肾茶的化学成分、药理活性和质量控制方法研究进展CSCD

肾茶作为知名度较高的民族药,在我国有着悠久的药用历史。肾茶富含黄酮类、苯丙素类以及萜类等多种化学成分,具有清热祛湿、排石利水、抗炎、抗氧化及抗菌等多种药理活性,同时肾茶的品质优劣对药效至关重要。因此本文就肾茶的化学成分、药理活性及质量控制方法三方面进行综述,以期为肾茶的化学成分、药理活性深入研究及肾茶质量的检测提供方法的参考。     

肾茶的研究进展

肾茶是一种对肾脏及与泌尿系统疾病具有良好功效的热带珍稀药用植物。随着能脏病中成药热潮的兴起,肾茶必将成为国内外医疗保健领域研究热点。本文就国内外对肾茶的化学成分、药理研究、临床运用的研究进行了综述。     

肾茶不同生长阶段熊果酸含量的变化(简报)

对肾茶定植后不同时期的熊果酸含量进行测定,结果表明,肾茶在不同生长阶段中熊果酸含量差异明显,定植后30—90d极显著高于105—120d。因此,在四川攀西地区,肾茶在定植后90d左右收获,可保证其药材有较高的熊果酸含量。     

傣药“雅糯妙”（肾茶）正丁醇部位的化学成分研究

目的：对肾茶正丁醇部位进行系统分离和化合物鉴定,为探索肾茶药理活性物质基础研究奠定基础;方法：采用多种分离纯化技术（硅胶柱层析色谱、反相硅胶柱色谱、SephadesLH-20、半制备型高效液相色谱等）对肾茶正丁醇部位化学成分进行系统的分离纯化,得到单体化合物;运用电喷雾质谱（ESI—MS）、核磁共振氢谱（1HNMR）、核磁共振碳谱（13CNMR／DEPT）和二维核磁共振谱（HSQC,HMBC）对所得单体化合物进行结构鉴定。结果：从肾茶正丁醇部位中共分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为：原儿茶酸甲酯（1）、原儿茶醛（2）、原儿茶酸（3）、3,4．二羟基苯乙酸甲酯（4）、3,4一二甲氧基乙酸甲酯（5）、2,5-二羟基苯甲醛（6）、苯甲酸（7）、咖啡酸（8）、迷迭香酸（9）。结论：肾茶正丁醇部位主要化学成分为酚醛、芳香酸及其衍生物,除分离得到之前献报告的咖啡酸、迷迭香酸等外,还首次分离鉴定4个化合物（1,4,5,6）,其中化合物6为首次从植物中分离得到,并首次对该化合物核磁数据进行了归属;化合物1、4、5均为首次从肾荼属植物中分离得到。     

肾茶的化学成分

肾茶〔Clerodendranthus spicatus(Thunb.)C.Y.Wu〕是治疗慢性肾炎的植物药,分布在印度东部、泰国、马来群岛、印尼及我国滇南。本世纪初它就以“猫须草”(Kumis-kuching)之名在远东各国草药市场上销售。我国民间用于治疗肾脏炎、肾结石等症,有一定的疗效。肾茶的化学成分研究开始较平,但均未得到有意义的结果。松浦     

海南栽培肾茶的化学成分研究

为了解肾茶(Clerodendranthus spicatus)的化学成分,从海南栽培肾茶地上部分分离得到11个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为:吐叶醇(1)、丁香脂素(2)、3,4-二羟基苯乙醇(3)、甜橙素(4)、5,6,7,4′-四甲氧基黄酮(5)、5-羟基-6,7,3′,4′-四甲氧基黄酮(6)、6-羟基-5,7,4′-三甲氧基黄酮(7)、5-羟基-6,7,3′,4′-四甲氧基黄烷酮(8)、3,3′,5-三羟基-4′,7-二甲氧基-二氢黄酮(9)、松脂素(10)和熊果酸(11)。化合物3、9和10为首次从肾茶中分离得到。对化合物1~6进行活性测试,结果表明化合物3~5对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有一定的抑制活性。     

