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1.
Variation in the susceptibility of lepidopterous pest larvae of different ages to transgenic crops and the potential for survivors to reproduce could have important consequences for the development of resistance in such pests. Experiments were undertaken in the laboratory to determine if larvae of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, of different ages (0 (< 1 day old), 3, 5, 7 days) varied in their susceptibility to cry1Ac9–transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) foliage grown in the glasshouse or field. The survival and fecundity of larvae reared on transgenic tubers was also determined in the laboratory. There were no apparent differences in susceptibility of larvae of different ages to transgenic foliage. Larvae fed glasshouse or field‐grown non‐transgenic foliage had significantly larger relative growth indices and more larvae pupated, than those fed transgenic foliage, regardless of larval age. Eggs from a laboratory colony were placed on transgenic or non‐transgenic tubers to measure survival and fecundity. Between 6% and 15% of eggs placed on transgenic tubers developed into pupae for three of the four transgenic potato lines tested. On one transgenic line, only six adults emerged from 1300 eggs. In contrast, between 71% and 97% of the eggs placed on non‐transgenic tubers developed into pupae. Male and female pupae from transgenic lines weighed less than those from non‐transgenic lines. The fecundity of females from two of four transgenic lines was lower than from the non‐transgenic parent cultivar. Although larvae of different ages did not exhibit any overall age‐dependent pattern of increasing or decreasing susceptibility to transgenic foliage of glasshouse or field‐grown plants, the ability of larvae to survive and reproduce on transgenic tubers suggests this pest has the ability to evolve resistance to the transgenic plants used in the present study. 相似文献
2.
Glandular trichomes on foliage of the wild potato species, Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, deter oviposition by the potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella Zeller and negatively affect other important performance parameters. Oviposition deterring factors are localized in the glandular trichomes of S. berthaultii. When mechanically transferred to foliage of a susceptible potato cultivar, trichome contents reduced egg laying by 97%. Removal of glandular trichomes from S. berthaultii foliage using a combination of chemical and mechanical procedures increased oviposition rates ca. 210-fold. Removal of trichomes also led to increased mobility of larvae on the leaf surface, more leaf feeding, shorter larval development and larger pupae. The resistance conferred by glandular trichomes of S. berthaultii provides an important genetic trait potentially useful for management of PTM. 相似文献
3.
Four fungicides used for controlling foliar diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum) were evaluated under field and laboratory conditions for their effects on the infectivity and sporulation of Beauveria bassiana when used as a control for the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (CPB). We investigated the direct effects of fungicides on B. bassiana-induced CPB mortality and the effect of time between fungicide and B. bassiana application. Effects of fungicide on conidial survival in the soil and on foliage were examined in the field. Significantly more larval mortality was observed when larvae were sprayed with B. bassiana than with the water control. Fungicide had no significant effect on larval mortality in the field. In the laboratory, survival of larvae was significantly lower among larvae fed fungicide-treated foliage. B. bassiana-induced mortality in the laboratory was observed only when larvae were fed foliage treated with copper hydroxide or water. Larvae fed mancozeb- or chlorothalonil-treated foliage experienced high mortality regardless of B. bassiana treatment. While there was no significant effect of fungicide on B. bassiana sporulation on cadavers in the field, a pattern emerged that indicated higher proportions of cadavers producing conidia in plots sprayed with water or copper hydroxide than in plots sprayed with chlorothalonil or mancozeb. Survival of B. bassiana conidia in the soil and on foliage was significantly greater in plots treated with copper hydroxide or water than in plots treated with mancozeb or chlorothalonil. Fungicides such as copper hydroxide may be less deleterious to the fungus than mancozeb and chlorothalonil. 相似文献
4.
Stable performance of insect‐resistant transgenic plants across field seasons and between plant organs damaged by the insect pest is critical for management of this resistance in the field. To evaluate this, potato (Solanum tuberosum) lines transgenic for a cry1Ac9 gene with resistance to potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) were established in the field during the southern hemisphere summers of 1997/98, 1998/99 and 1999/00 as small field plots, each of 10 plants. Replicate plots of the non‐transgenic parent cultivars (at least one for every three independently derived transgenic lines) were planted randomly throughout the trials. Field‐grown foliage was challenged with larvae in the laboratory and a growth index (GI) was calculated for recovered larvae from each transgenic and non‐transgenic potato line. Larval growth on young and mature leaves, and on newly harvested or stored tubers was also measured in the laboratory. Foliage from the transgenic lines inhibited larval growth in all seasons tested. For both control and transgenic lines, larvae had slightly lower GIs when reared on mature leaves compared with young leaves, although the correlation between mean GI for young and mature transgenic leaves was high (r = 0.97). The correlation between the mean GIs of larvae on newly harvested tubers and on those stored for 5 months was also high (r = 1.0). However, the GIs of larvae on newly harvested transgenic tubers were larger than on transgenic tubers stored for 5 months. The relative growth indices (RGI = mean GI/number days before final weighing) of larvae reared on newly harvested tubers from transgenic lines were generally higher than those from young transgenic foliage, while the RGIs of larvae reared on non‐transgenic tubers were slightly lower than those fed non‐transgenic foliage. The correlation between mean RGIs of larvae fed tubers or foliage was 0.62. The transgenic potato lines exhibited stable resistance to larvae across field seasons, between affected plant organs, and between plant organs of different ages. 相似文献
5.
