ability to activate T cells and depends on their expression on RBC.  相似文献   

2.
The differential redistribution method was used to analyze the relationships between the antigens of the H-2.1 and H-2.28 families and the K- and D-region H-2 specificities on the lymphocyte surface. The experiments were performed on T peripheral lymphocytes of B10. AKM mice (H- 2m), where the H-2.28 specificity is controlled by theD region; C3H.OL mice (H- 20l), where the H-2.28 specificity is controlled by theK region and the H-2.1 specificity by theD region; and B10.A mice (H- 2a) where the H-2.1 specificity is controlled by theK region. The results show the following:
  1. In the D-region products, the redistribution of the private specificities fails to induce the redistribution of the H-2.1 or H-2.28 specificity. Antibodies against the H-2.1 or H-2.28 specificity provoke the redistribution of the D-region private specificities.
  2. In the K-region products, the H-2.1 or H-2.28 specificity cocaps with the private specificities.
  3. In both K- and D-region products, the public specificity H-2.5 always cocapped by antibodies against the private specificity.
These data suggest that the D-region H-2.1 specificity is, like the H-2.28 specificity, controlled by gene(s) different from theH- 2.D gene for the private, and most of the public, specificities. However, in the K-region products, the H-2.1 or H-2.28 specificity and the private specificities are either controlled by the same gene or expressed on two different molecules associated on the cell surface. These results provide evidence for the existence of two separate loci in theD region: the classicalH-2D locus, controlling the expression of the private specificity and most of the public specificity, and theH-2L locus, controlling the expression of the H-2.1 or H-2.28 specificity.  相似文献   

3.
The level of HLA-B27 transgene expression on the cell surface is dependent on the host H-2 haplotype. Mice homozygous for the H-2 b , H-2 f , H-2 f , H-2 p , H-2 r , and H-2 k haplotypes express B27 at high levels. An intermediate level of B27 expression is observed in H-2 v mice whereas low levels of B27 are expressed in H-2 q and H-2 d mice. The decreased expression of B27 maps to the D region of the major histocompatibility complex. Recombinant strain B10.RKDB (DdLb) mapped the low expression gene centromeric to H-2L. In order to determine the low expression within the H-2D region, the B27 transgene was introduced into B10.D2-H-2 dm1 and BALB/c-H-2 dm2 mice. Expression of B27 in both of these strains was high indicating that neither H-2D d nor H-2L d is responsible for the low expression. This maps the effect between the H-2D and H-2L loci. In addition, introduction of human 2-microglobulin (2m) into B10.D2-B27 transgenic mice caused a marked enhancement of B27 expression on the cell surface suggesting that the defect in B27 expression in certain haplotypes is due to an inability of B27 to associate with endogenous mouse 2m. We propose that gene(s) mapping between D and L (either D2, D3, D4, or some as yet unidentified gene) may be involved in class I assembly by helping association of 2m with class I. This putative molecule, designated Assembly Enhancer (AE) might have a negative influence in the association between human class II and mouse 2m.  相似文献   

4.
In the present work, we used the differential redistribution method to study the molecular expression of several H-2 specificities controlled by theD region of theH-2 a haplotype. We observed that: capping of the private specificity H-2.4 induced capping of the public specificities H-2.3, H-2.35, and H-2.36, and vice versa; capping of any one of these specificities did not induce capping of the public specificity H-2.28, controlled by the same region. By contrast, capping of the H-2.28 specificity induced capping of these specificities; redistribution of H-2K and H-2D private specificities or redistribution of H-2D private specificity and Ia specificities did not induce capping of the H-2.28 specificity. These data indicate that a part of a molecule carrying the H-2.28 specificity is linked to a molecule carrying H-2.4, H-2.3, H-2.35, and H-2.36 specificities and that a part of a polypeptide chain bearing the H-2.28 specificity is independent from that bearing other specificities controlled either by theD region (i.e., H-2.4, H-2.3, H-2.35, and H-2.36) or by theK andI regions. These results further strengthened the hypothesis of the existence of at least two genes controlling theD-region H-2 antigenic specificities.  相似文献   

