Phylogenetic relationships within Serpulidae (Sabellida, Annelida) inferred from molecular and morphological data

We assessed phylogenetic relationships within Serpulidae (including Spirorbinae) using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of 18S rDNA, the D1 and D9−D10 regions of 28S rDNA, and 38 morphological characters. In total, 857 parsimony informative characters were used for 31 terminals, 29 serpulids and sabellid and sabellariid outgroups. Following ILD assessment the two sequence partitions and morphology were analysed separately and in combination. The morphological parsimony analysis was congruent with the results of the 2003 preliminary analysis by Kupriyanova in suggesting that a monophyletic Serpulinae and Spirorbinae form a clade, while the remaining serpulids form a basal grade comprising what are normally regarded as Filograninae. Bremer support values were, however, quite low throughout. In contrast, the combined analyses of molecular and morphological data sets provided highly resolved and well-supported trees, though with some conflict when compared to the morphology-only analysis. Spirorbinae was recovered as a sister group to a monophyletic group comprising both 'filogranin' taxa ( Salmacina , Filograna , Protis , and Protula ) and 'serpulin' taxa such as Chitinopoma , Metavermilia , and Vermiliopsis . Thus the traditionally formulated subfamilies Serpulinae and Filograninae are not monophyletic. This indicates that a major revision of serpulid taxonomy is needed at the more inclusive taxonomic levels. We refrain from doing so based on the present analyses since we feel that further taxon sampling and molecular sequencing are required. The evolution of features such as the operculum and larval development are discussed.     

Benthic Invertebrates Associated with a Serpulid Polychaete Assemblage in a Temperate Estuary

Hydroides dianthus (Verrill), a serpulid polychaete which secretes calcareous tubes, provides microhabitats for a variety of benthic invertebrates in Delaware Bay. These microhabitats function as biologically generated refuges and physical heterogeneities for at least 54 species. Dominance was measured by the biological index value which yielded 12 taxa that comprised 90% by number of the serpulid assemblage. These taxa included seven polychaetes, two amphipods, Nematoda, Oligochaeta, and Harpacticoida. In addition to the refuges provided by the serpulids, it was concluded that this temperate serpulid assemblage was comparable in function but not scale to calcareous biogenic assemblages in lower latitudes.     

A new species of Hyalopomatus (Serpulidae: Polychaeta) which lacks an operculum: is this an adaptation to low oxygen?

Hyalopomatus cancerum n.sp., epizoic onspider-crabs (Encephaloides) in a low-oxygenarea of the Arabian Sea, differs from other species ofthe genus in lacking opercula.Larger serpulids in Indian Ocean Galathea samplesfrom great depths, tentatively referred to Protissimplex Ehlers, mostly bear vesicles on tips ofpinnulate radioles. These are too small to occlude thetube mouth, so perhaps they and the largervascularised vesicles of Apomatus may help inrespiration. The BIOFAR Survey off the Faroe Islandsshowed that Protula (always non-operculate) andApomatus are the main serpulid genera in thedeeper channels. Protis, Protula and Apomatus, which are amongst the best-known ofdeep-sea serpulids, are like early postlarval stagesof Serpula and Hydroides in lackingopercula, or in having thin-walled opercular vesicleson pinnulate stalks. They thus support the view thathypomorphy is somewhat characteristic of abyssal taxa.Considering non-operculate serpulids of shallow seas,many species of Spiraserpula lack opercula, butsecrete sharp ridges and spines on the inner walls oftheir tubes, which must deter or trap predatorytube-invaders; Floriprotis may be protected bycoral, whilst Salmacina, Paraprotula, Microprotula and Paraprotis dendrova Uchidaincubate their embryos, so have special respiratoryneeds.     