The effects of inoculation method on efficacy of two formulations of Beauveria bassiana strain GHA against Colorado potato beetle larvae were investigated. Under dry greenhouse conditions, ca. 58% mortality was observed among second-instar larvae exposed directly to sprays of B. bassiana conidia, whereas mortality among larvae exposed to similarly treated foliage (either leaf dorsal or ventral surfaces) was <10%. Mortality was ca. 64% among larvae exposed to both direct sprays and foliar spray deposits. Equivalent rates of mortality were observed among larvae treated with a clay-based wettable powder versus an emulsifiable oil-based formulation of B. bassiana conidia; however, this was observed despite application of an approximately 40% greater dose of WP-formulated conidia, indicating greater efficacy of the emulsifiable oil formulation. These results suggest that, under dry conditions, potato beetle larvae do not readily acquire an effective dose of conidia from treated foliage and that development of improved application technologies to more effectively target the larvae may ultimately prove more beneficial than development of formulations with greater foliar persistence. 相似文献
6.
F. G. Horgan D. T. Quiring A. Lagnaoui Y. Pelletier 《Journal of Applied Entomology》2013,137(10):739-750
The diversification of resistant potato varieties at a landscape level could slow adaptation by Phthorimaea operculella to potato resistance and promote sustainable crop protection. In this study, we assessed wild potato species as novel sources of foliage and tuber resistance against P. operculella. Tuber resistance was quantified for 136 and foliage resistance for 54 potato accessions representing 14 and nine potato species, respectively. Several accessions were highly resistant to moth damage in tubers and/or foliage. In particular, Solanum chiquidenum and Solanum sandemanii were highly resistant to damage in tubers. Several accessions of Solanum multiinterruptum and a small number of accessions of Solanum bukasovii, Solanum berthaultii, Solanum sparsipilum and Solanum wittmackii also had highly resistant tubers. Larval survival on foliage of S. bukasovii and S. chiquidenum was generally low. New resistance sources are listed, and insect performance on the plants is described with possible resistance mechanisms. The study also examined potential trade‐offs associated with resistance. Tuber resistance was negatively correlated with the number and weight of tubers produced per plant, but positively correlated with the length of dormancy across accessions, indicating that, although long dormancy is not a prerequisite for resistance, species and accessions with extended dormancy will have more resistant tubers. Tuber and foliage resistance were generally positively correlated across all accessions; however, among accessions from within a potato species, there were negative (S. berthaultii), positive (S. chiquidenum) and non‐significant (S. bukasovii) relations. These results indicate that, besides identifying novel resistance sources, an improved understanding of the mechanisms and inherent trade‐offs associated with tuber and foliage resistance will improve the efficiency of potato breeding programmes aimed at enhancing resistance against P. operculella. 相似文献
7.
Conrad Cloutier Marc Fournier Christine Jean Serge Yelle Dominique Michaud 《Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology》1999,40(2):69-79
Feeding, growth, development, and food conversion efficiency of Colorado potato beetle larvae reared on foliage from a “Kennebec” potato line expressing oryzacystatin I (OCI) at about 1% of its total soluble proteins were compared to those of larvae feeding on untransformed foliage from the same line. During stages L1 to L3, larvae feeding on OCI consumed leaf material 14% faster, gained weight 28% faster, and weighed 20% more at the end of the L3 stage, compared to controls. Continued exceptional performance on OCI during the final L4 stage was expressed as faster development than controls, an effect that persisted during pupal development and resulted in emergence of similar weight adults 1 day earlier than controls. Larvae initially maintained on control foliage and switched to OCI foliage during L4 did not overcompensate as those on OCI foliage throughout development, but performed similarly to larvae on control foliage throughout. Total azocaseinase activity in midgut extracts from these 4th instars 1 d after switching to OCI foliage was sensitive to inhibition by a recombinant form of OCI expressed in Escherichia coli, but was no longer sensitive 4 d after switching, indicating a gradual adaptation of the insect digestive protease system, based on the production of OCI insensitive proteases. Despite OCI potato foliage being consumed faster by small larvae using it for food, there was no indication that it was less efficient than untransformed foliage as food protein. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 40:69–79, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
8.