5.
Peritoneal (PM) and bone marrow-derived (BMM) macrophages and lung fibroblasts (LF) from inbred, intra-H-2 recombinant, H-2 mutant, and hybrid mice were infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) under centrifugal enhancement. At the concentration of virus employed, peritoneal macrophages from strains carrying Kd, Kb, Dd, KS and/or Ds, K4 and/or D4 alleles could be infected to a level of 80%–100%, as assessed by viral antigen expression or loss of Fc receptors. Cells lacking these haplotypes and carrying Kk, Kf, Dk, Df, or Db were resistant, yielding levels of infection below 20% . The background (non-H-2) and class II genotype and the S allele did not influence the proportions of cells infected. Furthermore, sensitivity was dominant in the F, progeny of H-2 b x H-2 k and H-2d x H-2 k crosses, and was not compromised by thebm1, bm3, bm10, or bm14 mutations in the al or2 regions of Kb orD b. The proportions of cells able to release infectious virus were low, but paralleled the frequencies of viral antigen expression. The class I genotype also determined susceptibility to MCMV infection in BMM and LF, although up to 35% of H-2 k BMM and 46% of H-2 k LF could be infected. The findings are consistent with an association between K and D antigens and a cellular receptor for MCMV on all three cell types.  相似文献   

6.
The hybrids (the CANS lines) between inflammatory macrophages from C57BL/6N (B6) mice (H-2b) and BALB/c mouse (H-2d)-derived myeloma cell line NS1 in the early period after cell fusion showed no macrophage functions. However, most of the hybrids expressed these functions after prolonged cultivation accompanied with chromosome loss. In contrast, the hybrids initially displaying myeloma functions ( light chain production) lost this function when they exhibited macrophage functions. We studied the expression of cell-surface antigens in these hybrids and found that hybrids in the early period after cell fusion codominantly expressed both parental cell H-2 antigens (H-2Kb, H-2Kd, and H-2Dd) but not the H-2Db antigen. On the other hand, aged hybrids strongly expressed the H-2 d antigen but lacked the H-2Kb antigen. Alternatively, these aged hybrids with macrophage functions expressed antigen(s) as detected with antiaged CANS-196 cell sera and asialo GM1 antigen, both of which were thought to be found exclusively on macrophages. Thus, the expression of cell-surface antigens in these hybrids was greatly altered after cell fusion.  相似文献   

7.
Azotobacter vinelandii was grown diazotrophically in sucrose-limited chemostat cultures at either 12, 48, 108, 144 or 192 M dissolved oxygen. Steady state protein levels and growth yield coefficients (Y) on sucrose increased with increasing dilution rate (D). Specific rate of sucrose consumption (q) increased in direct proportion to D. Maintenance coefficients (m) extrapolated from plots of q versus D, as well as from plots of 1/Y versus 1/D exhibited a nonlinear relationship to the dissolved oxygen concentration. Constant maximal theoretical growth yield coefficients (Y G) of 77.7 g cells per mol of sucrose consumed were extrapolated irrespective of differences in ambient oxygen concentration. For comparison, glucose-, as well as acetate-limited cultures were grown at 108 M oxygen. Fairly identical m- and Y G-values, when based on mol of substrate-carbon with glucose and sucrose grown cells, indicated that both substrates were used with the same efficiency. However, acetate-limited cultures showed significantly lower m- and, at comparable, D, higher Y-values than cultures limited by either sucrose or glucose. Substrate concentrations (K s) required for half-maximal growth rates on sucrose were not constant, they increased when the ambient oxygen concentration was raised and, at a given oxygen concentration, when D was decreased. Since biomass levels varied in linear proportion to K s these results are interpreted in terms of variable substrate uptake activity of the culture.Abbreviations D dilution rate - K s substrate concentration required for half maximal growth rate - m maintenance coefficient - q specific rate of substrate consumption - Y growth yield coefficient - Y G maximum theoretical growth yield coefficient  相似文献   