Commensal symbiosis between agglutinated polychaetes and sulfate‐reducing bacteria

Pendant bioconstructions occur within submerged caves in the Plemmirio Marine Protected Area in SE Sicily, Italy. These rigid structures, here termed biostalactites, were synsedimentarily lithified by clotted‐peloidal microbial carbonate that has a high bacterial lipid biomarker content with abundant compounds derived from sulfate‐reducing bacteria. The main framework builders are polychaete serpulid worms, mainly Protula with subordinate Semivermilia and Josephella. These polychaetes have lamellar and/or fibrillar wall structure. In contrast, small agglutinated terebellid tubes, which are a minor component of the biostalactites, are discontinuous and irregular with a peloidal micritic microfabric. The peloids, formed by bacterial sulfate reduction, appear to have been utilized by terebellids to construct tubes in an environment where other particulate sediment is scarce. We suggest that the bacteria obtained food from the worms in the form of fecal material and/or from the decaying tissue of surrounding organisms and that the worms obtained peloidal micrite with which to construct their tubes, either as grains and/or as tube encompassing biofilm. Peloidal worm tubes have rarely been reported in the recent but closely resemble examples in the geological record that extend back at least to the early Carboniferous. This suggests a long‐lived commensal relationship between some polychaete worms and heterotrophic, especially sulfate‐reducing, bacteria.     

Phylogenetic and structural studies in the thelebolaceae (Ascomycota)

Several minute dung-inhabiting discomycetes have been classified in the family Thelebolaceae, which has traditionally been included in the order Pezizales. The non-operculate type-genusThelebolus has recently been excluded from the Pezizales. The phylogenetic distribution of other genera associated with Thelebolaceae is still obscure. We have analysed ca. 580 bp from a variable part of the nuclear SSU rRNA gene fromAscozonus, Caccobius, Lasiobolus andThecotheus, and compared these with ca. 1700 bp sequences fromThelebolus, Pleospora, Pezizales, leotiales and Leotiales-related taxa. In the resulting tree,Ascozonus andCaccobius group withThelebolus and the inoperculate discomycetes;Lasiobolus groups withAscodesmis, andThecotheus withAscobolus within Pezizales. SEM pictures of fruit-bodies and ascus apices ofAscozonus, and ascospores fromThecotheus are presented to illustrate characteristic features of these taxa. Submitting author: FAX: +47-22 85 46 64, TEL: +47-22 85 46 61.     

Serpulids and other calcareous tube-dwelling encrusting polychaetes from the Early Cretaceous Agrio Formation (Neuquén Basin,Argentina)

Serpulids and other related tube-dwelling polychaetes are often ignored when found as fossil remains. They are, however, a widespread and important group today, and abundant literature has been published on them. Knowledge of fossil serpulids is centered on European material, and little has already been done on South American fossil calcareous tubes. In this paper, seven serpulid and sabellid morphotypes are described from the Early Cretaceous marine Agrio Formation of Argentina, revealing a diversity of worms recorded as encrusters on bivalves, ammonites and corals. Sabellids are represented by Glomerula cf. serpentina. Serpulids are represented by two subfamilies: “Serpulinae” includes Mucroserpula mucroserpula, Parsimonia antiquata, Placostegus cf. conchophilus, Propomatoceros semicostatus and P. sulcicarinatus; Spirorbinae is represented by heavily worn tiny coiled tubes assigned to ?Neomicrorbis. Serpulids and sabellids are one of the main components of the mollusk-encrusting fauna recorded in the Agrio Formation, along with small oysters but much more diverse. They are most commonly found as post-mortem encrusters, but some cases of unquestionable living interaction are also found, such as serpulid tubes embedded on coral branches. They are often overgrown by bryozoans, and sometimes by oysters; they frequently occur aggregated.     

On the finding of a mass occurrence of Serpula narconensis Baird, 1885 (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) in South Georgia (Antarctica)

A new “reef ” of the serpulid polychaete Serpula narconensis Baird, 1885 is reported from the South Georgia Island shelf. This particular mass occurrence is the second serpulid “reef” reported in the Antarctic region. Its location, at 91- to 105-m depth, is very different from those serpulid reefs previously reported, usually sited at intertidal zone or at low depth, and this may be one of the largest, if not the largest, serpulid reef in the world. Accepted: 12 June 1999     

Molecular taxonomy of Vicia ser. Vicia based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms

 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to study the taxonomic relationships in Vicia ser. Vicia. 109 accessions representing the taxa and distribution in the series were evaluated using two primer combinations in an attempt to clarify its taxonomy. The study concludes that four species exist in the series. Vicia incisa should be considered as a separate taxon and does not belong to the Vicia sativa aggregate. Within the series Vicia pyrenaica appears to be the most closely related to the Vicia sativa aggregate. Within the aggregate 6 taxa can be recognised. They are very closely related and for none of the taxa in the aggregate is there a taxon-specific absence or presence of AFLP bands. We consider these taxa to be subspecies. Several accessions belonging to the aggregate were found which could not be placed within one of the taxa and are most likely the products of mutations or hybridisation between taxa. Received March 12, 2001 Accepted July 12, 2001     