Gabriel Moura Mascarin Sérgio Batista Alves Fátima Teresinha Rampelotti-Ferreira Mariana Ragassi Urbano Clarice Garcia Borges Demétrio Italo DelaliberaJr. 《BioControl》2010,55(5):657-671
In this study a Brazilian granulovirus strain, PhopGV, isolated from the potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella, was investigated regarding its potential for biological control and in vivo production. The relationship between mortality
of P. operculella larvae and virus concentration was determined at different temperatures on potato tubers and susceptibility of P. operculella to PhopGV was also determined on potato leaves. Virulence of PhopGV to P. operculella was not affected by temperatures from 18 to 30°C. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of larvae fed on potato foliage treated with PhopGV was not higher than that verified with larvae fed on treated tubers.
Optimal conditions for production of virus-infected larvae were obtained by using the virus suspensions of 41 × 105, 6.3 × 105 and 62 × 105 OBs ml−1 at 18, 24 and 30°C, which resulted in 32.0, 31.4 and 34.8% of infected larvae collected, respectively. The maximum percentage
of infected larvae recovered from tubers was not affected by temperature. However, time for production of virus-infected larvae
was longer at 18°C and shorter at 30°C. Persistence of PhopGV was determined on stored tubers and we observed that the virus
remained effective for at least two months, causing up to 84.2% mortality of P. operculella at 1 × 107 OBs ml−1. The pathogen was also highly virulent to tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, inflicting high percentage of mortality, delaying larval growth and inhibiting pupation. This Brazilian PhopGV strain has
potential to control PTM larvae on potato tubers at a broad range of temperature and can be produced in vivo using virus-treated
tubers. 相似文献
9.
Experiments were performed to test the acceptability of two palatable, cryptic caterpillars, the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, and the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni, reared on different diets, to the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis. Ants preferred larvae reared on artificial diet, groundcherry, or cowpea to tobacco-reared larvae. Ants also preferred larvae reared on artificial diet without nicotine to larvae reared on diet containing nicotine (5% dry wt). Experiments were also performed to test the response of ants to larval extracts and chemicals applied to the surface of palatable prey. Ants did not respond differently to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella, treated with larval extracts or regurgitate from tobacco-reared larvae compared to artificialdiet-reared larvae, but ants were deterred byP. operculella larvae treated with nicotine compared to untreated larvae. The results of this study indicate that caterpillars can derive at least some degree of chemical protection from their food plant without sequestering and storing plant compounds and without the development of elaborate aposematic characteristics. 相似文献
10.
Kondrák M Kutas J Szenthe B Patthy A Bánfalvi Z Nádasy M Gráf L Asbóth B 《Biotechnology letters》2005,27(12):829-834
The cDNA for a 73-mer peptide containing two locust serine proteinase inhibitors was cloned, fused to the constitutive CaMV35S promoter and introduced into potato by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. From 23 independent transgenic lines, three with high mRNA level and proteinase inhibitory activity were propagated in vitro and transferred to pots. The peptide from the leaves was identified by its N-terminal sequence and by Ki values against chymotrypsin and trypsin. Colorado potato beetle larvae reared on transgenic plants grew slightly but significantly more slowly than those on control plants. This supports the notion that expression of multifunctional proteinase inhibitors of insect origin might be a good strategy to improve insect resistance in plants. 相似文献
11.
We investigated the potential of endophytic Beauveria bassiana to provide protection against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), one of the most economically important viral diseases in cucurbits. Four selected B. bassiana strains were able to successfully colonise squash plants following foliar inoculation with the conidial suspension of each respective strain. However, no significant difference in percentage colonisation was observed among the tested B. bassiana strains. Disease incidence (percentage of plants showing ZYMV symptoms) and severity (rating based on a 5-point scale), sampled weekly for four weeks following the challenge inoculation of plants with ZYMV, were significantly lower in B. bassiana-inoculated plants as compared to control plants, regardless of the inoculated strain. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on the potential of endophytic B. bassiana to confer protection against plant viruses. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether such endophytic B. bassiana-mediated protection against ZYMV in squash extends to other cucurbits. 相似文献
12.