8.
The molecular relationship between H-2 private and some public specificities was studied in C3H.OH (H-2 02 ) mice using surface-antigen re-distribution methods. Besides the Kd- and Dk-region antigens, which can be capped by antisera against the private and public specificities characteristic for a given allele, a previously unknown type of molecule was found in the products of both theK d andD k regions. These can be capped by the respective anti-private serum but not by antisera against some public specificities. The two Kd-region molecules are provisionally named H-2K1d and H-2K2d. We detected them onH-2 02 (K d ,I d ,S d ,D k ) and also onH-2 dx (K d ,I f ,S f ,D dx ) T lymphocytes. Similarly, the two types of molecules detected on the products of theD k region are provisionally named H-2D1k and H-2D2k. The serological characteristics of these molecules are described. When compared with the products of theD d region, in which we previously described three different molecules (H-2Dd, H-2Md, and H-2Ld), the mutual relationship between H-2K1d and H-2K2d as well as between H-2D1k and H-2D2k appears to be similar to that between H-2Dd and H-2Md. In the absence of relevant recombinants or informative biochemical data, it is, however, difficult to establish homology between molecules produced by differentK- andD-region alleles.  相似文献   

9.
Cloned B-cell lines from a female T16H/XSxr mouse in which Tdy expression was suppressed due to X inactivation and from a male X/XSxr mouse, both of the (kxb)F1 haplotype, were examined for H-Y expression. This was determined both by their ability to act as targets for H-2k and H-2b-restricted H-Y-specific cytotoxic T cells and by their ability to stimulate the proliferation of H-2Kk, H-2Db (class I) and Ab (class II)-restricted T-cell clones. In B-cell clones from the T16H/XSxr mouse, expression of H-Y/Db exhibited partial X inactivation and only a proportion ( 30%) of the cells were targets for or stimulated H-2Db-restricted H-Y-specific T cells. In contrast, H-Y eiptopes restricted by H-2k (H-Y/Kk, H-Y/Dk) and Ab (H-Y/Ab) exhibited no X inactivation. Furthermore, no inactivation of H-Y/Db, H-Y/Ab, or H-Yk was observed in the male X/XSxr mouse. These results indicate that the T16H/XSxr female is a mosaic, as a result of the variable spread of X inactivation into the Sxr region. They further suggest that the H-Y antigen recognized in association with H-2k and H-2Db class I molecules and Ab class II molecules may be the product of more than one gene.  相似文献   

10.
Mice of the C3H/He and A non-H-2 backgrounds are disparate from mice of the B10 background for the tissue-restricted, non-H-2 alloantigen of epidermal cells (EC), Epa-1, that is expressed by EC but not by lymphocytes (LC), as well as for a number of other alloantigens of the B10 background that are expressed by both EC and LC, generically referred to as lymphocyte/epidermal alloantigens (LEA). In this study, we compared the ability of various H-2 congenic strains on the C3H or A backgrounds to mount cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to EC from H-2 compatible mice of the B10 background. High responses to Epa-1 were detected only in the H-2 aand H-2 khaplotypes; H-2 b, H-2 o1, H-2 s, H-2 t1, and H-2 t2 haplotypes were nonresponders to Epa-1. High responses to LEA were detected in H-2 a, H-2 b, H-2 s, H-2 t1, and H-2 t2 haplotypes; H-2 kand H-2 o1 were nonresponsive to LEA. Analysis of the H-2K, I and D region alleles of responders indicates that H-2K kis essential for anti-Epa CTL responses, whereas D d, D b, or K swere all permissive for strong anti-LEA responses. The ability to mount a given CTL response was not associated with differences in I-region alleles. These results are discussed in terms of K/D region products serving as Ir-gene products for CTL and in determining the apparent tissue-specificity of CTL.  相似文献   

