共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
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综述露额瓢蜡蝉属Symplanella Fennah的分类研究历史,研究该属的中国种类.记述中国露额瓢蜡蝉属2种,包括1新种--圆斑露额瓢蜡蝉Symplanella unipuncta,sp.nov.,1新组合--短头露额瓢蜡蝉 Symplanella brevicephala,n.comb..提供了分种检索表.模式标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆. 相似文献
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果树授粉昆虫角额壁蜂的形态和生物学研究 总被引:16,自引:2,他引:16
角额壁蜂一年发生1代。人工驯化释放的壁蜂,喜欢以芦苇管或纸管为巢穴。早春果树开花季节,越冬成蜂相继破茧出巢,交配活动。雌蜂借腹部腹毛刷采集大量花粉花蜜。在巢穴中分小室产卵繁殖后代。幼虫孵出后即以花粉团为食,8月中下旬成蜂羽化后在茧内越冬。翌年破茧出巢。成蜂访花采粉效率高,以蜂巢周围60m内的座果率为最高。角额壁蜂访花频率较蜜蜂高,因此,大大提高了果树座果率。成蜂活动要求的温度较低,适合我国北方多种果树开花期的授粉。果园放蜂试验证明对苹果、梨、杏等有明显的增产作用。 相似文献
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通过建立网室近自然实验种群,结合野生个体观察记述了云南玉溪九香虫Coridius chinensis (Dallas)种群的各虫期形态特征、在云南玉溪红塔区的年生活史、寄主范围、取食偏好、成虫及若虫的行为习性,为该虫的保育和规模化养殖提供依据。结果显示,九香虫卵有绿色和粉色两种生态型,若虫有5个龄期;在云南玉溪红塔区1年仅发生1代,仅以成虫态越冬;红塔区九香虫野生个体主要以佛手瓜和南瓜等葫芦科植物为食;取食偏好选择试验表明该虫最喜取食葫芦,冬瓜和南瓜次之;雌雄成虫可多次交配多次产卵,单雌单次平均产卵量为16.3±6.0粒。研究表明,云南玉溪红塔区的九香虫种群为典型的一化性昆虫,休眠期可达8个月;该虫食性较广,可取食多科植物,但以葫芦科瓜类为主;羽化成虫每年9月中旬至10月上旬陆续从佛手瓜、南瓜等寄主植物上迁至枯树皮下、柴堆等隐蔽场所越冬,翌年4月下旬陆续解除休眠,迁至佛手瓜、南瓜等作物上取食繁殖。 相似文献
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油茶地蜂是普通油茶的主要传粉昆虫,为深入研究其传粉生物学特性,采用标准株全天观察法、杯罩法、花粉计数法,对油茶地蜂访花行为、访花过程、访花节律、携粉足构造及载粉量等传粉生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,典型的油茶地蜂访花过程呈现"双峰型"的访花节律。油茶地蜂每天进出巢3~4次。第一次回巢到达的最早时间为10:22,最后一次出巢的最晚时间为16:34。出巢到进巢的时间间隔为(1.67±0.46)h(n=27),进巢到出巢的时间为(21.43±8.09)min(n=46)。地蜂总的携粉数量为(2 036±860)粒(n=25)。地蜂携粉足的结构分为两部分,第一部分是由胫节及第一跗节上密集轮生的、较坚硬的、圆锥状毛丛组成的花粉刷;第二部分为股节外部和转节端部有羽状分枝的弧形长毛组成的花粉篮。每只携粉足上的载粉量为(1.64±0.56)mg(n=10),携带的花粉总数为(9 068±2 364)粒(n=42)。地蜂对白色有偏好。对地蜂的传粉生物学特性和普通油茶花的传粉综合征的研究表明,油茶地蜂是高度特化的传粉者,而普通油茶花的传粉综合征是泛化的,两者间构成了一种非对称的进化关系。 相似文献
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随着全球气候变暖,部分地区茶园害虫扁刺蛾Thosea sinensis再次爆发,为有效提高对其野外识别和预测预报的水平,开展了不同发育阶段虫体的形态特征及其生物学特性初步观察。结果表明,扁刺蛾卵扁平、椭圆形,卵长2.41 mm、卵宽1.77 mm,卵壳有网状线纹结构。幼虫具3对胸足、无腹足,移动时腹部呈波浪状蠕动,老熟幼虫体重542.35 mg、体长21.76 mm、体宽13.30 mm。老熟幼虫结茧后于茧内化蛹,雌虫茧长、宽均显著大于雄虫茧。蛹期体色由乳黄色渐变为黄白色、褐色至灰黑色,复眼由乳黄色渐变为红色至黑色,雌蛹体重〖JP2〗446.95 mg,显著高于雄蛹363.32 mg。成虫体灰褐色,前翅近2/3处有一褐色横带,雌成虫体长15.23 mm显著大于雄成虫13.55 mm。扁刺蛾在江西地区1年发生2~3代,第3代发生率仅为1.37%,该虫野外被寄生率为4.66%。 相似文献
