玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂繁殖力与年龄的关系

以米蛾卵作为繁育寄主,通过系统解剖不同发育期（0～144 h）玉米螟赤眼蜂的卵巢,探讨了雌蜂抱卵量、繁殖力与其年龄和个体大小之间的关系。结果表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂在羽化初期（0～3 h）,卵巢中只有部分卵处于成熟状态,随着雌蜂年龄的增加,其抱卵量不断增加,至72 h时接近其卵巢容纳量。抱卵量与雌蜂年龄之间的关系可以用以下公式来表示：y =a｛1-exp［-b(x+c)］｝。用后足胫节长度（HTL）来表示雌蜂个体大小时,HTL短于0.150 mm、介于0.150～0.159 mm之间以及长于0.160 mm的个体羽化后24 h的平均抱卵量分别为40.4、50.5和58.2粒,各占其卵巢容纳量的72.8%、79.3%和86.9%,占整个成虫期总产卵量的49.4%、47.9%及51.9%。玉米螟赤眼蜂羽化后24 h内的产卵量接近于羽化后24 h的抱卵量。雌蜂个体大小与抱卵量及总产卵量之间关系密切,抱卵量与总产卵量随着雌蜂个体的增大而不断增加,呈线性正相关。个体大小可以作为评估玉米螟赤眼蜂生殖潜能高低的一个良好的指标。     

温度对麦蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂发育和生殖的影响

玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen是玉米螟的重要卵寄生性天敌,控制适宜的温度有利于室内大规模繁育。本试验以麦蛾卵为寄主,研究了不同温度(18℃、20℃、23℃、25℃、28℃、30℃、33℃、36℃)对玉米螟赤眼蜂的寿命、生殖力、子代羽化率和发育历期的影响。结果表明,20℃-25℃条件下雌蜂寿命最长,达7.9-9.0 d。在18℃-30℃亲代生殖力和子代羽化率无显著差异,亲代产卵量为40.9-61.7粒;羽化率为74.31%-84.22%。玉米螟赤眼蜂从卵到羽化的发育历期随温度的升高而显著缩短,由18℃时的22.6 d缩短至33℃的7.0 d。36℃时,雌蜂的寿命仅为0.56 d,且不能进行正常的生殖活动。因此,室内用麦蛾卵大规模繁育玉米螟赤眼蜂,适宜的温度为28℃-30℃;仅保存蜂种时,可选用温度18℃-20℃。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

<正> 玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniaePang et Chen是本地玉米螟卵期的优势蜂,常年在玉米田对玉米螟卵的寄生率高达70～80％,是影响玉米螟发生的主要因素。为充分利用玉米螟赤眼蜂的控制作用,1990年我们在室内变温条件下对玉米螟赤眼蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂的生物学特性及其利用

玉米螟是玉米、杂粮、棉花等作物的大害虫。赤眼蜂是抑制玉米螟危害的重要因素之一。经调查发现我国寄生于玉米螟卵的赤眼蜂有8种,其中玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostrininae Paag et Chert占总数的98%以上,分布亦广,是优势种。 我省释放人工繁殖的赤眼蜂防治第一代玉米螟的效果达80%左右,相当于施用滴滴涕颗粒剂;防治第二代玉米螟因受不良气候条件的影响,防治效果不稳定。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂自身密度的干扰效应研究

玉米赤眼蜂自身密度干扰效应显著。在同一寄主（米蛾卵）密度条件下,干扰效应符合Hassell模型。在不同寄主密度条件下,赤眼蜂的寄生功能反应符合Beddington模型,自身密度对寄生率以及个体生殖力也存在干扰效应。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟益它素的嗅觉反应

在实验室条件下利用四臂嗅觉仪测定了玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen对来源于寄主亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)成虫、卵、附腺以及性信息素的益它素的嗅觉反应。结果表明: 已交配尚未产卵亚洲玉米螟雌蛾及其附腺对玉米螟赤眼蜂有明显的吸引作用,而处女蛾、产卵前期雌蛾、产卵后期雌蛾及其附腺却没有作用;当玉米螟卵块数量为2块及卵表正己烷提取物当量为0.25块卵时,对玉米螟赤眼蜂也有明显的吸引作用,尤其以产在玻璃管内卵块吸引最为显著,达到极显著水平(P<0.01);性信息素组分之一,反-12-十四碳烯乙酸酯(E12.14: Ac)在剂量为1 μg时亦显著刺激了赤眼蜂的活动,表现为进入处理区的次数明显增加,且滞留时间明显延长。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂自峰密度的干扰效应研究