11.
The inbred strains GRS/A and LIS/A carry the haplotypeH-2 dx , which had earlier been shown to have theK d ,I f ,S f , andG f alleles and a previously unknownD region allele,D dx . We show here that theD dx allele determines a new private specificity, H-2.63, is H-2.28 negative, and determines at least one public specificity of the H-2.1 family. It is thus a second example (afterD k ) of a H-2.1-positive H-2.28-negativeD region allele. Capping experiments show that the Ddx product comprises two molecules: H-2Ddx bearing the private specificity H-2.63, and H-2Ldx, which is H-2.63-negative but reacts with sera against the H-2.1 family of specificities. SDS gel electrophoresis of detergent-solubilized immunoprecipitated Ddx products shows that the H-2Ldx antigen has a molecular weight of approximately 45,000 daltons and is associated with a smaller polypeptide (mol. wt. 12,000).  相似文献   

12.
The immune responses of inbred mice to the terpolymers poly(glu48-Iys32 ala20) GLA20, poly(glu36lys24ala40) GLA40, and poly(glu24lys16ala60) GLA60 were studied. Antibody levels were measured with the homologous, as well as with the crossreacting polymers (glu60ala40) GA and (glu60lys40) GL. It was determined that the terpolymers consist of many determinants of varying immunogenic strengths which account for the dose dependency requirements for responsiveness as follows: mice ofH-2 haplotypesa, b, d, k, ands respond to ten and 100g GLA20 and GLA40 and to one, ten, and 100 g GLA60; mice ofH-2 haplotypesp, q, andr do not respond well to any concentration of GLA20 but respond well to 100 g GLA40 and teng GLA60. That the congenic mice C3H.NB (H-2 p) and B10.R111 (H-2 r), having responder backgrounds of C3H (H-2 k) and C57BL/10 (H-2 b) mice, respectively, do not respond would suggest strongly that there is linkage of responsiveness toH-2 in the above strains. In addition, the responsiveness of AQR mice to GLA60 would map theIr gene(s) to the right of theK region, and most likely in theI region. The antibody against GLA20 was directed against GL. Responses of miceof H-2 haplotypesp, q, andr against GLA40 and GLA60 were directed predominantly against unique GLA determinants that were neither GA nor GL. Mice of the other respondingH-2 haplotypes (a, b, d, k, ands) produced antibody against these unique GLA specificities, as well as against GL and/or GA determinants. The importance of measuring responses with the homologous polymer is therefore demonstrated. It was postulated that the recognition of GLA20 at the T-cell level is via GLA determinants having a limited amount of alanine, which are different from those helical GLA determinants recognized in the polymers GLA40 and GLA60.  相似文献   

13.
Three newH-2 b mutant strains, B6.C-H-2 bm9 , B6.C-H-2 bm10 and B6.C-H–2 bm11 , are described. The three mutant strains are of the gain and loss type as they reject skin grafts reciprocally with the parental C57BL/6Kh. The mutations, which arose independently, are all allelic at the same locus as 11 other mutant strains already described. By complementation and other studies the mutated gene has been shown to beH-2K b . The strains were typed directly and by absorption with antisera specific for H-2Kb and H-2Db private and public specificities and for Iab specificities. Each strain typed differently with these sera. The strain B6.C-H-2 bm9 was found to be serologically identical with C57BL/6. The strains B6.C-H-2 bm10 and B6.C-H-2 bm11 were found to have alterations in the private H-2Kb specificity, H-2.33, and in the public specificity, H-2.5, but to a different extent. B6.C-H- 2bm10 had a marked decrease in the amount of H-2.33 expressed on the splenic cell surface as compared to C57BL/6 and also has a marked decrease in the expression of H-2.5 on both spleen and red blood cells. In comparison, B6.C-H-2 bm11 has a decrease in the expression of H-2.33 but an increase in the expression of H-2.5 on both splenic and red blood cells. The other H-2b specificities appeared to be unaltered as compared with C57BL/6.  相似文献   

