中国汉族锁骨性别差异的初步研究

本文通过对中国汉族２７９副成人干燥锁骨的测量（其中男性：２４１副,女性：３８副）,研究了中国汉族锁骨性别判定的方法,研究结果表明,用单一指标进行锁骨的性别,准确率很低,本文作者提出了锁骨表面积指数,锁骨截面积指数,并以此作为锁骨性别判定的依据,性别判别率最高可分别为９０．６８％和８４．２３％。本文提出的方法是骨骼性别判定中一种新的简单而准确的方法。     

牛冷冻试管胚胎性别鉴定的应用

利用双引物PCR技术对优质良种牛体外受精的冷冻胚胎进行性别鉴定。并对分割后的半胚分别进行PCR扩增和染色体分析,两种方法的判定结果相吻合,在本实验条件下,利用减少PCR体系中细胞的数量来确定最低的模板DNA的检出量,2－细胞不能检测,4－细胞检出率为62．5％,8－细胞为90％,16－细胞以上为100％。对23牧经过性别鉴定后的胚胎进行移植,获得5头纯种试管牛,产犊率为21．7％,与正常的胚胎移植 结果27．3％（3／11）无显著差异,预测性比为100％符合。     

山羊体外受精胚性别鉴定不同取样方法的研究

为了不断完善山羊早期胚胎性别鉴定技术,实现奶山羊雌性胚胎的体外生产与商业化,本研究对胚胎性别鉴定的两种采样方法进行比较。结果表明,两种取样方法性别鉴定结果的准确性没有差异,桑椹胚经打孔法采样后胚胎妊娠率(36．84％)明显高于切割法(31．25％),囊胚经切割法采样后胚胎妊娠率(31．58％)明显高于打孔法(23．53％),综合比较,胚胎性别鉴定应以打孔法采集早期桑椹胚为宜。     

间接免疫荧光鉴别奶牛胚胎性别的研究

本实验用H—Y抗体的间接免疫荧光方法对奶牛6—7日龄胚胎进行性别鉴别。用数排卵法获得的胚胎,共选37枚在含H—Y抗血清的M2培养液中温育30min,用M2培养液清洗后,在含FITC—荧光标记的羊抗鼠IgG二抗的M2中温育30min,经洗后的胚胎在Nikon倒置荧光显微镜下鉴别有无荧光,结果21枚胚胎有特异免疫荧光,判作雄性胚胎;16枚无特异免疫荧光,判作雌性胚胎,分别占57％和43％。这与自然出生公母犊各约50％和性比率无显著差别(P>0.25),判定为雄性的5枚胚胎移植给3头受体奶牛(每头移植1或2枚)、3枚判定为雌性胚胎移植给2头受体奶牛一头移植一枚,枚、另一头移植2枚)移植后两个月时检查有3头受体怀孕,其中,一头移植有荧光胚胎的受体返植无荧光胚胎的2头受体各产一母犊(体重皆41kg)。     

小鼠早期胚胎性别鉴定的研究

用改进的细胞遗传学方法制备染色体标本,鉴定了小鼠晚期桑椹胚(晚桑)、囊胚和扩展囊胚(扩囊)的性别。在实验中,利用小鼠早期胚胎染色体标本制备的理想实验参数,鉴定了242枚小鼠晚桑、囊胚和扩囊的性别,性别鉴定成功率分别为80.4％、99.0％和94.5％。以细胞遗传学方法鉴定小鼠早期胚胎性别的结果为标准,得出用间接免疫荧光法和PCR(聚合酶链反应)扩增SRY(y染色体的性别决定期)部分序列法分别鉴定100枚和26枚小鼠胚胎性别的准确率相应地为74.0％和92.3％。     

下颌骨的性别判别分析研究

对183例国人成年下颌骨的统计检验表明,13项测量数据中有12项性别差异显著。其中下颌枝高性别差异最为明显,其单项性别判别率达80％。采用Fisher判别分析法建立了11项判定国人下颌骨性别的判别函数,判别率为85.2％—87.4％。     