玉米赤眼蜂自身密度干扰效应应显著,在同一寄主（米蛾卵）密度条件下,干扰效应符合Ｈａｓｓｅｌｌ模型,在不同寄主密度条件下,赤眼蜂的寄生功能反应符合Ｂｅｄｄｉｎｇｔｏｎ模型,自身密度对寄生率以及个体生殖力也存在于干扰效应。     

棉田四种常用杀虫剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂不同虫态的杀伤力

棉田四种常用杀虫剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂不同虫态的杀伤力差异显著。溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、久效磷、甲胺磷对玉米螟赤眼蜂成虫的杀伤力均很强;溴氰菊酯和甲胺磷对玉米螟赤眼蜂卵至蛹各个虫态的杀伤力较强;而氰戊菊酯对卵、久效磷对幼虫有较强的杀伤力。久效磷对玉米螟赤眼蜂成虫的残留毒杀力最强。玉米螟赤眼蜂成虫是玉米螟赤眼蜂一生中对农药最敏感的时期,其次是卵和幼虫,而预蛹和蛹耐药性较强。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂对不同颜色的偏好性研究

颜色是影响昆虫行为活动的一种重要视觉信号。本研究采用方差分析和t检验测定了玉米螟赤眼蜂雌性、雄性及雌雄个体间对白、黄、橙、粉、红、蓝、绿7种颜色卡纸的选择趋性差异,结果显示,不同颜色卡纸对玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体的选择趋性均存在显著性影响(F♀=76.43,P♀0.05;F♂=25.23,P♂0.05)。且以白色卡纸为对照时,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体均表现为在黄色卡纸上的选择蜂量最高,分别为对照的1.77倍和3.20倍;在同一颜色卡纸上,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体间的选择差异也不尽相同。采用相关性分析探讨玉米螟赤眼蜂选择趋性同卡纸色彩参数的相互关系,结果显示,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体选择趋性与卡纸色泽亮度及黄蓝色程度(b)均呈显著的正相关(P0.05)。研究表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌雄个体均偏好黄色,且不同性别个体对同一颜色的偏好程度也不尽相同。此外,物体颜色的亮度和色调均能不同程度影响玉米螟赤眼蜂的偏好性。     

动物的交配策略

查理·达尔文曾说"动物恋爱的季节就是战斗的季节……",雄性与雌性之间,为了占有雌性总在不断进行着争斗。对于雄性个体而言,与尽可能多的雌性个体交配,并且做更多孩子的父亲是它们的主要目标;而雌性个体     

Overwintering of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) within target and non-target host eggs

Trichogramma ostriniae was imported into the USA from China and it continues to be evaluated as a biological control agent against the European corn borer and other lepidopteran pest species. A natural enemy's ability to overwinter is a facet of its biology with important ramifications for biological control and non-target effects. Thus, studies were conducted to examine the ability of the introduced egg parasitoid to survive over winters in central New York State. Eggs of Ostrinia nubilalis, Ephestia kuehniella, Trichoplusia ni, Helicoverpa zea and Utetheisa ornatrix were subjected to parasitism by adult T. ostriniae and then placed out of doors and exposed to winter conditions. For trials initiated in 2003 and 2004, the adult parental wasps were exposed to a diapause-inducing photoperiod and temperature regime in the laboratory; in 2010, parental wasps were conditioned out of doors and prior to the onset of winter conditions. Emergence of their progeny was monitored over time by taking aliquots of parasitised eggs, and holding them under warm conditions until emergence was complete. The level of wasp emergence generally displayed a decline followed by gradual increase until spring. Levels of overwintering ranged from 1% for O. nubilalis to 76% for E. kuehniella, and logistic regression indicated that the odds of overwintering was dependent on the year, host species, time out of doors and varied over exposure time depending on host. The potential to overwinter in New York was further confirmed by positive identification of T. ostriniae from naturally occurring O. nubilalis eggs collected from field sites where augmentative releases had been made in previous years.     

Wolbachia在玉米螟赤眼蜂内的三重感染

Wolbachia是一类广泛存在于节肢动物体内的共生菌。玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae是我国玉米田间的优势赤眼蜂种, 据报道, 赤眼蜂种内有Wolbachia感染。本文利用Wolbachia的16s rDNA和wsp基因引物通过PCR方法对玉米螟赤眼蜂的野生种群进行了调查, 发现以wsp基因为鉴定依据, 检测的所有个体都感染了3种Wolbachia ［wOstGDAa (GenBank accession no. EU157103), wOstGDAb (GenBank accession no. EU157104) 和 wOstGDB (GenBank accession no. EU157105)］。本文首次报道了野生赤眼蜂种群内Wolbachia的三重感染率几乎为100%。根据本研究的结果, 可以推测当不同种赤眼蜂寄生同一寄主时, Wolbachia可能会在不同赤眼蜂种间进行横向传播。     

Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) response to relative humidity with and without host cues

Trichogramma ostriniae is a parasitoid wasp species that is used as a biological control for several lepidopteran agricultural pests. Our study examined the effects of relative humidity (RH) on the behaviour of female T. ostriniae. In Y-tube RH choice assays, wasps generally chose higher RH over lower RH but the latency time taken to make a choice displayed no clear patterns that could be ascribed to the magnitude of the RH difference between arms of the Y-tube. In trials conducted in glass arenas with fixed humidities, the conditional probabilities of transition from searching to interacting with the leaf disk, and from interacting with leaf disks to antennal egg drumming and oviposition, were not significantly different among the RH levels, nor were there differences in latency times. These findings suggest that the level of RH may influence habitat choice but have little effect on search efficacy.     

四种杀菌剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂酚氧化酶活性的影响

为明确杀菌剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen毒性大小及其成蜂体内酚氧化酶（phenoloxidase, PO）活性影响, 本实验通过测定三唑酮（triadimefon）、 肟菌脂（trifloxystrobin）、 咪鲜胺（prochloraz）、 申嗪霉素（phenazino-1-carboxylic acid）4种杀菌剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性, 并分别测定活体和离体条件下各杀菌剂处理后酚氧化酶的比活性。结果表明, 各药剂对赤眼蜂的急性毒性大小为： 三唑酮＞咪鲜胺＞肟菌酯＞申嗪霉素, 其LC₅₀值分别为3.27, 6.46, 4.06和 9.72 mg/L, 其安全系数依次为0.07, 0.10, 0.20和1.47, 其中申嗪霉素为中等风险性, 其余3种药剂为高风险性, 且杀菌剂明显激活了PO的活性。活体条件下亚致死剂量处理得到的PO比活力高于离体处理, 且三唑酮处理组具有明显的剂量效应。本实验为研究杀菌剂对赤眼蜂的毒性及对PO的影响作了初步的探索, 为进一步研究赤眼蜂对杀菌剂的抗性及免疫能力奠定基础。     

Insemination potential of male Trichogramma evanescens

Reproduction strategies of male parasitoids have received less attention than those of the females. In hymenopteran parasitoids that reproduce by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, virgin females are able to reproduce, but they are constrained to produce only males. In such species, the number of sperm transferred to females is of prime importance for female reproductive success. In this study, we measured the insemination potential of male Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Independent of their age and their sperm‐depletion status, males continued to mate with females until the end of their life. They quickly depleted their sperm supply by fertilizing 18 females during their lifetime, among which 80% were inseminated during the first 24 h. They fathered around 400 daughters over their lifetime. Our results suggest an absence of imaginal spermatogenesis in T. evanescens males that can be designated as prospermatogenic. Sperm is thus a limited resource in this species and females might encounter males with varying amounts of sperm.     

Acute and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids and pymetrozine on an important egg parasitoid,Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Both neonicotinoids and pymetrozine are important insecticides and may have the potential to be used in combination with natural enemies in integrated pest management (IPM). However, to determine their compatibility with biological control, it is necessary to examine the side effects of these chemicals on natural enemies. We examined the acute and sublethal effects of four commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, nitenpyram and thiamethoxam, and the pyridine azomethine, pymetrozine, on adults of Trichogramma ostriniae. By analysing acute toxicity and evaluating the safety quotient of these chemicals, we found that thiamethoxam and dinotefuran pose extremely high risks to T. ostriniae, imidacloprid and nitenpyram posed high risks, but pymetrozine was found to have a low risk. In terms of sublethal effects, longevities of female wasps were significantly shortened when they were exposed to residues of dinotefuran. Percentages of ovipositing females decreased significantly after exposure to pymetrozine, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran. Numbers of offspring per female were significantly lower when females were exposed to pymetrozine, dinotefuran or thiamethoxam, compared with control females. Percentages of offspring that emerged as adults were lower when parental females were exposed to either pymetrozine or imidacloprid. Based on the results of the sublethal concentration assay and the acute toxicity bioassay, nitenpyram would be safe for IPM programmes utilising T. ostriniae, and we suggest that T. ostriniae could be released safely after foliar applications of nitenpyram. However, foliar application of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran or pymetrozine in an agro-ecosystem where T. ostriniae is a predominant biocontrol agent should be carefully evaluated.     