14.
The apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian fermentation media is examined. The present state of this subject is discussed. The energy dissipation rate concept is used for a new evaluation of the apparent viscosity in bioreactors, i.e. stirred tank and bubble column bioreactors. The proposed definition of the apparent viscosity is compared with the definitions available in the literature.List of Symbols A d m 2 downcomer cross-sectional area - A r m 2 riser cross-sectional area - a m–1 specific surface area - C constant in eq. (13) - D m column diameter - D I m impeller diameter - g m s–2 gravitational acceleration - h J m–2 s–1 K–1 heat transfer coefficient - K Pa s n consistency index in a power-law model - k constant in eq. (3) - k L m s –1 liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient - N s–1 impeller speed - n flow index in a power-law model - P W power input - Re Reynolds number ND I /2 /(/) - U sg m s –1 superficial gas velocity - (U sg ) r m s–1 superficial gas velocity based on riser - V-m3 liquid volume - v 0 m s–1 friction velocity Greek Symbols s–1 shear rate - c s–1 characteristic shear rate - W kg–1 energy dissipation rate per unit mass - W kg–1 characteristic energy dissipation rate per unit mass - Pa s viscosity - app Pa s apparent viscosity - kg m–3 density - Pa shear stress  相似文献   

15.
A secondary in vitro response to alphaviruses Bebaru, Sindbis, and Semliki Forest is described. Optimum response appears at day 5–6 of culture. The cells responsible for lytic activity are nonadherent, -positive, Ig, and mainly Ly-2.1 positive. Out of five haplotypes tested (H- 2 d ,H- 2 b ,H- 2 s ,H- 2 q , andH- 2 k ) onlyH- 2 k was a responder. Genetic mapping of the response located it solely in theD region of theH- 2 complex. The other four haplotypes responded with a high antiself activity after a second stimulation with viruses. This antiself response also maps in theD region of theH- 2 complex. No complementation was observed in F1 hybrids between responder and nonresponder strains.  相似文献   

16.
The major goal of these studies is to more fully assess the polymorphism of the hemopoietic histocompatibility (Hh) genetic system. H-2 homozygosity is required for optimal immunogenicity of bone marrow cell (BMC) grafts, and hybrid resistance to grafts of parental strain BMC by irradiated H-2 heterozygous F1 hybrid mice suggests that Hh-1 antigens are inherited recessively. The Hh-1 antigens are also expressed on other normal hematopoietic cells and lymphoid tumors, and natural killer cells are the effectors which mediate the elimination of BMC grafts in an Hh-specific manner. Previous studies have demonstrated three different antigens mapping to the Hh-1 locus near H-2D. We test the expression of Hh-1 on BMC of all nonrecombinant H-2 haplotypes of independent origin and H-2 j , a presumed natural recombinant. Hh-1 typing is based on the pattern of growth and rejection in a panel of hosts. F1 hybrids with H-2 b , H-2 d , and H-2 k are produced and used as donors and hosts to confirm the phenotype. Grafts of b-, d-, and j-haplotype marrow serve as prototypical examples of determinants that are provisionally designated as 1, 2, and 3, respectively. We describe a new determinant, 4, in the k haplotype. It is non-codominantly expressed, maps to H-2D, and is also expressed on H-2b BMC. NZW, H-2Z grafts exhibit a phenotype similar to k, but express a unique determinant 5 which can be distinguished from determinant 4. This additional determinant is also expressed by the b haplotype. The d, f, and p haplotypes all express determinant 2, and grafts of j-haplotype marrow are found to express determinants 2 and 5 in addition to determinant 3. The q and r haplotypes are null for all known determinants. Finally, we describe a phenotype which is a new combination of previously described determinants: s-haplotype grafts express determinants 1, 2, and 4. The polymorphism of Hh-1 detected thus far consists of seven alleles which are combinations of five distinct determinants.  相似文献   

