用改进的重叠延伸PCR技术构建三位点突变载体

目的:改进传统重叠延伸PCR方法,实现引入3个不同DNA突变位点的简便的多位点定点突变。方法:根据前期构建的包含人线粒体12S rRNA(NC 01290)3个热点突变位点的野生型质粒序列,利用Muta Primer 2.0软件设计针对3个热点突变位点的3对互补的定点突变引物,以野生型质粒为模板,结合重叠延伸PCR反应和冷冻析出法,产生同时包含3个突变位点的突变目的片段,酶切后克隆到载体中,测序确证是否突变成功。结果:DNA测序证实3个不同突变位点同时成功引入,定点突变载体构建成功。结论:用改进的重叠延伸PCR技术能简便、高效地获得多位点定点突变载体,在分子生物学领域有较高的使用价值。     

重叠延伸PCR对DNA片段进行定点双突变

探讨如何利用重叠延伸PCR对同一靶DNA片段中的两个不同位点实施联合突变。先用野生型DNA作模板,通过一轮重叠延伸PCR,获得突变一个预期位点的DNA片段,再用此突变DNA片段作模板,通过另一轮重叠延伸PCR获得两个预期位点均突变的DNA片段。重叠延伸PCR能对DNA片段进行双突变甚至多点突变,具有简便、快速、经济等特点,在阐明基因的调控机理、改造蛋白质结构等分子生物学领域中具有极大的应用价值。     

基于重叠延伸PCR法的定点突变技术

目的:建立一种高效而经济的定点突变方法。方法:采用重叠延伸PCR定点突变技术,引物设计时引入目的突变,以前两次PCR产物为模板,进行第三次PCR,即可获得突变后的目的DNA片段。将此片段连入pMDTM18-T载体后测序验证突变结果。结果:DNA测序表明,待突变位点已由ATTGG突变为ATTTT。结论:成功实现了目的位点的定点突变,重叠延伸PCR法是一种高效且经济的定点突变方法。     

一种高效而经济获得长片段基因突变体的方法

重组PCR方法的发展为体外突变技术提供了更快捷、准确的方法.通过改进引物设计和PCR保真性等方法,应用重叠延伸PCR的原理成功地实现了对BA基因的定点突变,并构建了其含有m1,m2,m3和m4的突变体.实验证明通过这种改进方法可以有效地进行长片段基因的突变,并且这种方法与其他方法相比具有简便、快捷、经济、高效的特点.     

重叠延伸PCR法构建小鼠Sumf1基因的定点突变真核表达载体

前期通过染色质免疫沉淀技术（chromatin immunoprecipitation assay,CHIP）筛选出了转录因子activator protein．2 alpha（AP-2α）的靶基因Sumf1．采用重叠延伸PCR定点诱变技术,对AP．2α在Sumf1内含子片段上的两个结合位点的碱基进行定点突变,并构建定点突变表达载体．DNA测序表明,Sumf1内含子片段103—111bp,411～419bp两处的碱基已分别由GCCGTCAGG突变为GAAGTCCTG,由GCCTCTAGG突变为GGATCTCTG,成功实现定点诱变,为进一步研究AP-2α对基因Sumf1的表达调控奠定了基础．     

A rapid and efficient method for site-directed mutagenesis using one-step overlap extension PCR.

A rapid method is described to efficiently perform site-directed mutagenesis based on overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (OE-PCR). Two template DNA molecules in different orientations relative to only one universal primer were amplified in parallel. By choosing a high dilution of mutagenic primers it was possible to run an overlap extension PCR in only one reaction without purification of intermediate products. This method which we have named one-step overlap extension PCR (OOE-PCR) can in principle be applied to every DNA fragment which can be cloned into a multiple cloning site of any common cloning vector.     