基于代谢组学技术探讨特色傣药肾茶的“雅解”作用机制

中药代谢组学是本草基因组学重要的组成部分,基于代谢组学技术研究中药及民族药作用机理已成为中药现代化研究的重要手段之一.傣药为中国"四大民族药"之一,具有完善的理论体系,其中"雅解"理论是其最具特色的医药理论."雅解"为傣语,意译为解药;肾茶是傣药"解药"之一,傣族人民长期代茶饮,临床上具有显著的保健和"解毒"作用.本研究应用液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测给予正常大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)肾茶提取物后大鼠尿液和血清中代谢物的变化,质谱数据采用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析方法寻找正常组和给药组之间的代谢物差异,并通过变量重要性投影选取潜在生物标志物,结合质谱信息和数据库检索对潜在生物标志物进行鉴定,将鉴定到的生物标志物输入MetPA数据库中构建代谢通路和关联网络.结果表明,两组大鼠尿液和血清中代谢物模式识别得到了很好的区分,分别发现并鉴定了39个尿液的潜在生物标志物和26个血清的潜在生物标志物,尿液的生物标志物主要与三羧酸循环、氨基酸代谢、辅酶A生物合成、脂类代谢、嘌呤代谢、胆汁酸合成等13条代谢通路相关,血清的生物标记物主要与氨基酸生物合成、氨基酸代谢、脂类代谢等5条代谢通路相关.该研究发现,口服肾茶提取物后可能提高机体基础代谢水平及免疫能力,同时提高机体对毒素的分解能力从而发挥其"解毒"机制.本研究为阐明肾茶的"雅解"机制提供了科学依据,同时为扩大肾茶的临床应用以及傣药中其他"雅解"类品种的开发提供了借鉴,也为丰富传统医药中"治未病"理论的科学内涵提供了参考.     

肾茶种苗扦插试验(简报)

对肾茶种苗的扦插繁殖研究表明,在四川攀西地区8～10 月育苗,苗床选择向阳(晴天阳光照射6h 以上),沙床,冬天气温低于15℃应搭拱棚覆盖塑料薄膜越冬,成苗率可达90%以上。     

肾形线虫生活史各阶段的形态特征

林福耳德(Linford)和奥力维拉(Oliveira)首次在美国报道肾形线虫寄生在马铃薯的块茎和豆类根部,随斤史密斯(Smith)和泰勒(Taylor)于1941年报道肾形线虫侵染棉花和大豆根系,斯坦涅尔(Steiner)于1949年在美国佛罗里达州发现肾形绂虫严重危害番茄和咖啡树。笔者于1974—1981年先后在我国福建省的丝瓜、空心菜、四季豆、黄瓜等蔬菜作物,在广东省的芭蕉、香蕉、木瓜、桃树、芒果、茶苗、菠萝、桑、冬瓜、番茄、豆角、辣椒、花生、烟草等作     

核基因组微卫星标记揭示大理茶参与了普洱茶的驯化过程

利用11个核基因组微卫星标记对普洱茶3个居群、大理茶3个居群及过渡型大理茶2个居群共104株古茶树进行了遗传学分析。研究表明,普洱茶、大理茶和过渡型大理茶居群的遗传多样性相对较低,平均等位基因(Na)为4.852,平均香农多样性指数(I)为1.17,平均期望杂合度(He)和观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.59和0.52,其中大理茶的遗传多样性水平低于普洱茶和过渡型大理茶。AMOVA分析表明,普洱茶和大理茶之间遗传分化显著(FST=0.305),遗传变异主要在居群内(分别为93.51%和89.41%),而居群间的遗传变异较低(分别为6.49%和10.59%)。主成分分析和STRUCTURE聚类分析均支持大理茶和普洱茶为不同的组,过渡型大理茶主要由大理茶驯化而来,并在栽培过程中与大理茶产生了遗传分化。在混栽的大理茶和普洱茶居群间存在由大理茶向普洱茶的明显基因渐渗,证实了大理茶参与了普洱茶的驯化过程。最后,讨论并提出了对大理茶和普洱茶古茶树资源保护的相关建议。     

Systematic Study on Lomatogonium A. Br. (Gentianaceae)