17.
H and L inbred mouse strains were derived from animals selected respectively for the production of high and low titers of agglutinins against xenogeneic erythrocytes. L was found to beH-2 s . H was found to beH-2K d ,D q , with anI region derived from another (probably unknown) haplotype.  相似文献   

18.
A mouse cDNA library derived from the EL4 cell line (b-haplotype) was screened with a probe containing a small part of the H-2Kb coding region. One of the clones isolated, pH203, encodes a protein whose deduced amino acid sequence is identical with the known sequence of H-2Db in 141 of 141 positions available for comparison. The clone, therefore, is believed to code for the H-2Db transplantation antigen. The cDNA insert of pH203 contains the coding region for residues 82 through the carboxy-terminus of H-2Db, and includes 476 nucleotides of the 3-untranslated sequence. Comparison between the H-2Db cDNA clone and a previously isolated H-2Kb cDNA clone shows homologies of 83% and 91% at the amino acid and nucleotide levels, respectively. Analysis of DNA sequences at the 3-coding and untranslated regions suggests that the mRNAs of H-2Kb and H-2Db are spliced differently at their 3-coding ends.  相似文献   

19.
C57BL/6 (H-2 b ) mice, and four mutants (B6.C-H-2 ba , B6-H-2 bg1 , B6-H-2 bg2 , B6-H-2 bh ) derived from this strain after separate mutations had occurred at the same locus within theH-2 complex, were analyzed to determine whether the mutations had led to anyH-2 (or Ia) difference which could be detected serologically. The strains were typed directly with antisera specific for H-2K and H-2D public and private specificities and for the Ia specificities; quantitative absorption studies were also performed for the relevant H-2Kb, H-2Dd and Iab specificities. In no case was any quantitative or qualitative difference detected serologically between any of the strains. In addition, by using a variety of techniques to produce and assay for antibody, we failed to produce any antisera between the parental strains and the four mutants. TheH-2 mutations therefore appear to give rise to a type of antigenic specificity which is recognized byT cells and which generateT, but notB cell responses; nor are they recognized by H-2 or Ia alloantisera. The location of the mutating locus within theH-2 complex was shown by the complementation method to be within theK orIA region and not in theIB region, since crosses of the mutant strains with B10.A(4R) or D2.GD failed to complement for a subsequent C57BL/6 skin graft.  相似文献   

20.
The fine specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed againstH-2L d was analyzed by studying the lytic activity of BALB/cH- 2dm2 (H-2L d loss mutant) anti-BALB/c-H-2 d CTL, generated in secondary mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) against a panel of target cells of differentH-2 haplotypes. Target cells of allH-2 haplotypes tested, except that of the MLC responder, were lysed by anti-Ld CTL, although to a widely varying extent. The genes coding for antigens detected by anti-L d CTL were mapped to distinct regions in theH-2 d ,H- 2dm1,H-2 q ,H-2 k , andH-2 b haplotypes. The sequence of lysis intensity against the variousH-2 haplotypes and theH-2 regions involved were as follows:L d ,D q L q ,D dm1 Ldm1,K k ,D b L b ,r, p, f, s, C3H.OH (K d D k L k ), strong lysis occurring againstL d and weak lysis againstH-2 s and C3H.OH.By monolayer adsorption and cold target inhibition experiments, it was shown that anti-L d CTL contained a CTL subset directed against a private Ld specificity, hitherto undetected by anti-L d antibodies. This subset of CTL was separate from the CTL subsets reacting againstH-2 q and against the mutant haplotypeH- 2dm1. The reactions against the latter two haplotypes were also mediated by separate CTL subsets. It is concluded that the Ld molecule, to a varying extent, shares target antigens for CTL with K- and/or D-end H-2 molecules of all haplotypes tested. These antigens are detected by multiple subsets of anti-L d CTL. One CTL subset is directed against a target structure unique forL d (Ld private specificity).  相似文献   

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