改进重叠延伸法引入DNA定点突变的新方法

目的：改进重叠延伸PCR法,实现一种引入DNA定点突变的准确简便方法。方法：通过应用不同的扩增酶和反应体系,以重叠延伸PCR的方法产生引入突变位点的DNA片断,然后再亚克隆到载体中。该文以人cyclin D1启动子的NF-κB位点（-39/-30）为例。结果：通过DNA测序证明定点突变成功引入。一次引入4个突变碱基。突变引入率为100%。     

Multi-fragment site-directed mutagenic overlap extension polymerase chain reaction as a competitive alternative to the enzymatic assembly method

Methods for introducing multiple site-directed mutations are important experimental tools in molecular biology. Research areas that use these methods include the investigation of various protein modifications in cellular processes, modifying proteins for efficient recombinant expression, and the stabilization of mRNAs to allow for increased protein expression. Introducing multiple site-directed mutations is also an important tool in the field of synthetic biology. There are two main methods used in the assembling of fragments generated by mutagenic primers: enzymatic assembly and overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (OE–PCR). In this article, we present an improved OE–PCR method that can be used for the generation of large DNA fragments (up to 7.4 kb) where at least 13 changes can be introduced using a genomic template. The improved method is faster (due to fewer reaction steps) and more accurate (due to fewer PCR cycles), meaning that it can effectively compete with the enzymatic assembly method. Data presented here show that the site-directed mutations can be introduced anywhere between 50 and 1800 bp from each other. The method is highly reliable and predicted to be applicable to most DNA engineering when the introduction of multiple changes in a DNA sequence is required.     

Random mutagenesis and recombination of sam1 gene by integrating error-prone PCR with staggered extension process

An efficient method for creating a DNA library is presented in which gene mutagenesis and recombination can be introduced by integrating error-prone PCR with a staggered extension process in one test tube. In this process, less than 15 cycles of error-prone PCR are used to introduce random mutations. After precipitated and washed with ethanol solution, the error-prone PCR product is directly used both as template and primers in the following staggered extension process to introduce DNA recombination. The method was validated by using adenosyl-methionine (AdoMet) synthetase gene, sam1, as a model. The full-length target DNA fragment was available after a single round. After being selected with a competitive inhibitor, ethionine, a mutated gene was obtained that increased AdoMet accumulation in vivo by 56%.     

定点突变三种方法的比较研究

目的：通过使用优化后的定点突变三种方法分别对一个新基因重组载体进行定点突变研究,比较这几种定点突变方法的优缺点。方法：重叠延伸PCR法使用Stratagene在线定点突变引物设计程序从而使引物设计简化而可靠;MutaBEST定点突变试剂盒采用胶纯化试剂盒代替说明书推荐的酚-氯仿抽提质粒的方法以提高回收率;使用PrimeSTAR高保真DNA聚合酶和超级感受态试剂盒代替Quikchange定点突变试剂盒的相应组分可使产物不受影响同时降低试验费用。结果：三种方法都能够获得单碱基突变重组载体。结论：QuikChange突变策略通过改进是一种高效、简洁、经济和可靠的定点突变方法。     

优化重叠PCR法进行单链抗体基因扩增和点突变

利用重叠PCR技术扩增单链抗体基因或位点突变是抗体文库构建或稳定表达的关键和难点,国内外文献未见其方法学的系统报道.以不同VH、VL和Linker基因为拼接模板进行重叠PCR,针对影响重叠PCR扩增的拼接类型,引物设计,反应条件等进行优化.结果表明两段重叠连接比三段更容易实现,且扩增效果好;引物的互补序列长度一般应大于15 bp,且在18～24 bp 时扩增效果最好;退火温度在52～60℃,Mg2+浓度在1.5～2.5 mM时对拼接的效果影响较小;直接或间接使用拼接模板均可以实现重叠PCR的扩增.利用优化策略,首次构建了抗除虫菊酯的scFv基因文库并引入抗XAC糖蛋白scFv基因的点突变,为除虫菊酯抗体文库构建和抗XAC重组抗体的稳定表达奠定了基础.     