繁育寄主对三种赤眼蜂个体大小及抱卵量的影响

【目的】繁育寄主及成蜂日龄均会影响赤眼蜂体内的抱卵量,为了解繁育寄主及育出赤眼蜂个体大小与赤眼蜂抱卵量的关系,我们在室内研究了米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica（Stainton）卵和亚洲玉米螟 Ostrinia furnacalis （Güenée）卵作为繁育寄主对3种赤眼蜂雌蜂大小、抱卵量的影响。【方法】在光周期14L:10D、温度25±1℃的室内条件下,以米蛾卵、亚洲玉米螟卵作为繁育寄主,解剖不同日龄（羽化后12-72 h）松毛虫赤眼蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura、玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen以及稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead,观察雌蜂抱卵量,测量成蜂的大小,分析雌蜂抱卵量与其日龄、个体大小以及繁育寄主的关系【结果】在羽化后48 h以内,3种蜂的抱卵量随雌蜂日龄的增长而增加。羽化后72 h,除米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂及玉米螟卵繁育的松毛虫赤眼蜂的抱卵量比羽化后48 h时略高外,其他组合均出现下降。以亚洲玉米螟卵为繁育寄主时的玉米螟赤眼蜂的抱卵量显著高于对应日龄的以米蛾卵为繁育寄主时的抱卵量,而松毛虫赤眼蜂（除羽化后12和24 h外）和稻螟赤眼蜂则相反;以米蛾卵为繁育寄主时,相同日龄的赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂抱卵量最高,稻螟赤眼蜂的抱卵量最低;以亚洲玉米螟卵为繁育寄主时,玉米螟赤眼蜂抱卵量最高,稻螟赤眼蜂抱卵量最低。雌蜂抱卵量与雌蜂个体大小呈线性正相关,相关程度随雌蜂日龄增加而更加明显。【结论】后足胫节长度可以作为评价松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂质量的指标。赤眼蜂抱卵量受繁育寄主、赤眼蜂蜂种及雌蜂日龄的显著影响,寄主的适合性也会影响育出赤眼蜂的大小,筛选合适的繁育寄主有助于提高赤眼蜂的质量。     

噻虫胺及其混配制剂对意大利蜜蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性

【目的】明确新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺及其2种混剂对意大利蜜蜂 Apis mellifera ligustica 和玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniae 的毒性。【方法】采用摄入法、接触法和药膜法分别测定3种制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂的急性毒性。【结果】急性毒性测定结果表明,30%噻虫胺悬浮剂、30%吡蚜酮·噻虫胺悬浮剂和20%醚菊酯·噻虫胺悬浮剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的急性摄入毒性均为剧毒,LC₅₀ 值(48 h)分别为0.0200（0.0143~0.0272）, 0.084（0.0658~0.1157）和0.1594（0.1200~0.2056） mg a.i./L;3种制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂急性接触毒性均为高毒,LD₅₀ 值(48 h)分别为0.0155（0.0114~0.0197）, 0.0426（0.0335~0.0539）和0.1122（0.0796~0.1385）μg a.i./蜂。药膜法测定3种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂的LD₅₀ 值(24 h)分别为0.0232（0.0180~0.0295）, 0.1050（0.0940~0.1170）和0.0059（0.0054~0.0065） mg a.i./L;安全性评价结果表明,3种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂均存在极高风险性,安全系数分别为5.95×10^-4, 2.69×10^-3和9.50×10^-5。【结论】噻虫胺及其混剂对意大利蜜蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂均存在较高的毒性风险,在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用。     

3种赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾和小菜蛾卵的寄生功能反应

为评估稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Hübner卵和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella Linnaeus卵的寄生潜能,本研究在室内条件下测试了3种赤眼蜂对不同密度甜菜夜蛾卵和小菜蛾卵的寄生率、寄生功能反应和搜寻效应。结果表明,稻螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾卵和小菜蛾卵均有一定的寄生效应。螟黄赤眼蜂对甜菜夜蛾卵的寄生率、瞬间攻击率、寄生效能和搜寻效应均高于稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂;3种赤眼蜂对小菜蛾卵的寄生率、瞬间攻击率、寄生效能和搜寻效应则表现为：稻螟赤眼蜂>螟黄赤眼蜂>玉米螟赤眼蜂。3种赤眼蜂对两种寄主的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型模型方程,表现为寄生量均随寄主卵密度的增加而升高,达到一定水平后趋于平稳。赤眼蜂的搜寻效应随寄主卵密度的增加而降低。综合分析可知,螟黄赤眼蜂对于甜菜夜蛾的控害能力优于稻螟赤眼蜂螟和玉米螟赤眼蜂,而稻螟赤眼蜂比螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂更适合用于防控小菜蛾。