基于全外显子组数据的ABO血型的基因判定

全外显子组测序研究已经应用在疾病、药物等方面,是临床研究中一种辅助分子诊断方法。该方法也逐步应用在临床ABO血型的判定中,由于目前临床血型判定的主要方法是血清学,疑难样本判定等问题无法解决,因此分子水平的基因测序方法提高了血型判定的准确性,比如PCR方法和基因芯片方法。为进一步提高ABO血型精细分型的准确性,通过分析全外显子组测序数据,开发了相关的VBA程序,能够快速自动化判定ABO精细分型,并且初步判定结果与临床判定结果一致,可以作为临床血型精确判定的辅助手段。     

麻雀身体大小的性二态和基于身体量度的性别判定

身体大小的性二态是鸟类中较为普遍的现象.性二态的研究是理解性选择的关键,也能为性二态鸟类的野外快速性别判定提供依据.麻雀Passer montanus通常被认为是一种性单态鸟类,野外很难通过外在特征识别性别,有关麻雀性二态和性别判定的研究很少.2017—2018年每年的1—3月,在甘肃省庆阳市陇东学院校园内用雾网捕捉到...     

用DNA杂交技术检测临床分离株的四种耐四环素基因

采用DNA杂交技术对来自我国几个省的306株革兰氏阴性杆菌携带的耐四环素基因(Tet)的分布进行了研究。所有菌株均用15种生化反应数码分析法判定,绿脓杆菌用双歧法鉴定。用四种Tet探针检测结果如下：TetB占31．4％,TetD占25．2％TetA占1 2.5％,TetC占10．5％。与四种探针均不杂交者占36．6％。含1种基因的菌株占51．3％,含2种的占7．5％,含3种的占2．9％,含4种的占1．6％。不同地区的菌株的Tet种类不完全相同。还发现在严格控制的条件下杂交,TetA和Tetc有交叉反应。     

应用Fourier变换对东北地区成人颅骨性别差异的研究

本研究所用材料为已知性别、已知年龄的东北地区汉族成人干燥颅骨。应用Fourier变换,将额骨矢状弧的形态转变成Fourier极数,然后应用多元逐步判别分析求得性别判别函数,判别符合率达到90.10％。对31例已知性别汉族成人颅骨盲测,正确率达到84.21% (男性) 和83.33％ (女性) 。研究表明,颅骨的大小和年龄对本方法的判别结果无显著影响。     

西安地区现代人胫骨的人类学研究

本文对西安地区现代成人胫骨100副(男50,女50)进行了人类学的研究。按马丁方法测量了胫骨全长、髁踝长,上下段宽,上内侧和上外侧关节面的矢径,下段矢径,滋养孔平面最大横径和矢径,体最小周径和胫骨扭转角。计算出胫骨指数,长厚指数和胫股指数。并对一些数据进行了种族和地区的对比。     

Ultrasonographic assessment of bone maturity in newborns

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, the bone maturity at birth has been estimated from the radiological presence and size of the ossified distal femoral epiphysis. This study was conducted in a search for a sonographic tool for the evaluation of neonatal bone maturity. METHODS: We examined sonographically 256 neonates within 24 h of birth. Gestational ages ranged from 36 to 42 weeks (mean: 39.4; median: 40). Birth weights ranged from 1,945 to 5,000 g (mean: 3,175; median: 3,180). The distal femoral epiphysis was imaged on the coronal plane sonogram of the distal femur with the knee at 90 degrees flexion and the distal femoral epiphysis maximal height was recorded. The acetabulum was imaged using Graf's method in the coronal plane image and the acetabular diameter recorded. RESULTS: It was found that plotting the distal femoral epiphysis against neonatal birth weight and gestational age provided a simple method for assessing the bone maturity. According to our study, a neonate can be regarded as bone maturity percentile X when plotting distal femoral epiphysis height or acetabulum diameter against birth weight and gestational age or when averaging the four readings. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest performing sonography of the distal femoral epiphysis as a bedside tool for the assessment of skeletal maturity in newborns.     