The present paper deals with the infrageneric classification, phylogeny and geographic distribution of the genus Lomatogonium. A cladistic analysis was undertaken to establish the taxa and to evaluate the relationships between the taxa. The PAUP computer program was used in this analysis. The most parsimonious tree (Cladogram) of the rotate-corolla group of subtribe Gentianinae shows that Lomatogonium is closely related to Lomatogoniopsis and Swertia, but distantly to Veratrilla. Among them, Swertia is more primitive than Lomatogonium and hence Sect. Swertia was selected as the outgroup to polarize the character states of ingroup (Lomatogonium). A data matrix of 29 charaters of Lomatogonium was made for constructing the cladogram. Two most parsimonious trees were formed one of which, with the lowest f value, was at last selected as a shortest tree. In this tree 18 species fall into three groups, i.e. Sect. Sarcorhizoma, Sect. Lomatogonium and Sect. Pleurogynella. The former comes at a lower level with more plesiomorphies while the latter at a higher level with more apomorphies. Lomatogonium is distributed in the northern temperate zone. However, 16 species are centred in Asia and two extend to Europe, or further to the Arctic region, but none has been found from Africa, Australia and South erica. The analysis of distribution pattern of species shows that the Qinling-Hengduan Mountain region is both the frequence and diversity centers of Lomatogonium. From the cladogram of Lomatogonium (Fig. 5 ), L. perenne appears to occupy the most plesiomorphic node. This is an indication that it is the extant species closest to the ancestral form and it also implies that the ancestral species may reside in the habitat of this species (the Qinlin-Hengduan Mountain region). On the other hand, a umber of species of Swertia Sect. Swertia also occur in this region today, which indicates that the Qinlin-Hengduan Mountain region may well be the original center of Lomatogonium. From the distribution pattern of L. rotatum, it can be concluded that the time of the origin dates back at least before the Pliocene. After emergence, this genus had first developed and dispersed in the original center and adjacent region, then diverged into two lineages. One gave rise to the widespread species (northern temperate distribution species L. carinthiacum and L. rotatum), and the other formed the Himalayan species.A taxonomic revision of the whole genus Lomatogonium is presented. In this paper, one new section (Sect. Sarcorhizoma), one new species (L. zhongdianense S. W. Liu et T. N. Ho) and one new variety (L. forrestii var. densiflorum S. W. Liu et T. N. Ho) are described. The key to the species is given. Type studies are made for all the taxa.     

Seasonal distribution and abundance of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) in the Faro and Deo Division of the Adamaoua Plateau in Cameroon

Ten years after the large-scale tsetse control campaigns in the important cattle rearing areas of the Faro and Deo Division of the Adamaoua Plateau in Cameroon, the seasonal distribution and abundance of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) were determined. During a period of 12 consecutive months (January-December 2005), the tsetse population was monitored along four trap transects consisting of a total of 32 traps and two flyround transects traversing the study area, which comprised the tsetse-infested valley, a buffer zone and the supposedly tsetse-free plateau. Throughout the study period, a total of 2195 Glossina morsitans submorsitans and 23 Glossina tachinoides were captured in the traps and 1007 G. m. submorsitans (78.8% male flies) were captured along the flyround transects. All G. tachinoides and almost all G. m. submorsitans were captured in the valley. Five G. m. submorsitans were captured in traps located in the buffer zone, whereas no flies were captured in traps located on the plateau. The index of apparent abundance (IAA) of G. m. submorsitans was substantially higher in the areas close to game reserves. In the remaining part of the valley, where wildlife is scarce and cattle are present during transhumance (dry season), the IAA of tsetse was substantially lower. In this part of the valley, the abundance of tsetse seemed to be associated with the presence of cattle, with the highest IAA during transhumance when cattle are present and the lowest apparent abundance during the rainy season when cattle have moved to the plateau. It is concluded that the distribution of tsetse in a large part of the valley undergoes substantial seasonal changes depending on the presence or absence of cattle. The repercussions of those findings for the control of tsetse in the valley and the probability of reinvasion of the plateau are discussed.     

Evidence of Host Discrimination by Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Euphorinae), a Parasitoid of the Argentine Stem Weevil Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Microctonus hyperodae is a solitary endoparasitoid of the Argentine stem weevil, Listronotus bonariensis. Early investigation into the biology of the parasitoid indicated that there was no discrimination between parasitized and unparasitized hosts. However, dissection data from two experiments were analyzed according to three mathematical models. Model I was based on the Poisson distribution and assumed random selection of hosts. The host discrimination model (model II) assumed that parasitized hosts had reduced attractiveness to searching parasitoids. A competition model (model III) made the assumption that competition between the early immature parasitoid stages led to premature mortality, which was not accounted for in the dissection results. The dissection data indicated statistically significant departure from the Poisson model. Results from the laboratory experiment indicated that host discrimination explained the results more accurately than parasitoid larval competition. Models II and III both provided adequate fits to the field data, although the departure from the observed data was greatest for the competition model. Both intra- and inter-ecotypic host recognition were evident, and there was some indication that clonal recognition took place. This is the first evidence of host discrimination by a member of the genus Microctonus. It has provided further indication of the success of M. hyperodae as a biological control agent.     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Le Lias et le Dogger du sud du Bassin parisien (France) : rôle de la tectonique syn-sédimentaire et reconstitutions paléogéographiques à l'échelle de la biozone d'ammonite