Mavis A. Acheampong Eric W. Cornelius Ken O. Fening Belinda Luke Dave Moore 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2016,26(11):1516-1525
Recent research in Ghana has demonstrated the effectiveness of an isolate of B. bassiana, sensu lato (IMI 389521) from the U.K. against the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), a major pest of stored maize. To determine whether this isolate is effective on immature stages of P. truncatus, a laboratory study of the response of immature stages (egg, larvae and pupae) of P. truncatus in maize grains to two concentrations (1?×?109 and 3.16?×?109?cfu/kg maize) of B. bassiana, IMI 389521 formulated with Entostat? and kaolinite was undertaken. Adult emergence, per cent survival of adults that emerged and the number of larvae in each immature stage were assessed after 45 days. Apart from the egg experiment, higher numbers of adults emerged in grains containing larvae and pupae treated with B. bassiana product compared to the untreated maize control. This notwithstanding, survival of emerged adults of P. truncatus was greatly reduced in B. bassiana treatments (<10%) compared with 75–95% in the controls. Surface treatment with B. bassiana on pre-infested maize showed a significant effect on the developmental biology of P. truncatus in Ghana. 相似文献
13.
The potato tuber moth (PTM),Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major pest of processing tomatoes,Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae), in Israel. The larvae penetrate the tomato fruit through the stem end and present a serious threat to
crop quality. Foliage and fruit samples were taken in nine commercial tomato fields located in Israel's three main tomato
growing areas, two of which are potato growing areas as well. PTM was not found where potatoes were absent. Potato harvest
in nearby fields was found to be the most significant factor affecting seasonal trends in PTM population density in tomatoes.
All four larval instars were found in foliage on all sampling dates. Significantly higher proportions of first instars were
found during the population density increase which followed potato harvest. Damaged fruits did not contain first instar larvae,
indicating that PTM never undergoes complete development within tomato fruit. Fruit damage levels at harvest were positively
correlated to the peak mean population densities on foliage and the date they were observed. In tomato fields not adjacent
to potatoes, infestation was first observed at the edge of the field. Both before and after the potato harvest in nearby fields,
population density at the edge of the field was significantly higher than at the center. In tomato fields adjacent to potatoes,
no significant differences were found between population densities at the edge and center before the potatoes were harvested.
After the potato harvest, population density at the center of tomato fields was higher than at the edge.
Deceased, October 1988 相似文献
14.
Effects of potato plants expressing a barley cystatin on the predatory bug Podisus maculiventris via herbivorous prey feeding on the plant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alvarez-Alfageme F Martínez M Pascual-Ruiz S Castañera P Diaz I Ortego F 《Transgenic research》2007,16(1):1-13
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of potato plants expressing a barley cystatin on a potentially cystatin-susceptible
natural enemy by predation on susceptible and non-susceptible preys feeding on the plant. We have focussed on the impact of
the variant HvCPI-1 C68 → G, in which the only cysteine residue was changed by a glycine, on the growth and digestive physiology of the Colorado
potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and the Egyptian cotton leafworm (ECW), Spodoptera littoralis. Moreover, we have studied the prey-mediated effects of the barley cystatin at the third trophic level, using the predatory
spined soldier bug (SSB), Podisus maculiventris, as a model. Feeding trials conducted with CPB larvae reared on transgenic potato plants expressing the C68 → G variant resulted in significantly lower weight gains compared to those fed on non-transformed (NT) plants. On the contrary,
larger weight gains were obtained when ECW larvae, that lack digestive cysteine proteases, were reared on transgenic potato
expressing the cystatin, as compared to larvae fed on NT plants. No negative effects on survival and growth were observed
when SSB nymphs were exposed to HvCPI-1 C68 → G by predation on either CPB or ECW larvae reared on transgenic potato plants expressing the barley cystatin, despite the
fact that the inhibitor suppressed in vitro gut proteolysis of the predatory bug. To investigate the physiological background, biochemical analysis were carried out
on guts of insects dissected at the end of the feeding assays.
Fernando álvarez-Alfageme and Manuel Martínez are contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
15.
Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), feeding, development, and survival to adulthood were examined after continuously exposing large larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis-treated potato foliage from the field. In laboratory assays, the overall consumption and the length of period to become prepupae were determined for larvae, which began as 3rd and 4th instars, that were offered potato leaf disks with naturally declining levels of B. thuringiensis residue. In small-cage field experiments, survival to adulthood and the period to adult emergence for beetles confined to potato plants treated with B. thuringiensis beginning as 3rd and 4th instars also were examined. Third instars remaining on plants after a B. thuringiensis application were unlikely to feed and 4th instars consumed only approximately 50% as much foliage as those fed untreated foliage. Many late instars subjected to B. thuringiensis-treated foliage failed to survive to adulthood; 58-83% of these beetles died during the larval stage. Reduced feeding and poor survival of late instars suggest that counts of large larvae after application do not provide a complete picture of the efficacy of the B. thuringiensis treatment. Late instar Colorado potato beetles that were exposed continually to naturally declining levels of B. thuringiensis-treated potato foliage took an average of 1.8-4.5 d longer to become prepupae and 4-8 d longer to emerge as adults compared with those provided with untreated foliage. Delayed emergence of adults that fed on B. thuringiensis-treated potatoes as late instars indicated that development was prolonged in these insects because of ingestion of a sublethal dose of B. thuringiensis. 相似文献
16.
Yaqiang Zheng Shuqi He Zaotang Su Wenqian Wang Linying Zhang 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2019,29(10):965-978
ABSTRACTThe potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella is a critical potato pest. Larvae infest both foliage and tubers and mature larvae pupate in the soil or other safe places. Cordyceps tenuipes, an entomopathogenic fungus, infect lepidopteran pupae. To determine the effectiveness of this fungus as a biocontrol agent for PTM, we evaluated the time-concentration-mortality (TCM) response of PTM pupae to C. tenuipes using the following bioassays: (1) direct immersion in conidial suspensions, (2) incubation in sterilised or (3) unsterilised soilpremixed with conidia, and (4) incubation in unsterilised soil drenched with conidial suspensions to simulate field conditions. Fungal infection caused 100%, 83.3%, 73.3%, and 85.0% mortality of PTM pupae in assays 1–4, respectively. At 108 conidia/mL or conidia/g concentration, assays 1 and 4 had short lethal times (LT50) of 2.2 and 2.6 days compared with 3.7 and 4.8 days for assays 2 and 3, respectively. On day 7 after inoculation, assays 1 and 4 also had low lethal concentrations (LC50) of 1.69 × 103 conidia/mL and 1.10 × 105 conidia/g compared with those of assays 2 and 3, which showed low virulence, with LC50 of 3.50 × 105 and 3.60 × 106 conidia/mL, respectively. Our results demonstrate that C. tenuipes is a promising candidate for PTM biocontrol at the pupal stage. Drenching the soil surface with conidial suspensions may be the most effective method of field application. 相似文献
17.
The feeding behaviour of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lep., Gelechiidae), reared on leaves and tubers of potato plants, which were irradiated as seed (tubers) with stimulation doses of gamma irradiation (1, 3, 5 and 10 Gy), was studied. Significant differences in the larvae and pupae developmental time, pupal weight, mortality, fecundity and percentage egg hatch, were observed between insects fed on plants which resulted from the irradiated seeds and those of the control. It appears that leaves of potato plants grown from irradiated seeds particularly those of 3 Gy, became more attractive to the larvae, although the resulting tubers, with the exception of those of 10 Gy, became more resistant to potato tuber moth. Storing the tubers at ambient temperature conditions affected the degree of larval sensitivity. The leaves and tubers of 10 Gy-irradiated seeds became more suitable for insect development, indicating that the later dose may inhibit the production of secondary plant metabolities and chemical compounds. 相似文献
18.
High level of resistance to potato virus Y by expressing P1 sequence in antisense orientation in transgenic potato 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mäki-Valkama Tuula Pehu Tuula Santala Anne Valkonen Jari P.T. Koivu Kimmo Lehto Kirsi Pehu Eija 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2000,6(1):95-104
19.
20.
H. Rafiee-Dastjerdi F. Khorrami M. Hassanpour 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(15):1827-1831
The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella is a serious pest of potato both in the field and storage that makes great problem in storage. Farmers routinely rely on chemical insecticides that could be hazardous for human health and environment. Insecticide resistance of P. operculella has been reported all over the world, so botanical origin materials may serve as proper alternative materials for controlling the pest. Natural products are generally preferred because of they are less harmful to non-target organisms, eco-friendly and biodegradable. In the present study, ovicidal activity of essential oils (EOs) of basil, European pennyroyal, lavender, mint, oregano and savoury and oviposition-deterrent activity of methanolic extracts of fumitory, lavender, licorice and oregano were investigated on P. operculella. Probit analysis showed that EOs of Lavandula angustifolia revealed the highest activity (LC50 value 0.4 μL/L air). Fumitory extract elicited the highest reduction in percentage of laying eggs. The results indicated that these medicinal plants could be effective for declining damage of P. operculella in storages. 相似文献