萨拉乌苏河流域化石智人的身高

采用股骨骨干下部横径等,根据中国汉族男女性长骨碎骨的身高推断回归方程推测有比较明确地层记载的萨拉乌苏河流域化石智人的身高。据此计算复原股骨长。采用一系列身高推测公式,得出该标本可能的身高范围并比较。该化石的身材比北京直立人高。与晚更新世智人相比,该流域化石智人的身材比山顶洞化石人类矮,比柳江化石人类高。     

人体测量指标与掌指纹特征之间的相关研究

本文对106名中国东北汉族女性进行了活体测量,并拓取了掌指纹。样本的年龄范围为18—34岁。所分析的人体测量指标共41项,掌指纹指标共59项。将人体测量指标与掌指纹指标同时输入电子计算机,进行了100项实验指标间的相关分析,并做了相关显著性检验。在41项人体测量指标中,有35项指标与掌指纹特征有相关关系。其中与掌指纹特征同时相关的人体测量特征有18项,与指纹特征相关的人体测量指标有2项,与掌纹相关的人体测量指标有15项。与掌指纹特征同时相关的人体测量特征,与遗传因素之间的相互关系大于与指纹相关的人体测量特征。与指纹相关的人体测量特征,与遗传因素的关系,要大于与掌纹相关的人体测量特征。     

新疆塔什库尔干塔吉克族体质特征调查

本文调查了新疆塔什库尔干塔吉克族成人155人(男100人、女55人)。观察24项,测量72项。调查结果表明,塔吉克族有其本民族的特征。如发色黑、波形、胡须多、眉毛发达,头最大宽、面宽、鼻宽均较窄,鼻根高、鼻尖下垂、鼻孔最大横径以斜和矢状位为多,未出现蒙古褶。经比较,塔吉克族与其他黄种人东亚人种较远。我们认为这些特征与白种人印度-阿富汗类型很接近。     

Articular constraint, handedness, and directional asymmetry in the human second metacarpal

The hypothesis that functional adaptation of joint surfaces to mechanical loading occurs primarily through change in mass, density, and structure of subarticular trabeculae (the "articular constraint" model) is investigated through an analysis of directional asymmetry among three separate bone compartments in the human second metacarpal. Measures of midshaft cross-sectional geometry, osteometry of the distal epiphysis, and subarticular trabecular microarchitecture of the distal epiphysis (assessed by high-resolution microcomputed tomography) were determined for 29 paired male and female metacarpals from a well-preserved nineteenth-century Euro-Canadian historic cemetery sample. For each measure, asymmetry was quantified using both mean-difference and confidence-interval methods. Both methods found a significant right-hand bias for measures of structural strength in midshaft geometry, as has been previously noted for this sample. Articular size, however, exhibits a right-hand bias only with regard to mediolateral, and not dorsopalmar, dimensions, a result that may reflect directional asymmetry in hand breadth at the distal palmar arch. The most striking asymmetries occur for subarticular trabecular microarchitecture. The right metacarpal head exhibits greater bone volume fraction, bone surface density, trabecular number, connectivity, and a more platelike rather than rodlike structure. These outcomes confer greater resistance to both axial compressive and shear strains for the metacarpal head at the metacarpophalangeal arthrosis. In all, these results confirm and extend previous research documenting structural asymmetries and limb dominance and are consistent with the concept of articular constraint. They also suggest a morphological signal through which functional asymmetry associated with handedness in fossil hominins may be investigated.     

The rate of linear deposition of bone tissue in the bone spongiosum of lactating rats on a low calcium diet

In the epiphysis and metaphysis of lactating rats, submitted to a Ca++ depletion for 10 and 30 days and a Ca++ repletion diet for 10 days, the density of spongiosa framework and the bone tissue linear accretion rate were compared with those of control rats. The distal metaphyses of femora of the rats fed a calcium free diet for 10 and 30 days lose 50% and 90% of the trabecular framework respectively, while the epiphysis of the same bone lose only 45% and 56%. The linear accretion rate in these regions increases by 7.9 and 24.7% in the epiphysis and by 11.3% and 75.6% in the metaphysis of rats fed a calcium-free diet for 10 and 30 days respectively. Our data indicate that the bone tissue linear accretion rate changes not only between the corresponding regions of control and experimental rats but, in the latter, also in different regions of the same bone. Moreover, the higher the bone loss is, the higher bone accretion rate will be. The correlation between the bone tissue linear accretion rate and the bone loss indicates that the same local factor - probably mechanical - controls the activity and distribution of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.     