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【目的】探明两色食虱螯蜂Echthrodelphax fairchildii、黄腿双距螯蜂Gonatopus flavifemur和稻虱红单节螯蜂Haplogonatopus apicalis 3种稻田常见螯蜂对半翅目害虫的寄主偏好性及控害作用。【方法】在非选择条件下,分别以褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera、灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus、黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps和伪褐飞虱Nilaparvata muiri为寄主,观察两色食虱螯蜂、黄腿双距螯蜂和稻虱红单节螯蜂的取食、寄生以及子代生长发育情况;并在选择条件下观察3种螯蜂对稻飞虱的寄主选择性,评价螯蜂的寄主偏好性。根据以上试验,评出3种螯蜂各自的适宜寄主;并选择适宜寄主测定3种螯蜂的寿命、取食量和寄生量,评价其控害作用。【结果】两色食虱螯蜂可取食和寄生褐飞虱、灰飞虱、白背飞虱和伪褐飞虱,以前3种为两色食虱螯蜂的适宜寄主,伪褐飞虱次之;黑尾叶蝉为其非取食、寄生寄主。黄腿双距螯蜂可取食和寄生4种飞虱:褐飞虱和灰飞虱适合性较高,白背飞虱次之,伪褐飞虱最差。黑尾叶蝉可为黄腿双距螯蜂的取食寄主,但非寄生寄主。稻虱红单节螯蜂以白背飞虱为最适寄主,灰飞虱次之;其他3种寄主仅能被稻虱红单节螯蜂取食,不能被成功寄生。在适宜寄主上,稻虱红单节螯蜂雌虫的寿命、总取食和寄生合计量均最高,两色食虱螯蜂的最低,黄腿双距螯蜂的居中;3种螯蜂日均取食量和寄生量的消长动态波动幅度不大。【结论】两色食虱螯蜂偏好寄生褐飞虱、灰飞虱和白背飞虱,控害作用相对最弱;黄腿双距螯蜂偏好寄生褐飞虱和灰飞虱,控害作用居中;稻虱红单节螯蜂偏好寄生白背飞虱,控害作用最强。 相似文献
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Sylvain Gandon Vincent A. A. Jansen Minus van Baalen 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2001,55(5):1056-1062
Abstract.— We present a general epidemiological model of host‐parasite interactions that includes various forms of superinfection. We use this model to study the effects of different host life‐history traits on the evolution of parasite virulence. In particular, we analyze the effects of natural host death rate on the evolutionarily stable parasite virulence. We show that, contrary to classical predictions, an increase in the natural host death rate may select for lower parasite virulence if some form of superinfection occurs. This result is in agreement with the experimental results and the verbal argument presented by Ebert and Mangin (1997). This experiment is discussed in the light of the present model. We also point out the importance of superinfections for the effect of nonspecific immunity on the evolution of virulence. In a broader perspective, this model demonstrates that the occurrence of multiple infections may qualitatively alter classical predictions concerning the effects of various host life‐history traits on the evolution of parasite virulence. 相似文献
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Abstract. 1. Life-history traits such as immunity are often characterised by the presence of large phenotypic variation, but it often remains unclear how and why this variation is maintained by selection.
2. Here an annual social insect, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris , was used to study variation in encapsulation response of males and workers. Bumblebees are a suitable system to study offspring immunity because they are host to a broad variety of different parasites. Bumblebee males, in particular, have a long lifespan compared with other social insect males and their immunity should therefore be an important element for colony reproductive success.
