大鼠血管性痴呆模型海马组织中线粒体的变化

目的:观察血管性痴呆模型(Vascular dementia,VD)大鼠海马组织内线粒体超微结构、线粒体膜电位与空间学习记忆能力的变化。方法:健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组(SHAM)和血管性痴呆(VD)组,每组15只。VD组行双侧颈总动脉结扎手术制备血管性痴呆动物模型,SHAM组手术步骤同VD组,但不结扎颈总动脉。于术后第29天起行Morris水迷宫测试大鼠空间学习记忆功能,第1-5天为定位航行试验,评估大鼠空间学习能力,第6天进行空间探索试验,评估大鼠空间记忆功能。采用透射电镜技术、流式细胞学技术分别检测大鼠海马组织线粒体形态和功能变化。结果:与SHAM组相比,血管性痴呆模型组大鼠Morris水迷宫试验中逃避潜伏期明显延长(P0.01),在目标象限中停留时间显著缩短(P0.01),空间学习记忆能力受损,血管性痴呆模型组大鼠海马组织线粒体超微结构有明显损伤,线粒体膜电位明显下降(P0.01)。结论:线粒体损伤是血管性痴呆空间学习记忆功能障碍的重要机制之一。     

血管性痴呆小鼠海马神经细胞静息态[Ca2+]i及CaMmRNA、CaMPKⅡmRNA表达的变化

目的:观察血管性痴呆小鼠海马神经细胞内静息态游离Ca2 浓度([Ca2 ]i)和钙调素(CaM)、CaM依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMPKⅡ)mRNA表达水平的变化,探讨上述因素在血管性痴呆发病中的作用.方法:采用双侧颈总动脉线结、缺血/再灌注的方法,制备小鼠血管性痴呆模型,并设假手术组作为对照.分别于术后第29 d、第30 d进行学习、记忆成绩测试,然后快速取海马制备海马活细胞,以Fluo-3/AM为荧光探针,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察两组海马神经细胞静息态[Ca2 ]i变化,并应用RT-PCR技术检测海马神经细胞内CaMmRNA、CaMPKⅡmRNA的表达水平.结果:①模型组的学习和记忆成绩均低于假手术组(P＜0.05);②模型组神经细胞静息态[Ca2 ]i显著高于假手术组(P＜0.05);而CaMmRNA、CaMPKⅡmRNA表达水平低于假手术组,具有极其显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论:海马神经细胞静息态[Ca2 ]i增高、CaMmRNA和CaMPKⅡmRNA表达减少是导致小鼠血管性痴呆发生的机制之一.     

bFGF对血管性痴呆大鼠海马神经干细胞的影响

目的皮下注射bFGF于血管性痴呆大鼠,研究用药前后对大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖能力的影响。方法制作VD大鼠模型,随机取用VD大鼠模型12只,分治疗组6只,痴呆组6只。另外,取假手术组6只。皮下注射bFGF于治疗组中血管性痴呆大鼠。治疗5周后,以Morris水迷宫定位航行试验和空间探索试验来检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,巢蛋白（nestin）免疫组织化学染色,观察海马nestin阳性细胞数的变化。结果治疗组大鼠海马nestin阳性细胞数较痴呆组明显增多。结论皮下注射bFGF后能迁移至海马,诱导海马产生nestin阳性细胞,刺激大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖,修复受损组织。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对大鼠血管性痴呆模型GAT1的调节作用研究

目的探索骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对大鼠血管性痴呆模型中γ氨基丁酸转运体(GAT)1的调节作用。方法体外分离纯化SD大鼠BMSCs,双侧颈内动脉持续结扎建立大鼠血管性痴呆模型后经尾静脉注射5×10~6 BMSCs,4周后通过免疫组织化学和免疫印迹实验检测大鼠脑内GAT1的表达变化,单因素方差分析检验各组表达差异,组间数据多重比较采用Student's t检验。结果对照组(大鼠血管性痴呆模型接受PBS注射)海马和皮层的GAT1表达较假手术组(暴露双侧颈内动脉未结扎)明显降低(P0.01)。BMSCs移植4周后,蛋白灰度值分析结果显示大鼠血管性痴呆模型海马部位的GAT1表达(0.32±0.06)较对照组(0.18±0.03)明显增高,差异具有统计学意义(t=10.68,P=0.002),免疫组化结果显示GAT1阳性细胞在海马CA1区(43.10±2.87)个较对照组(24.30±3.97)个明显增多(t=18.99,P=0.001,)。细胞移植后皮层部位GAT1的表达[蛋白灰度值:0.55±0.04,阳性细胞量:(49.15±2.78)个]较对照组[蛋白灰度值:0.51±0.03,阳性细胞量:(47.82±3.27)个]无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(t=6.49,3.50;P=0.12,0.39)。结论 BMSCs移植有助于大鼠血管性痴呆模型海马(尤其是CA1区)GAT1的表达水平增高。     