A general method for introducing a series of mutations into cloned DNA using the polymerase chain reaction

A simple and fast method for introducing a series of mutations in cloned DNA has been developed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for site-directed mutagenesis. Because mutations can be introduced only within the primer sequences used for PCR, a suitable restriction site in the vicinity of the mutated nucleotide is required to permit recloning. Several methods have been devised to overcome this limitation. Our present method is a modification of the overlap extension method [Ho et al., Gene 77 (1989) 51-57], and has some advantages over this and other published methods. In our method, three common primers and a series of primers specific for various mutations are chemically synthesized. Once the proper oligodeoxyribonucleotides are selected as common primers, each mutation requires only one additional primer. Therefore, this method is very useful for introducing many mutations in various sites of the target DNA. We describe our protocol for the site-directed mutagenesis and an example of the introduction of several mutations in the hen egg-white lysozyme-encoding gene.     

Rapid gene splicing and multi-sited mutagenesis by one-step overlap extension polymerase chain reaction

Gene splicing and site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) are important to introduce desired sequences in target DNA. However, introducing mutations at multiple sites requires multiple steps of DNA manipulation, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here, we present a rapid efficient gene splicing and multi-sited mutagenesis method that introduces mutations at two distant sites via sequential connection of DNA fragments by one-step overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (OE-PCR). This bottom-up approach for DNA engineering can be broadly used to study protein structure-function, to optimize codon use for protein expression, and to assemble genes of interest.     

Precise large deletions by the PCR-based overlap extension method

The authors describe an efficient method for generating large deletions (>200 nts) of precise length using the PCR-based method of gene splicing by overlap extension (1). This method is technically simple and less time consuming than conventional loop-out mutagenesis techniques requiring preparation of a single-stranded DNA template.     

A rapid and efficient method for multiple-site mutagenesis with a modified overlap extension PCR

A rapid and efficient method to perform site-directed mutagenesis based on an improved version of overlap extension by polymerase chain reaction (OE-PCR) is demonstrated in this paper. For this method, which we name modified (M)OE-PCR, there are five steps: (1) synthesis of individual DNA fragments of interest (with average 20-bp overlap between adjacent fragments) by PCR with high-fidelity pfu DNA polymerase, (2) double-mixing (every two adjacent fragments are mixed to implement OE-PCR without primers), (3) pre-extension (the teams above are mixed to obtain full-length reassembled DNA by OE-PCR without primers), (4) synthesis of the entire DNA of interest by PCR with outermost primers and template DNA from step 3, (5) post-extension (ten cycles of PCR at 72°C for annealing and extension are implemented). The method is rapid, simple and error-free. It provides an efficient choice, especially for multiple-site mutagenesis of DNAs; and it can theoretically be applied to the modification of any DNA fragment. Using the MOE-PCR method, we have successfully obtained a modified sam1 gene with eight rare codons optimized simultaneously. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at .     

A rapid and efficient PCR-based mutagenesis method applicable to cell physiology study

PCR-based mutagenesis is a cornerstone of molecular biology and protein engineering studies. Herein we describe a rapid and highly efficient mutagenesis method using type IIs restriction enzymes. A template gene is amplified into two separate PCR fragments using two pairs of anchor and mutagenic primers. Mutated sequences are located near the recognition site of a type IIs restriction enzyme. After digestion of two fragments with a type IIs enzyme, exposed cohesive ends that are complementary to each other are then ligated together to generate a mutated gene. We applied this method to introduce multiple site-directed mutations in EGFP and Bcl-2 family genes and observed perfect mutagenesis efficiency at the desired sites. This efficient and cost-effective mutagenesis method can be applied to a wide variety of structural and functional studies in cell physiology. Type IIs restriction enzyme; enhanced green fluorescent protein; Bcl-2     

Site-directed mutagenesis by overlap extension using the polymerase chain reaction