The Lias and Dogger series in the southern Paris Basin outcrops are precisely dated following the ammonite biozonation scale. In these series, the depositional environment context is accurately identified and thus various isopic zones can bee recognized. From the outcrop study, the depositional sequence and the tectonics events are also distinguished. The poorly dated subsurface data should be not anymore interpreted as diagraphic signatures, with the traditional peak to peak correlation. They now need to be analysed according to the geodynamic evolution of each isopic zone. The Liassic transgressive series (in the Armorican continent) and the Dogger platforms numerous carbonate bodies are correlated at biostratigraphic scale, throughout the whole southern Paris Basin. Subsequently, paleogeographic maps are established and based on depositional sequences. The basin evolution image changes radically. This shows clearly that the complexes carbonate bodies layout prohibits any depositional environment interpretation and any isopach mapping at geological stage level. If not, the carbonate platforms of different age would be amalgamated, without any connection with the reality. Over the time, paleogeographic maps show syn-sedimentary short wavelength deformations, more or less well expressed according to the local sedimentary context. During the Lias and the Dogger, three steps can be distinguished in the southern Paris Basin. Hettangian to Lower Aalenian, the progressive increase in accommodation drives to total immersion of the continental areas; the maximum of accommodation during the Middle Toarcian entails uniform sedimentary conditions. However, short wavelength deformations persist. The major accidents defining the isopic zones are mainly North-South oriented. Middle Aalenian to Middle Bathonian, isopic zones are contrasted, controlled by the North-South accidents but also the North West-South East ones ; the variable accommodation allowed the development of regional sedimentary gaps and shallow limestone progradations on a marly area (so called “Sillon marneux”) ; tectonics events correspond to the Tethyan and the North Sea riftings influences. Upper Bathonian to Upper Oxfordian, the North West-South East tectonics accidents are particularly active; this tectonic phase could be associated to the thermal event, described in the Paris Basin and announcing the Malm depositional environment.     

An Ultrastructural Study on the Development of Egg- apparatus in Rice Embryo Sac

The development of the egg-apparatus (consisted of an egg cell and two synergids) of rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) was studied at the uhrastructural level. The walls of the egg cell and synergids, immediately after their formation, possessed numerous plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata were also present on walls between the egg cell and synergids. During the enlargement phase of the egg cell and synergids, the walls at the tip region began to loosen and vesiculate. By the time the embryo sac became mature, the part of the wall of the egg cell and synergids, facing the chalaza, disappeared. Consequently, the tip regions of the egg cell and synergids were only protected by a plasma membrane. When the embryo sac reached full maturity, the upper and middle region of the wall of the synergids broke up into pieces. At that time one synergid began to degenerate. Plasmodesmata persisted at the hook region of the wall of both the egg cell and synergids. Most plastids in the egg cell contained starch grains that persisted throughout the period of the embryo sac development. Starch grains in the plastids of the synergids appeared only before the time when the two polar-nuclei moved into the region above the egg-apparatus. They then disappeared and did not appear again until the embryo sac had reached full maturity. The size and location of the vacuoles in the egg cell were different from those in the synergids. The time of formation was also different. Vacuoles in the egg cell formed late in comparison with the synergids. Vacuoles in the chalazal region of the egg cell (especially at the early stage of the embryo sac development) were much larger than those in the micropylar region. Vacuoles in the synergids tended to concentrate mainly in the chalazal region. There was a peak period of lipid formation in the two synergids. The peak appeared when the embryo sac neared maturity. At the early stage of development, the nuclei of the synergids were elliptical in shape and were situated at the central region near the micropyle. The shape of the nuclei at the late stage of development became less regular and tended to move more towards the micropylar region. Changes in the uhrastructure of the egg cell and synergids of rice appeared to be closely related to the metabolic processes controlling the embryo sac formation and development.     

A reassessment of the relations in Malaysia between ants (Crematogaster) on trees (Leptospermum and Dacrydium) and epiphytes of the genus Dischidia (Asclepiadaceae) including 'ant-plants'