Contribution to the revision of some late Callovian serpulids (Annelida, Polychaeta) of Central Russia: Part 2

This paper deals with the revision of the species of the genera Mucroserpula, Propomatoceros, and Spiraserpula (family Serpulidae) from the Upper Callovian of the locality Peski (Moscow Region). All taxa are described in accordance with the current classification of fossil serpulid tubes. Two new species are described: Propomatoceros barskovi sp. nov. and Spiraserpula oligospiralis sp. nov.     

Opposed bands of cilia in the nonfeeding larvae of the serpulid annelid Salmacina tribranchiata

The nonfeeding planktonic larvae of marine invertebrates typically lack larval feeding structures. One puzzling exception to this generalization is the annelid clade Sabellidae, in which nonfeeding larvae possess ciliary bands (specifically, food groove and metatroch) that, to the best of our knowledge, have no function other than in feeding. Nishi and Yamasu (1992b, Bulletin of the College of Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, 54 , 107–121) published a scanning electron micrograph showing that nonfeeding larvae of the serpulid annelid Salmacina dysteri also possess food groove and metatrochal cilia. Here I demonstrate that nonfeeding larvae of Salmacina tribranchiata also bear ciliary bands identifiable as food groove and metatroch by position. High‐speed video of ciliary beat patterns shows that, together with the prototrochal cilia, these bands function in an opposed band system. The presence of feeding structures in nonfeeding annelid larvae is thus more widely distributed than previously recognized. The presence of feeding structures may make evolutionary transitions to planktotrophy more likely, and may underlie an inferred origin of larval feeding in the common ancestor of one of the two major clades of serpulid annelids, Serpulinae.     

Marine Polychaete Annelids of Easter Island

This study increases the number of species of marine polychaete annelids known to occur at Easter Island from 11 to 60, of which 43 are identified to species. Nearly 90% of these occur in the tropical Indo-West Pacific region, but 60% are of circumtropical distribution. The strong Indo-West Pacific zoogeographic affinity is consistent with other taxa of Easter Island inshore marine animals for which data are available, the fishes, corals, and gastropod molluscs. Polychaete species composition and abundance were determined in substrate samples from two types of microhabitat in a tidepool. A sample of 290 ml of sand and 70 ml of algae contained 1,779 specimens of 41 species of polychaetes (species diversity H′ = 2.57). A basalt boulder of surface area 340 cm² contained a polychaete assemblage of 864 specimens of 35 species (H′ = 2.49). Population density of the latter sample is equivalent to 25,400 polychaetes/m². Of the 49 species present in the two samples, 34 were identified to species. Although 27 species (55%) were common to both samples, similarity as measured by C_λ, which weighs differences in relative abundance, was only 24%. More than half of all polychaetes present in the two samples belonged to the family Syllidae; they comprised 65% of the individuals in the sand-algae sample and 35% in the boulder sample. Spirorbinae predominated numerically in the boulder sample (40%). Chaetopteridae (10%) and Spionidae (8%) were the next most abundant families in the sand-algae sample.     

Molecular Phylogenetics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aotus</Emphasis> (Platyrrhini,Cebidae)

The accurate identification of taxa of Aotus is essential for 1) the development of precise biomedical assays, 2) the determination of potential illegal traffic of this genus, and 3) conservation. Although many studies have contributed to what we know about the phylogenetics of Aotus, none used a sufficiently large number of samples to clarify its complexity. To address this need, we sequenced 696 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome-oxidase II gene (mtCOII) in 69 specimens of 7 taxa of Aotus. We also analyzed 8 microsatellite loci in 136 individuals of 6 taxa. In contrast to previous studies, we sampled only wild individuals and have a precise geographical origin for each one. The mtDNA results showed that: 1) the northern gray-necked group of Aotus is genetically more homogeneous than the polyphyletic red-necked group of Aotus; 2) the ancestors of Aotus vociferans seem to be the original species candidate for the current Aotus; 3) Aotus azarae azarae and A. a. boliviensis are the most differentiated taxa, likely a result of extreme genetic drift during stasipatric speciation; 4) the first genetic splits found among taxa of Aotus occurred during the Pliocene (or even Miocene) while the most recent ones happened during the Pleistocene, when forest refugia may have played an important role in speciation. The mean number of microsatellite alleles was 3–5.33 alleles per locus. We found some private alleles that could be useful in helping to identify illegal trade, although a larger sample size is needed to ensure that these alleles are really private to the relevant taxa. These new findings increase our understanding of the phylogeny of Aotus and the level of genetic diversity within different taxa of Aotus.     