Development of the cartilage canals and the secondary center of ossification in the distal chondroepiphysis of the prenatal human femur.

The cartilaginous epiphysis of the distal femur is vascularized by a network of cartilage canals during prenatal development. The vascular invasion of the epiphysis begins at approximately eight to ten weeks of gestation with the initiation of cartilage canal formation. A complex vascular system develops within the canals and is well defined by fourteen weeks of gestation. The vascular system is fully developed several months prior to the development of the secondary center of ossification. The formation of the secondary center of ossification within the distal femoral epiphysis is preceded by changes that occur simultaneously within both the chondrocytes in the central portion of the epiphysis and the vascular and perivascular elements contained within the cartilage canals in the central portion of the epiphysis. These concurrent changes in the cellular morphology of the central chondrocytes and in the cellular structure of the central cartilage canals appear to be linked with the initiation of the process of osteogenesis.     

Sagittal Diameter Minus Subcutaneous Thickness. An Easy-to-Obtain Parameter That Improves Visceral Fat Prediction

ARMELLINI FABIO, MAURO ZAMBONI, TAMARA HARRIS, ROCCO MICCIOLO, OTTAVIO BOSELLO. Sagittal diameter minus subcutaneous thickness. An easy-to-obtain parameter that improves visceral fat prediction. Two groups of 99 and 98 women were studied to test if correcting sagittal diameter by subtracting the thickness of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue improves its degree of association with visceral adipose tissue. The first group (age, 40 ± 14 years; body mass index [BMI], 36 ± 6 kg/m²) was used to calculate the predictive equations for visceral adipose tissue. The second group (age, 43 ± 14 years; BMI, 37 ± 6 kg/m²) was used for cross-validation. Various anthropometric parameters were measured by ultrasound and computed tomography. Correlation coefficients with single-slice visceral adipose tissue area, after sagittal diameter was corrected by subtracting subcutaneous thickness, rose from 0.63 to 0.72 in the first group and from 0.64 to 0.71 in the second group. The standard error of residuals of the regression formula for visceral adipose tissue area was 10% lower with modified sagittal diameter than with sagittal diameter alone. During cross-validation, the standard error of differences was 5% lower with modified sagittal diameter. The visceral adipose tissue estimate was also less biased by the size of the area when sagittal diameter minus subcutaneous thickness was used. Results show that subtracting the thickness of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from sagittal diameter significantly improves the predictive power of sagittal diameter for visceral adipose tissue and could be a useful tool for epidemiological studies.     

Molecular development of fibular reduction in birds and its evolution from dinosaurs

Birds have a distally reduced, splinter‐like fibula that is shorter than the tibia. In embryonic development, both skeletal elements start out with similar lengths. We examined molecular markers of cartilage differentiation in chicken embryos. We found that the distal end of the fibula expresses Indian hedgehog (IHH), undergoing terminal cartilage differentiation, and almost no Parathyroid‐related protein (PTHrP), which is required to develop a proliferative growth plate (epiphysis). Reduction of the distal fibula may be influenced earlier by its close contact with the nearby fibulare, which strongly expresses PTHrP. The epiphysis‐like fibulare however then separates from the fibula, which fails to maintain a distal growth plate, and fibular reduction ensues. Experimental downregulation of IHH signaling at a postmorphogenetic stage led to a tibia and fibula of equal length: The fibula is longer than in controls and fused to the fibulare, whereas the tibia is shorter and bent. We propose that the presence of a distal fibular epiphysis may constrain greater growth in the tibia. Accordingly, many Mesozoic birds show a fibula that has lost its distal epiphysis, but remains almost as long as the tibia, suggesting that loss of the fibulare preceded and allowed subsequent evolution of great fibulo–tibial disparity.