Three species of epiphytic Dischidia have been investigated in terms of their relationship to ants on trees. Two species, D. parvifolia and D. astephana , are associated with ants and trees in montane areas. A clear association has been found between ants of the genus Crematogaster and the tree Leptospermum flavescens. This relationship is complex and probably both organisms benefit from the association. The ants live in tunnels in the wood of the major branches and the trunk, and the entire tree is occupied by one ant colony. Trees occupied by ants are maintained by the ants substantially clear of epiphytes other than the two species of Dischidia. The potential benefits to the tree and to the ants of this association are noted. The roots of D. astephana and D. parvifolia penetrate into the cavities of these ant nests and presumably gain nutrients from waste in the ant nests. Both Dischidia species are effectively scavenging upon the waste material from the ant-tree association. The leathery dome-shaped leaves of D. astephana are not vital to the development of the scavenging habit as D. parvifolia has lens-shaped leaves, but may offer some advantage to D. astephana by the uptake of nutrients from waste deposited by the ants under the dome-shaped leaves by interception of stem flow and by uptake of gaseous waste. Ants do not nest under these leaves. Seeds of these species of Dischidia are taken by ants into the central woody area of the ant nest where they germinate. Both Leptospermum and Dischidia can be visualized as showing adaptations to a nutient-deficient tropical montane environment. These adaptations are discussed as is the need for reassessment in this genus of the term 'ant-plant', and the need for wider recognition of the 1ant-tree' relationship between Crematogaster and Leptospermum.     

New freshwater diatom genus,Edtheriotia gen. nov. of the Stephanodiscaceae (Bacillariophyta) from south‐central China

We describe a new genus and species of the diatom family Stephanodiscaceae with light and scanning electron microscopy from Libo Small Hole, Libo County, Guizhou Province, China. Edtheriotia guizhoiana gen. & sp. nov. has striae across the valve face of varying lengths, and are composed of fine striae towards the margin and onto the mantle. Many round to stellate siliceous nodules cover the exterior of the valve. External fultoportulae opening are short tubes; the opening of the rimportula lacks a tube. Internally a hyaline rim is positioned near the margin. Marginal fultoportulae possess two arcuate opercles. Areolae have domed cribra on the valve face. Those near the margin do not open to the interior. One to three sessile to slightly‐raised rimportulae are placed on the valve face towards the margin; they do not terminate shortened striae towards the center of the valve. This suite of features distinguishes this group from other known genera in the Stephanodicaeae. Cyclotella shanxiensis is transferred to Edtheriotia, making the new combination E. shanxiensis (Xie & Qi) Kociolek et al. comb. nov. It differs from E. guizhoiana by the presence of open pores near the margin of the valve. Features of the new genus are compared and contrasted with others in the Family Stephanodiscaceae. The two species of the genus, unlike most in the family, are known only from rivers and ponds from China and Japan.     

Early embryonic development of the mayfly Ephemera japonica McLachlan (Insecta: Ephemeroptera,Ephemeridae)

In the newly laid egg of the mayfly Ephemera japonica, an egg nucleus (oocyte nucleus) at metaphase of the first maturation division is in the polar plasm at the mid-ventral side of the egg, and a male pronucleus lies in the periplasm beneath a micropyle situated just opposite the polar plasm or at the mid-dorsal side of egg. The maturation divisions are typical. An extensive and circuitous migration of the male pronucleus is involved in the fertilization process: it first moves anteriad in the periplasm from beneath the micropyle to the anterior pole of the egg and then turns posteriad in the yolk along the egg's long axis to the site of syngamy, near the center of the egg. Cleavage is superficial. The successive eight cleavages, of which the first five are synchronized, result in the formation of the blastoderm, and about ten primary yolk cells remain behind in the yolk. Even in the newly formed blastoderm, the thick embryonic posterior half and the thin extraembryonic anterior half areas are distinguished: the former cells are concentrated at the posterior pole of the egg to form the germ disc, and the latter cells become more flattened, forming serosa. Time-lapse VTR observations reveal a yolk stream that is in accord with the migration of the male pronucleus in time and direction. The yolk stream is also generated in activated unfertilized eggs, and it is probable that the migration of the male pronucleus in association with the fertilization may be directed by the yolk stream. J. Morphol. 238:327–335, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Pandanus subg. Martellidendron (Pandanaceae) part II: revision of sect. Martellidendron Pic. Serm. in Madagascar

This paper provides a taxonomic revision of Pandanus sect. Martellidendron , which so far comprises six species of which only one is known from both staminate and pistillate plants. Research in herbaria and in the field in Madagascar has provided the data on which a revision of the unclear taxonomy of this section can be based. Based on micromorphology, architecture and phytogeography, the number of these dioecious species is reduced. One new species (P. gallinarum Callmander) from the Biosphere reserve of Mananara-North on the east coast is described, and P. karaka Martelli is transferred to this section 30 years after it was assigned to section Dauphinensia. A key to all species of subg. Martellidendron is provided. Finally, the important role of the section for the understanding of the phylogeny of the Pandanaceae is discussed in the context of Indian Ocean biogeography.