葛根素对血管性痴呆大鼠海马突触传递长时程增强的影响

目的：探讨葛根素对血管性痴呆大鼠长时程增强（LTP）的影响。方法：采用Morris水迷宫和LTP诱导法检测血管性痴呆模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力和海马突触传递的改变。结果：模型组大鼠不同时间点测得的Morris水迷宫逃逸潜伏期均较假手术组明显延长,海马LTP诱导率明显降低,而药物组大鼠EL均短于模型组,但LTP诱导率明显增强。结论：葛根素可增强血管性痴呆大鼠突触传递功能,改善其长期存在的学习记忆障碍。     

EGb761对血管性痴呆大鼠海马突触可塑性的影响

目的：探讨银杏叶提取物（EGb761）对血管性痴呆（VD）模型大鼠海马突触可塑性的影响。方法：Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力;电生理学方法在体记录大鼠海马长时程增强。结果：各时间点模型组大鼠的逃逸潜伏期（EL）均较假手术组明显延长（P〈0.01）,药物组各亚组大鼠的EL均显著短于模型组（P〈0.01）,但仍长于假手术组（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。模型组各亚组大鼠长时程增强（LTP）诱导率显著低于假手术组和药物组（P〈0.01）。模型组大鼠各时间点群发峰电位（PS）的相对幅值明显低于假手术组和药物组（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。假手术组、模型组和药物组各时间点的PS潜伏期无显著差别。结论：VD模型大鼠长时间存在空间学习记忆障碍,EGb761能促进VD模型大鼠海马病理性突触可塑性的恢复,这可能是其促智作用的重要机制。     

丁苯酞对酒精依赖大鼠海马谷氨酸含量及NR2B表达的影响

目的:研究丁苯酞(NBP)对酒精依赖大鼠海马谷氨酸(Glu)含量和NNMDA受体2B亚基(NR2B)表达的影响。方法:建立酒精成瘾大鼠模型,观察戒断症状,SYBR Green I荧光实时定量PCR技术检测海马区NR2BmRNA表达,高效液相色谱法检测海马组织中谷氨酸含量。结果:模型组大鼠戒断评分比正常组明显上升(P<0.01),NBP中、高剂量组与模型组相比,戒断评分明显下降(P<0.05),差异均有显著性;模型组大鼠海马区谷氨酸含量较正常组显著降低(P<0.01),差异有显著性,而各用药组与模型组相比,海马区谷氨酸含量差异无显著性(P>0.05);实时定量PCR结果表明模型组大鼠海马区NR2BmRNA表达较正常组明显增加(P<0.05),而NBP中、高剂量组与模型组相比,海马区NR2BmRNA表达明显减少,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:NBP能够减轻酒精依赖大鼠的戒断症状,可能与NBP抑制NR2BmRNA表达有关。     

阿魏酸对拟痴呆小鼠学习记忆和海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨阿魏酸对阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型小鼠神经行为学和海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响,分析阿魏酸对小鼠脑的保护作用。方法:海马CA1区注射微量红藻氨酸(KA)建立痴呆模型,然后对痴呆小鼠用不同剂量的阿魏酸(FA)灌胃治疗。Morris水迷宫实验观察小鼠行为学变化,免疫组织化学方法观察GFAP的表达。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组学习记忆能力明显降低(P<0.01),GFAP阳性细胞表达明显增多(P<0.01);与模型组相比,阿魏酸治疗组学习记忆能力均明显提高(P<0.01),GFAP阳性细胞表达均明显减少(P<0.01)。结论:用不同剂量的阿魏酸治疗拟AD小鼠后,小鼠学习记忆能力得到明显改善,GFAP表达得到明显抑制,起到保护脑的作用。     

血管性痴呆小鼠海马神经元ERK的表达变化

目的：观察血管性痴呆（VD）小鼠海马神经元中细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）的表达变化,探讨其在VD发病中的作用机制。方法：采用双侧颈总动脉反复缺血／再灌注法制备小鼠VD模型,设立假手术组作为对照。术后第29、30d,经跳台试验和水迷宫试验对两组小鼠进行行为学成绩测试,用免疫组化方法观察两组小鼠海马神经元中ERK的表达变化。结果：VD模型小鼠学习、记忆成绩较假手术组显著下降（P〈0．05）.模型组小鼠海马CA1区ERK1、ERK2的表达及海马CA3区p-ERK的表达较假手术组减少,均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：海马神经元内ERK的表达减少可能参与了血管性痴呆的发病机制,因此,应用能促进ERK表达的药物可能成为治疗VD的有效方法之一。     

