Oxidation of horseradish peroxidase compound II to compound I.

In the reaction between equimolar amounts of horseradish peroxidase and chlorite, the native enzyme is oxidized directly to Compound II (Hewson, W.D., and Hager, L.P. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 3175-3181). At acidic pH but not at alkaline values, this initial reaction is followed by oxidation of Compound II to Compound I. The highly pH-dependent chemistry of Compound II can be readily demonstrated by the reduction of Compound I, with ferrocyanide at acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH values. Titration at low pH yields very little Compound II, whereas at high pH, the yield is quantitative. Similarly, the reaction of horseradish peroxidase and chlorite at low pH yields Compound I while only Compound II is formed at high pH. At intermediate pH values both the ferrocyanide reduction and the chlorite reaction produce intermediate yields of Compound II. This behavior is explained in terms of acidic and basic forms of Compound II. The acidic form is reactive and unstable relative to the basic form. Compound II can be readily oxidized to Compound I by either chloride or chlorine dioxide in acidic solution. The oxidation does not occur in alkaline solution, nor will hydrogen peroxide cause the oxidation of Compound II, even at low pH.     

Redox properties of the couples compound I/compound II and compound II/native enzyme of human myeloperoxidase

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an important component of the neutrophil's antimicrobial armory and has been implicated in promoting tissue damage in numerous inflammatory diseases. For the first time the standard reduction potential of the redox couple compound II/native enzyme has been determined to be (0.97+/-0.01)V at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. This was achieved by rapid mixing of preformed compound II with either tyrosine or nitrite by using the sequential-mixing stopped-flow technique and measuring spectrophotometrically the concentrations of the reacting species and products at equilibrium. Using the recently determined standard reduction potential for the couple compound I/native enzyme (1.16 V), the reduction potential of the couple compound I/compound II was calculated to be 1.35 V at pH 7 and 25 degrees C. These data reveal substantial differences between the two known heme peroxidase superfamilies and reflect the dramatic differences observed in the oxidisability of substrates by the MPO redox intermediates compound I and compound II.     

Micro-optical artificial compound eyes

Natural compound eyes combine small eye volumes with a large field of view at the cost of comparatively low spatial resolution. For small invertebrates such as flies or moths, compound eyes are the perfectly adapted solution to obtaining sufficient visual information about their environment without overloading their brains with the necessary image processing. However, to date little effort has been made to adopt this principle in optics. Classical imaging always had its archetype in natural single aperture eyes which, for example, human vision is based on. But a high-resolution image is not always required. Often the focus is on very compact, robust and cheap vision systems. The main question is consequently: what is the better approach for extremely miniaturized imaging systems-just scaling of classical lens designs or being inspired by alternative imaging principles evolved by nature in the case of small insects? In this paper, it is shown that such optical systems can be achieved using state-of-the-art micro-optics technology. This enables the generation of highly precise and uniform microlens arrays and their accurate alignment to the subsequent optics-, spacing- and optoelectronics structures. The results are thin, simple and monolithic imaging devices with a high accuracy of photolithography. Two different artificial compound eye concepts for compact vision systems have been investigated in detail: the artificial apposition compound eye and the cluster eye. Novel optical design methods and characterization tools were developed to allow the layout and experimental testing of the planar micro-optical imaging systems, which were fabricated for the first time by micro-optics technology. The artificial apposition compound eye can be considered as a simple imaging optical sensor while the cluster eye is capable of becoming a valid alternative to classical bulk objectives but is much more complex than the first system.     

Water-soluble constituents of caraway: aromatic compound,aromatic compound glucoside and glucides

From the water-soluble portion of the methanolic extract of caraway (fruit of Carum carvi L.), an aromatic compound, an aromatic compound glucoside and a glucide were isolated together with 16 known compounds. Their structures were clarified as 2-methoxy-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol, junipediol A 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and L-fucitol, respectively.     

The oxidation-reduction potentials of compound I/compound II and compound II/ferric couples of horseradish peroxidases A2 and C.