3. Encapsulation response, which was used here as a measurement for the generalised immune defence capacity of an individual, was found to be a highly variable trait. High levels of worker response correlated with low levels of colony parasitism rates.
4. Encapsulation response was found to be (a) lower in males compared with sister workers, and (b) lower in late-produced cohorts compared with early ones.
5. In colonies with delayed sexual reproduction, males had a lower encapsulation response. Thus, investments into immunity seemed reduced in later male cohorts and those eclosing later in the season, perhaps because males had a shorter expected remaining time to acquire matings. The results presented add further evidence that immune defence is a key variable defining colony fitness in social insects. 相似文献
2. Here an annual social insect, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris , was used to study variation in encapsulation response of males and workers. Bumblebees are a suitable system to study offspring immunity because they are host to a broad variety of different parasites. Bumblebee males, in particular, have a long lifespan compared with other social insect males and their immunity should therefore be an important element for colony reproductive success.
3. Encapsulation response, which was used here as a measurement for the generalised immune defence capacity of an individual, was found to be a highly variable trait. High levels of worker response correlated with low levels of colony parasitism rates.
4. Encapsulation response was found to be (a) lower in males compared with sister workers, and (b) lower in late-produced cohorts compared with early ones.
5. In colonies with delayed sexual reproduction, males had a lower encapsulation response. Thus, investments into immunity seemed reduced in later male cohorts and those eclosing later in the season, perhaps because males had a shorter expected remaining time to acquire matings. The results presented add further evidence that immune defence is a key variable defining colony fitness in social insects. 相似文献
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黑肾卷裙夜蛾Plecoptera oculata Moore是我国南方珍贵树种降香黄檀Dalbergia odorifera种植区的一种食叶性害虫。【目的】初步研究黑肾卷裙夜蛾的形态特征、生物学特性以及生活史等问题。【方法】通过室内观察和野外调查,数据精确测量与统计,总结与分析了黑肾卷裙夜蛾的形态、生物学特性等问题。【结果】黑肾卷裙夜蛾幼虫6龄,黑肾卷裙夜蛾一个世代发育需要(41.64±1.59)d,越冬代约为120 d,室内饲养存活率为61.37%±0.80%,其中卵发育历期(7.53±0.40)d,孵化率为(86.67%±1.43)%,幼虫发育历期为(18.42±0.41)d,存活率为61.30%±1.21%,蛹期为(8.67±0.58)d,羽化率为75.55%±1.14%,成虫寿命为(7.02±0.78)d,存活率为74.44%±1.12%,该虫在广东地区一年发生可以发生7~8代,且具有世代重叠现象。【结论】通过了解该虫的生物学特性,为切实可行的防控黑肾卷裙夜蛾提供理论依据。 相似文献
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杨皱背叶蝉Rhytidodus poplara Li et Ya.是危害杨树的新害虫。首次记述其形态特征、生物学特性、发生规律及天敌种类。在山东商河1年发生3代,以成虫在地面落叶和杂草中越冬。翌年2月中旬开始出蜇,在枝干上补充营养、交尾,在叶柄上产卵。产卵量113~361枚,卵历期10~23d,若虫历期17~43d。成虫寿命7~69d,羽化后5~12d开始产卵,主要在下午至傍晚前后,多产于叶柄端部的卵槽内。寄生性天敌有寄生若虫的闫氏单爪螯蜂Anteonyani和寄生卵的缨小蜂Anagrussp.,对叶蝉种群控制作用明显。 相似文献