通脉益智方对VD大鼠学习记忆行为和海马CA1区突触结构的影响

目的:观察通脉益智方对血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆行为和海马CA1区突触超微结构的影响.方法:应用高脂血症大鼠,采用脑缺血再灌注的方法建立血管性痴呆动物模型,利用跳台实验和Y型迷宫实验检验大鼠的学习记忆能力,应用透射电镜和光镜观察分析海马CA1区神经细胞和突触形态结构的变化.结果:跳台实验和Y型迷宫实验表明模型大鼠学习记忆能力明显下降,而给予通脉益智方组学习记忆能力改善,与模型组相比有显著性差异(p＜0.05).形态学观察显示模型组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞排列紊乱,核固缩、退化、变性、坏死、消失.突触结构不完整,突触小泡减少;突触间隙模糊,线粒体肿胀、空泡样变.通脉益智方组的神经细胞、突触的形态与模型组相比有明显改善.结论:通脉益智方通过减轻突触的损伤及对神经细胞的保护作用,从而改善了学习记忆能力.     

慢性吗啡依赖大鼠条件性位置厌恶模型杏仁中央核蛋白激酶A表达变化

目的:分析慢性吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催瘾戒断条件性位置厌恶(CPA)建立前后、消退后及重建后,与成瘾密切相关的脑区杏仁中央核(CeA)内蛋白激酶A(PKA)蛋白表达的适应性变化,探讨阿片依赖戒断后厌恶动机形成的生物学基础。方法:①将雄性SD大鼠分为实验组(慢性吗啡注射+纳洛酮催瘾组,MN),对照组(慢性吗啡注射+生理盐水催瘾组,MS),慢性生理盐水注射+纳洛酮催瘾组,SN),每组24只。采用慢性吗啡注射(10 mg/kg,BID,ip)后给予一次纳洛酮(0.3 mg/kg)催瘾注射(同时与条件性位置训练箱搭配)建立大鼠CPA模型。②在CPA建立前后、消退后及重建后,采用免疫组织化学方法检测CeA内PKA蛋白表达情况。结果:MN组在CPA建立前后、消退后及重建后CeA内PKA的蛋白表达出现适应性变化(P<0.05),建立后(Day7,134.43±4.481,P<0.05),消退后(Day13,141.01±3.360,P<0.01)及重建后(Day14,137.18±40.330,P<0.05)PKA蛋白表达水平均低于建立前(Day5,124.48±6.722)。而MS组(P>0.05)和SN组(P>0.05)在CPA的各个时间点PKA的蛋白表达变化差异均无显著性。结论:①CeA内PKA蛋白的低表达导致的厌恶的中枢状态,可能是CPA建立的关键的神经机制。②CeA内PKA的适应性变化可能是物质依赖戒断后CPA相关神经可塑性变化的重要分子基础。     

A possible pivotal role of mitochondrial free calcium in neurotoxicity mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons

We have previously shown that mitochondrial membrane potential disruption is involved in mechanisms underlying differential vulnerabilities to the excitotoxicity mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors between primary cultured neurons prepared from rat cortex and hippocampus. To further elucidate the role of mitochondria in the excitotoxicity after activation of NMDA receptors, neurons were loaded with the fluorescent dye calcein diffusible in the cytoplasm and organelles for determination of the activity of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) responsible for the leakage of different mitochondrial molecules. The addition of CoCl₂ similarly quenched the intracellular fluorescence except mitochondria in both cultured neurons, while further addition of NMDA led to a leakage of the dye into the cytoplasm in hippocampal neurons only. An mPTP inhibitor prevented the NMDA-induced loss of viability in hippocampal neurons, while an activator of mPTP induced a similarly potent loss of viability in cortical and hippocampal neurons. Although NMDA was more effective in increasing rhodamine-2 fluorescence as a mitochondrial calcium indicator in hippocampal than cortical neurons, a mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor significantly prevented the NMDA-induced loss of viability in hippocampal neurons. Expression of mRNA was significantly higher for the putative uniporter uncoupling protein-2 in hippocampal than cortical neurons. These results suggest that mitochondrial calcium uniporter would be at least in part responsible for the NMDA neurotoxicity through a mechanism relevant to promotion of mPTP orchestration in hippocampal neurons.     

ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸对PTSD-SPS 大鼠空间学习记忆和海马神经元 溶酶体损伤的防护作用研究

目的:观察饲料中添加ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对PTSD-SPS大鼠空间学习记忆能力及海马神经元溶酶体损伤的保护作用。方法:将48只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、PTSD-SPS模型组、30%ω-3PUFAs+PTSD-SPS模型组、60%ω-3PU-FAs+PTSD-SPS模型组。采用Morris水迷宫测试方法,观察大鼠定位航行实验中逃避潜伏期及空间探索实验中靶象限活动时间的百分比及穿台次数。电子显微镜观察大鼠海马神经元超微结构变化。结果:与对照组相比,SPS模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期延长,第5天达到(39.12±7.34)s(P<0.05);第6天大鼠靶象限内活动时间百分比明显缩短及穿台次数减少,分别是10.01%±3.03%及(1.05±0.13)次;与SPS模型组对比,喂饲60%ω-3PUFAs的SPS组大鼠逃避潜伏期为(19.13±4.26)s(P<0.05),靶象限内活动时间百分比及穿台次数为25.56%±2.13%、(2.36±0.34)次(P<0.05)。电镜结果显示,喂饲ω-3PUFAs的SPS模型组大鼠海马神经元中溶酶体数量比SPS组明显减少,与对照组没有显著差异。结论:ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可能通过减少海马神经元溶酶体的数量对PTSD-SPS大鼠学习记忆损伤起到一定的防护作用。     

Phenylalanine intraperitoneal injection effect on high-voltage calcium channels in rat hippocampal neurons

Neurons from the hippocampus of one-day-old (controls) rats intraperitoneally injected with phenylalanine were isolated and cultured [3, 8]. The potential-dependent calcium input channel (I_Ca) in hippocampal neurons of controls after five-seven days of culture was made up of two components, low and high voltage, when the membrane potential was fixed under intracellular perfusion. The high-voltage channel was 69±13% of the total calcium channel at Vt = –10 mV. After rats were injected with phenylalanine, the high-voltage I_Ca significantly decreased to 32±14% of the total channel in the neurons at the same Vt. The low-voltage I_Ca did not change significantly.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 98–104, January–February, 1991.     

Detection of intracellular phosphatidylserine in living cells

To demonstrate the intracellular phosphatidylserine (PS) distribution in neuronal cells, neuroblastoma cells and hippocampal neurons expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP)-AnnexinV were stimulated with a calcium ionophore and localization of GFP-AnnexinV was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Initially, GFP-AnnexinV distributed evenly in the cytosol and nucleus. Raising the intracellular calcium level with ionomycin-induced translocation of cytoplasmic GFP-AnnexinV to the plasma membrane but not to the nuclear membrane, indicating that PS distributes in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Nuclear GFP-AnnexinV subsequently translocated to the nuclear membrane, indicating PS localization in the nuclear envelope. GFP-AnnexinV also localized in a juxtanuclear organelle that was identified as the recycling endosome. However, minimal fluorescence was detected in any other subcellular organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, strongly suggesting that PS distribution in the cytoplasmic face in these organelles is negligible. Similarly, in hippocampal primary neurons PS distributed in the inner leaflet of plasma membranes of cell body and dendrites, and in the nuclear envelope. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of intracellular PS localization in living cells, providing an insight for specific sites of PS interaction with soluble proteins involved in signaling processes.     

HIV-1 Tat causes apoptotic death and calcium homeostasis alterations in rat neurons

We investigated the role of the HIV-1 protein Tat in AIDS-associated dementia, by studying its toxicity on rat cortical and hippocampal neurons in vitro. We evaluated the involvement of astroglial cells and of caspase transduction pathway in determining Tat toxicity. Here we report that synthetic Tat(1-86) induced apoptotic death on cultured rat neurons in a time-dependent manner that was not influenced by glial coculture, and that was abolished by blocking caspase transduction pathway. A microfluorimetric analysis on the Tat excitatory properties on neurons, and its effect on intracellular calcium concentrations, revealed that Tat(1-86) induced increase in cytoplasmic free calcium concentrations in rat hippocampal and cortical neurons. This effect required extracellular calcium and was differently reduced by voltage dependent calcium channel blockers and both NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors antagonists. Furthermore, we observed that Tat(1-86)-treated neurons showed increased sensitivity to the glutamate excitotoxicity. Thus, the Tat-induced neuronal injury seems to occur through a direct interaction of the protein with neurons, requires activation of caspases, and is likely to derive from Tat(1-86)-induced calcium loads and disruption of glutamatergic transmission.     