The reversibility of the stepwise reduction of Compound I to the ferric state via Compound II was confirmed in horseradish peroxidases A2 and C. The values of E'o (compound I/Compound II) and E'O (Compound II/ferric) were measured from equilibrium data coupled with the K2IrCl6-K3IrCl6 system in a narrow region of pH near 6.3. The ferric enzymes were also oxidized by ferricyanide to Compound II at alkaline pH and the values of E'O (Compound II/ferric) were measured from the equilibrium data. The pH dependence of E'O (Compound II/ferric) was in accord with the equation: E'O = EO + 0.058 log (Kr[H+] + [H+]2)/(KO + [H+]), where Kr and KO are proton dissociation constants in the ferric enzyme and Compound II, respectively. The pH-E'O (Compound I/Compound II) curves were likewise obtained from the equation, E'O = EO + 0.058 log (Kr + [H+]), where Kr is the proton dissociation constant in Compound II. The forward and backward rate constants were measured in each of one-electron transfer reactions of the peroxidases with the K2IrCl6-K3IrCl6 system at various pH values. The E'O values calculated on the assumption that the ratio of the rate constants equals the equilibrium constant were compared with those obtained from the equilibrium data.     

Dissimilarity-based approaches to compound acquisition

The concept of molecular diversity has been integrated in drug discovery efforts for many years. Applications of molecular diversity have been used to identify compounds for screening and to select compounds to augment proprietary collections. These early efforts were crude and suffered from a number of faults, but their evolution has, over the years, led to an improvement in the computational procedures used to identify new commercial compounds for acquisition. Although not much has recently been written about modern methods for augmenting compound collections, this activity is still a very relevant and important task to those involved with the development of compound collections. This review focuses on the process and software used to identify compounds deemed worthy of acquisition.     

微生物复合菌剂的制备

【背景】微生物复合菌剂比单一菌剂更能够在土壤中高效、稳定发挥作用促进作物生长,是微生物菌剂发展的趋势,但是目前对构建微生物复合菌剂的研究不够深入。【目的】研制可显著促进水稻生长的微生物复合菌剂,并构建微生物复合菌剂的数学模型。【方法】将解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) FH-1与7株植物促生细菌按照生物量1:1的比例复配成微生物复合菌剂,利用水稻盆栽实验筛选高效复合微生物菌剂。利用生化方法对各个菌株的促生特性进行测定。分析植物特征和菌株促生特性间的相关性关系,并据此利用一般线性方程构建复合菌剂的数学模型。【结果】与空白对照CK相比,复合菌剂FN显著提升水稻的苗长20.79%、根长26.67%和鲜重74.84%(P0.05),是7种微生物复合菌剂中综合效果最佳的微生物复合菌剂。偏相关分析结果表明解无机磷能力、产铁载体能力和产ACC脱氨酶能力在促进植物生长过程中可能发挥着更重要的作用。根据菌剂促生特性与植物特征的偏相关性结果,构建了微生物复合菌剂数学模型,预测准确率可达97%以上。【结论】成功研制了高效促进水稻生长的微生物复合菌剂,并构建了微生物复合菌剂的数学模型,可为微生物复合菌剂的研制提供一定的科学指导。     

Arginine phosphate in compound eyes

Summary The steady state levels of various phosphate esters were measured in the compound eyes of two species of decapod crustaceans (Astacus andEupagurus) and of the blowfly (Calliphora). In the crustaceans, free nucleotides—especially ATP—contribute only little to the soluble phosphate fraction. The adenylate charges of all three species are in the range of about 0.8, though the proportion of adenine nucleotides to other organic phosphates differs considerably. The main energy rich phosphate compound in crustacean eyes was found to be arginine phosphate; the ratio ATP/Arg-P is 1:10 inAstacus, and 1:4 inEupagurus; in the blowfly it is near 1:1. Arg-P is considered to play a role as a phosphagen.This investigation was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Sonderforschungsbereich 114 (Bionach)     

Simplified nomenclature for compound flaps

The unique niche for compound flaps is their potential role for the repair of massive defects that demands the simultaneous restoration of multiple, missing tissue types. These complex flaps can be sorted into two major classes, and their subtypes on the basis of their means of vascularization are described. (1) Solitary vascularization, the composite flap: "multiple tissue components with a single vascular supply and dependent parts." (2) Combined flaps: (a) Siamese flaps: "multiple flap territories, dependent due to some common physical junction, yet each retaining their independent vascular supply"; (b) conjoint flaps: "multiple independent flaps, each with an independent vascular supply, but linked by a common indigenous source vessel"; and (c) sequential flaps: "multiple independent flaps, each with an independent vascular supply, and artificially linked by a microanastomosis." Many technical modifications that have improved or will improve the reliability of these flaps should not be confused as distinct flap types, but rather acknowledged as variations that can be more conveniently classified for the purposes of improved communication and research by using this basic schema as a guideline.     