Sex differences in the sciatic notch of great apes and modern humans

The sciatic notch has been widely used as a sexing criterion in modern humans. In order to better understand the sex differences of this feature in modern humans and great apes, four measurements of the sciatic notch were taken on samples of modern humans and great apes of known sex. Univariate (ANOVA) analysis and discriminant function analysis were performed on the extant taxa to determine: (1) the discriminating power of each variable in these samples of known group membership; and (2) which of these extant taxa shows the best discrimination between the sexes for the sciatic notch. Of the four extant taxa, the sciatic notch of Homo sapiens is the most sexually dimorphic, followed by Gorilla gorilla, and more weakly by Pongo pygmaeus, while Pan troglodytes is the least dimorphic of these taxa. Since the presence of a well defined sciatic notch is a hominid trait resulting from the dorsal extension of the posterior ilium, the close approximation of the sacrum to the acetabulum, the shortened ischium, and the accentuation of the ischial spine as part of the bipedal adaptation, it seems likely that the configuration of the sciatic notch in hominids was initially related to bipedalism, not reproduction. The development of sex differences in the sciatic notch of modern humans is more likely to have occurred after the transition to bipedality. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Ubiquinone systems in fungi. V. Distribution and taxonomic implications of ubiquinones in Eurotiales, Onygenales and the related plectomycete genera, except for Aspergillus, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, and their related teleomorphs

The ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) systems were determined for 176 teleomorphic isolates, 14 anamorphic isolates, and three samples of fruit-bodies of Dendrosphaera eberhardtii, which belonged to Eurotiales, Onygenales, and related taxa. In Eurotiales, Ascosphaera had Q-9, whereas Bettsia had Q-10. All isolates of Monascaceae had the Q-10 system, whereas those of four genera of Pseudeurotiaceae had the Q-10(H₂) system. The Q-10(H₂) system was found in genera of Trichocomaceae, except for Aspergillus, Penicillium, Paecilomyces, and their related taxa. However, Thermoascus had the Q-9 system. In Onygenales, members of Arthrodermataceae had Q-9, and those of Gymnoascaceae had Q-10(H₂). Isolates of Myxotrichaceae were characterized by Q-10(H₂) with few exceptions, which had Q-10. The quinones of Onygenaceae belonged to complex systems, i.e., Q-9, 0-10 and 0-10(H₂), and a combination of two systems. Families Onygenaceae and Trichocomaceae are likely a phylogenetic heterogeneity. Ubiquinone analysis provides a very useful criterion of great promise for classifying eurotialean taxa and also for identifying their isolates.     

Establishment of the Caribbean Serpulid Tubeworm Hydroides sanctaecrucis Krøyer [in] Mörch, 1863, in Northern Australia

The serpulid tubeworm Hydroides sanctaecrucis is recorded from tropical northern Australia for the first time. This species is native to the Caribbean, where it is common in coastal lagoons, and has not previously been reliably recorded from the western Pacific. The species was identified after heavy and unusual serpulid fouling was noted on vessel hulls in Cairns, north Queensland, and hull fouling is considered the most probable vector for its translocation to the western Pacific. In northern Australia, H. sanctaecrucis displays similar traits to other fouling and now widely dispersed fouling serpulids such as Hydroides elegans, H. ezoensis and Ficopomatus enigmaticus.     

Diet composition of two larval headwater stream salamanders and spatial distribution of prey

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Filograna (colonial serpulid worm tubes) from Upper Triassic (Norian) reef boulders of Taurus Mts. (southern Turkey)

Two colonial serpulid worm tubes—Filograna taurica n. sp. and Filograna serialis n. sp.—from the Upper Triassic (Norian) reef boulders occurring in Taurus Mts. (south Turkey) are described. As bafflers, both species of Filograna build microbioherms reaching dimensions of up to 15 cm. Both species were not known either in Turkey or in any other Triassic localities of the Tethyan realm.     