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【目的】明确不同地理种群斑衣蜡蝉Lycorma delicatula若虫寄生蜂种群遗传差异,实现若虫被寄生早期的快速准确检测,以评估其对斑衣蜡蝉种群的控制作用。【方法】利用DNA条形码技术获得不同地理种群斑衣蜡蝉若虫寄生蜂COI和28S rDNA序列,利用K2P模型计算不同地理种群间的遗传距离,以邻接(neighbor-joining, NJ)法构建系统发育树;基于COI序列设计种特异性PCR(SS-PCR)引物,利用SS-PCR对斑衣蜡蝉若虫DNA进行扩增,测定其体内是否有中华螯蜂Dryinus sinicus寄生;利用目测法观察和PCR扩增测定寄生蜂对不同采样点斑衣蜡蝉若虫的寄生率。【结果】经鉴定,不同地理种群斑衣蜡蝉若虫寄生蜂为中华螯蜂,该寄生蜂COI序列共检测到16个单倍型,28S rDNA序列共检测到4个单倍型。不同地理种群间中华螯蜂遗传距离在0.00691~0.01310之间。邻接法构建的系统发育树显示不同地理种群中华螯蜂均聚于一枝。基于COI序列设计的SS-PCR引物对中华螯蜂成虫、幼虫均具有良好的扩增效果,最低检测阈值为0.000005 ng/μL DNA。利用SS-PCR测定中华螯蜂对各采样点斑衣蜡蝉若虫的寄生率为22.54%~60.00%,显著高于目测统计的结果(5.63%~36.98%)。【结论】不同中华螯蜂地理种群间遗传差异较小;SS-PCR引物可用于不同地区中华螯蜂对斑衣蜡蝉早期寄生率的快速检测。 相似文献
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Michael D. Sorenson Mark E. Hauber Scott R. Derrickson 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2010,277(1697):3079-3085
Sexual reproduction relies on the recognition of conspecifics for breeding. Most experiments in birds have implicated a critical role for early social learning in directing subsequent courtship behaviours and mating decisions. This classical view of avian sexual imprinting is challenged, however, by studies of megapodes and obligate brood parasites, species in which reliable recognition is achieved despite the lack of early experience with conspecifics. By rearing males with either conspecific or heterospecific brood mates, we experimentally tested the effect of early social experience on the association preferences and courtship behaviours of two sympatrically breeding ducks. We predicted that redheads (Aythya americana), which are facultative interspecific brood parasites, would show a diminished effect of early social environment on subsequent courtship preferences when compared with their host and congener, the canvasback (Aythya valisineria). Contrary to expectations, cross-fostered males of both species courted heterospecific females and preferred them in spatial association tests, whereas control males courted and associated with conspecific females. These results imply that ontogenetic constraints on species recognition may be a general impediment to the initial evolution of interspecific brood parasitism in birds. Under more natural conditions, a variety of mechanisms may mitigate or counteract the effects of early imprinting for redheads reared in canvasback broods. 相似文献
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眉斑并脊天牛Glenea cantor Fabricius是我国华南地区园林绿化植物木棉树的重要蛀干害虫。本试验通过室内饲养观察和野外调查,对该虫的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明该虫在南宁一年发生4代,平均世代历期为70 d,主要以4龄幼虫在受害枝干内越冬。成虫羽化后出木前期为5.97±1.11 d。雄虫较雌虫提早羽化2-3 d,成虫期需补充营养,且具弱趋光性和假死习性。在日节律中,9∶00-11∶00和14∶00-16∶00为产卵高峰期,16∶00-19∶00为交配高峰期。雌虫出木后2 d开始交配,雄虫出木后4 d开始交配。雌雄虫一生可交配15.12±7.02次,每次交配时长为3.23±0.97 h,一天内仅交配一次。成虫主要趋向长势较弱的木棉树及枝条上产卵。产卵前期为13.50±3.15 d,平均产卵量为117.31±33.25粒。雌雄寿命分别为72.34±15.60 d和46.22±14.38 d。 相似文献
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六盘山翠金小蜂Tritneptis sp.是华北落叶松人工林主要食叶害虫落叶松红腹叶蜂Pristiphora erichsonii Hartig茧期的体外复寄生性天敌。对该蜂的生物学特性研究表明,该蜂在宁夏六盘山1年2代,以幼虫在寄主茧内越冬,翌年4月中旬开始活动取食,5月中旬开始化蛹,成蜂从6月中旬开始羽化,每头虫茧平均出蜂6.14头,雌雄比1.79∶1,雌蜂6月下旬开始产卵,一只雌蜂一生可在12.2头寄主虫茧上产卵,第1代寄生蜂幼虫7月上旬开始孵化并吸食寄主营养发育,7月下旬开始化蛹,8月上旬开始羽化并交尾、产卵寄生。该蜂体型较大,对寄主跟随性强,无重寄生天敌,自然寄生率7.3%~33.6%,是一种优良天敌寄生蜂。 相似文献