Spectrum of chloroperoxidase compound I

When compound I of chloroperoxidase is formed from the native enzyme the absorption peak in the Soret region diminishes in intensity, and shifts to a maximum absorbance at 367 nm. This unusual Soret spectrum decreases in intensity in a linear fashion as the wavelength increases. The first visible spectrum of chloroperoxidase compound I is reported which has a peak at 689 nm as its most prominent feature.     

Lipofuscin like compound in mango

Thin layer chromatographic separation of chloroform-methanol extracts of mango on silica gel revealed a fluorescent substance in mango peel and pulp. The compound had fluorescence spectrum similar to that of lipofuscin, the age pigment of animal tissues and was found to be water insoluble and stable to ultraviolet irradiation. The fluorescent material appeared to be a lipoprotein.     

Synthesis of natural-product-based compound libraries

Natural products cover a diversity space not yet available from synthetic libraries, with an unrivalled success rate as drug leads. The combinatorial synthesis of non-oligomeric natural-product-based libraries, however, is still limited to few examples because access to easily modified units strongly depends on the availability of a core structure either from a natural source, or through a suitable synthetic route. Only a few resourceful groups have managed the latter approach for more demanding multifunctional natural drug leads, such as epothilones.     

A comparison by magnetic circular dichroism of compound X and compound II of horseradish peroxidase

The chlorite product of horseradish peroxidase, compound X, is shown by magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy in the temperature range 1.6-50 K to have a very similar haem structure to compound II under the same conditions (pH 10.7). Both are concluded to contain the Fe(IV) = 0 group. The MCD spectrum also detects an unusual species, absorbing at wavelengths between 600 and 750 nm, that has magnetic properties different from those of the ferryl haem group. It is suggested that this is a species at the same oxidation level as ferryl haem but with the porphyrin ring having suffered a one-electron oxidation, i.e. [Fe(III) P.+].     

Cytochrome c peroxidase compound ES is identical with horseradish peroxide compound I in iron-ligand distances

X-ray absorption studies of compound ES of cytochrome c peroxidase show a short iron-oxygen distance of 1.67 +/- 0.04 A, an iron-histamine distance of 1.91 +/- 0.03 A, and an iron-pyrrole nitrogen average distance of 2.02 +/- 0.02 A. This is identical within the error with the reported structure of horseradish peroxidase compound I [Chance, B., Powers, L., Ching, Y., Poulos, T., Yamazaki, I., & Paul, K. G. (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 235, 596-611]. Comparisons of the structures of myoglobin peroxide [Chance, M., Powers, L., Kumar, C., & Chance, B. (1986) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)], compound ES, and the intermediates of horseradish peroxidase reveal the possible mechanisms for the stabilization of the free radical species generated during catalysis. The proximal histidine regulates the structure and function of the pyrrole nitrogens and the heme, allowing for the formation and maintenance of the characteristic intermediates.     

Development of the compound eyes of dragonflies (Odonata). III. Adult compound eyes

The distribution of ommatidial diameters and interommatidial angles, as determined by measuring the angles between the optic axes of adjacent ommatidia, are mapped across the surface of the compound eyes of a variety of species selected for different adult behaviors, developmental histories, and taxonomic positions. The size of the visual fields, prey capture foveas, foveas composed of large dorsal ommatidia, and other specializations in the numbers of ommatidia that view various directions in the visual field are discussed in relation to adult behavior. Advanced species have less resemblance between their larval and adult eyes than primitive species. In contrast to their larvae, adults increase the monocular resolution of each eye at the expense of binocular vision. Most species have foveas which view in approximately the anterior direction, instead of in a region of binocular overlap, and many species have foveal bands which view along the horizon. Some advanced perching species, which approach their prey and other odonates from below, have an additional vertical foveal band that views along a vertical plane from the anterior direction to a more dorsal direction. The most unusual foveal band is seen in active flying species. The large dorsal ommatidia of the migratory Anax junius, which cover approximately one third of the eye surface, view a narrow region of the visual field that extends along a plane from the most lateral direction of one eye to a dorsal direction, and continues without interruption to the most lateral direction of the other eye.