A Tetramethylpyrazine Piperazine Derivate CXC137 Prevents Cell Injury in SH-SY5Y Cells and Improves Memory Dysfunction of Rats with Vascular Dementia

We investigated the effects of CXC137, a tetramethylpyrazine piperazine derivate, on cell damage induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) in human derived neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and its effect on memory dysfunction of rats with vascular dementia. It was found that the presence of CXC137 increased SH-SY5Y cells viability by inhibition of cell apoptosis induced by NMDA. These effects of CXC137 were accompanied by increases of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity and the level of reduced glutathione, and a decrease of lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde. The presence of CXC137 also showed to produce strong inhibition of cellular lactate dehydrogenase leakage, cell apoptosis and intracellular calcium overload. In a vascular dementia rat model established by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion, treatment with CXC137 from 2 to 35 day of post-operation significantly improves the motor performance, spatial learning and memory capability of rats in both the prehensile traction test and Morris water maze test, an effect that was companied by reductions of the animal glutamic acid levels and the degree of brain mitochondrial swelling. These results suggest that CXC137 can improve the memory dysfunction in dementia and thus has important therapeutic potential for the treatment of dementia.     

Biphasic effects of copper on neurotransmission in rat hippocampal neurons

The importance of copper in the CNS is well documented, but the mechanisms related to its brain functions are poorly understood. Copper is released at the synaptic cleft, where it may modulate neurotransmission. To understand the functional impact of copper on the neuronal network, we have analyzed the synaptic activity of primary rat hippocampal neurons by using different approaches including whole cell patch clamp, recording of calcium transients, immunofluorescence and western blot. Here, we show that copper produces biphasic changes in neurotransmission. When copper is acutely applied to the plate it blocks neurotransmission. Interestingly, when it is applied for 3 h to hippocampal neurons it mainly increases the frequency and amplitude of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)ergic currents (control: 0.21 ± 0.05 Hz/22.9 ± 1.3 pA; copper: 0.68 ± 0.16 Hz/30.5 ± 2.5 pA), intracellular calcium transients (control: 0.05 ± 0.013 Hz; copper: 0.11 ± 0.02 Hz) and evoked AMPA currents (control: EC50 8.3 ± 0.5?μM; copper: EC50 2.9 ± 0.2 μM). Moreover, our results suggest that copper increases GluA1 subunit levels of the AMPA receptor through the anchorage of AMPA receptors to the plasma membrane as a result of PSD-95 accumulation. We also found that copper-treated neurons displayed an undistinguishable neurotransmission to control neurons after 24 h of treatment, indicating that changes in neurotransmission induced by copper at 3 h of incubation are homeostatically regulated after long-term exposure to the metal. Together, our data reveal an unexpected biphasic effect of copper on neurotransmission, which may be relevant to understand the effects of this ion in brain diseases that display copper dyshomeostasis such as that observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD).     

琥珀酸对大鼠海马CA1区神经元电压依赖性钙电流的影响

目的：观察不同浓度的琥珀酸对大鼠海马CA1区神经元电压依赖性钙通道（voltage—dependent calcium channels,VDCC）电流的作用,初步探讨琥珀酸对神经元保护的电生理学基础。方法：采用传统全细胞膜片钳技术和制霉菌素（nystatin）穿孔膜片钳技术观察琥珀酸对海马CA1区神经元VDCC电流的影响。结果：不同浓度的琥珀酸（10^-6、10^-5、10^-4、10^-3、10^-2和10^-1mol·L^-1）在海马CA1区对低电压激活（low—voltage activated,LVA）钙通道电流未见任何影响,而对高电压激活（high—voltage activated,HVA）钙通道电流的抑制呈浓度依赖性。对照组HVA钙电流为580．05±17．32pA,分别给予10^-6、10^-5、10^-4、10^-3、10^-2和10^-1mol·L^-1。的琥珀酸后,HVA钙电流依次为563．74±16．65,517．99±15．24,444．66±13．26,405．32±19．11,269．03±9．96和86．41±3．25pA,同对照组相比差异有统计学意义（n=8,P〈0．01）。结论：琥珀酸能浓度依赖性地抑制HVA钙电流,而对LVA钙电流无影响。由此推测琥珀酸可能通过抑制HVA钙电流减少Ca^2＋内流而影响海马CA1区神经元的兴奋性,从而抑制癫痫的形成,其脑保护作用可能与此有关。