Overlap extension represents a new approach to genetic engineering. Complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) primers and the polymerase chain reaction are used to generate two DNA fragments having overlapping ends. These fragments are combined in a subsequent 'fusion' reaction in which the overlapping ends anneal, allowing the 3' overlap of each strand to serve as a primer for the 3' extension of the complementary strand. The resulting fusion product is amplified further by PCR. Specific alterations in the nucleotide (nt) sequence can be introduced by incorporating nucleotide changes into the overlapping oligo primers. Using this technique of site-directed mutagenesis, three variants of a mouse major histocompatibility complex class-I gene have been generated, cloned and analyzed. Screening of mutant clones revealed at least a 98% efficiency of mutagenesis. All clones sequenced contained the desired mutations, and a low frequency of random substitution estimated to occur at approx. 1 in 4000 nt was detected. This method represents a significant improvement over standard methods of site-directed mutagenesis because it is much faster, simpler and approaches 100% efficiency in the generation of mutant product.     

Rapid and Efficient Gene Splicing Using Megaprimer-Based Protocol

Megaprimer-based methodology has been widely applied in site-directed mutagenesis, but rarely used in gene splicing. In this article, we describe a modification of the megaprimer PCR method, which can efficiently create and amplify a specific ligated chimeric gene segment in a PCR reaction and under a common PCR program that is widely used by researchers. More importantly, this modified method for splicing two or more gene fragments together revealed the mechanism of the megaprimer PCR method, by elucidating the key factor in the megaprimer-based protocol. In this method, the denatured megaprimer divided into two strands. One strand was used as template DNA to regenerate megaprimer and the other strand was used as an oligonucleotide primer to create a ligated chimeric gene product. In this article, we detail the modified megaprimer protocol for creating and amplifying these chimeric gene products, including a specific protocol for large chimeric gene products. We also provide additional tips to increase specificity and efficiency of the protocols. In conclusion, the improved megaprimer PCR protocol is a simple, broadly applicable protocol for splicing two different gene fragments together without relying on restriction sites. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Gene splicing and mutagenesis by PCR-driven overlap extension

Extension of overlapping gene segments by PCR is a simple, versatile technique for site-directed mutagenesis and gene splicing. Initial PCRs generate overlapping gene segments that are then used as template DNA for another PCR to create a full-length product. Internal primers generate overlapping, complementary 3' ends on the intermediate segments and introduce nucleotide substitutions, insertions or deletions for site-directed mutagenesis, or for gene splicing, encode the nucleotides found at the junction of adjoining gene segments. Overlapping strands of these intermediate products hybridize at this 3' region in a subsequent PCR and are extended to generate the full-length product amplified by flanking primers that can include restriction enzyme sites for inserting the product into an expression vector for cloning purposes. The highly efficient generation of mutant or chimeric genes by this method can easily be accomplished with standard laboratory reagents in approximately 1 week.     

A gradient PCR-based screen for use in site-directed mutagenesis

Site-directed mutagenesis is widely used to study protein and nucleic acid structure and function. Despite recent advancements in the efficiency of procedures for site-directed mutagenesis, the fraction of site-directed mutants by most procedures rarely exceeds 50% on a routine basis and is never 100%. Hence it is typically necessary to sequence two or three clones each time a site-directed mutant is constructed. We describe a simple and robust gradient-PCR-based screen for distinguishing site-directed mutants from the starting, unmutated plasmid. The procedure can use either purified plasmid DNA or colony PCR, starting from a single colony. The screen utilizes the primer used for mutagenesis and a common outside primer that can be used for all other mutants constructed with the same template. Over 30 site-specific mutants in a variety of templates were successfully screened and all of the mutations detected were subsequently confirmed by DNA sequencing. A single base pair mismatch could be detected in an oligonucleotide of 36 bases. Detection efficiency was relatively independent of starting template concentration and the nature of the outside primer used.