Probothriocephalus alaini n. sp. (Cestoda: Triaenophoridae) from the deep-sea fish Xenodermichthys copei in the North Atlantic Ocean

Probothriocephalus alaini n. sp. is described from the intestine of the deep-sea fish Xenodermichthys copei (Gill) (Osmeriformes: Alepocephalidae) from the North Atlantic. It resembles most closely the type-species of Probothriocephalus, P. muelleri Campbell, 1977 described from Alepocephalus agassizi Goode & Bean (Alepocephalidae), but it differs in the distribution of the vitelline follicles that form two medially well-separated bands (versus almost circum-cortical in P. muelleri), in the shape of gravid proglottids that are elongate, much longer than wide (always wider than long in P. muelleri), in the size of the body (much larger in the latter species) and a somewhat different shape of the scolex (widely lanceolate versus elongate and tapering anteriorly in P. muelleri). Other congeneric species, described from deep-sea fish of different orders (Myctophiformes and Beryciformes), lack a distinct neck region, their eggs were reported to be non-operculate and they have much more pronounced external segmentation.     

刺孢小克银汉霉原变种和轮生刺孢小克银汉霉变种(新组合)

刺孢小克银汉霉[Cunninghamella echinulata(Thaxt.) Thaxt. ex Blakeslce]是小克银汉霉属的模式种,多年来因不同作者是否将贝尼尔小克银汉霉(C. bainieri Naum.)包含在内而对此种持广义(sensu lato)或狭义(scnsu stricto)的不同理解。我们在国内分离到51株刺孢小克银汉霉(广义)菌种,经与获自css的7株菌(包括刺孢小克银汉霉的模式菌种在内)和IMI的1株菌(原定名称均为刺孢小克银汉霉)一起研究后,根据它们的无性型形态特征有明显不同但在配合试验中又可互相配合形成可育的接合孢子的结果,认为将它们处理为同一个种的两个不同变种较为合理.其中,13株中国的菌和3株CBS及IMI的菌被鉴定为刺孢小克银汉霉原变种(C. echinulata var. echinulata);其余的38株中国的菌和5株CBS的菌被鉴定为轮生刺孢小克银汉霉变种(新组合)[C. echinulata var. verticillata (F. S. Paine.) comb. nov.j.以‘轮生(verticillata)’作为新组合变种的加词是根据与贝尼尔小克银汉霉同物异名的‘轮生布拉小克银汉霉(C. blakesleeana var. verticillata (F. S. Paine) Baijal & B. S. Mchrotra)’而来的.在前人的工作中,对刺孢小克银汉霉持狭义理解的作者往往根据孢子枝的分枝方式、巨型暗色孢子的有无、以及40℃能否生长来区分这两个分类群.对刺孢小克银汉霉持广义理解的作者则认为这些特性毫无意义.我们同意后面两个特性意义不大,因为二者的许多菌系都能形成巨型暗色袍子并在40℃生长,但认为孢子枝分枝方式确实是区别这两个分类群的重要依据.此外,根据产孢构造的种类、孢子枝主枝的直径、孢子枝第一次分枝的数目、分枝长度、孢子枝主枝的顶生泡囊形状以及其直径等性状综合考虑,这两个分类群是不难明确区分的,对12株刺孢小克银汉霉原变种和13株轮生刺孢小克银汉霉相互之间所进行的配合试验结果表明,在具一定性亲和力的(+)、(一)菌系同时存在时,两个变种内和变种之间均可形成可育的接合孢子。对上述三种配合的各六对菌所形成的有性型形态的研究结果则表明,除轮生刺孢小克银汉霉变种内形成的接合孢子的壁往往较厚外,各种配合形成的有性型形态基本上是一致的.我们研究组的其他成员最近曾对小克银汉霉的22株菌进行了rDNA的ITS区的PCR产物长度测定,其中包括了刺孢小克银汉霉原变种和轮生刺孢小克银汉霉变种的各3株菌,它们的平均长度(bp)分别为890±7.5和915±7.6.这个结果也支持了我们在这两个分类群可以互相配合的情况下仍将它们作为两个不同变种的处理.这两个分类群虽然已被发表多次,但它们的描述和绘图均过于简单而未能充分显示出它们的区别性特征,因此我们在本文中再次作了描述并再次提供了详尽的线条图和显微照相.