圈养白头叶猴春季昼夜活动节律

2008 年3 ～5 月,采用瞬时扫描法,对上海动物园5 只白头叶猴的行为进行24 h 昼夜连续观察。结果表明:春季圈养白头叶猴一天的活动起于06∶ 00 左右,结束于18∶ 00 或18∶ 30。白天白头叶猴的主要行为为休息、取食和移动,平均频次依次是13.79 次、4.75 次和2.18 次。夜间的主要行为为休息、移动和抓挠,平均频次依次是22.13 次、0.43 次和0.26 次。不同个体昼夜活动节律差异很大。其中,移动、理毛、玩耍和其它行为的差异显著。夜间无理毛和玩耍行为,移动行为在夜间21∶ 00, 00 ∶ 30, 03∶00 和04∶ 30 出现高峰。在22∶ 30, 01∶ 00, 02∶ 00, 03∶ 30, 04∶ 30 和05∶30 则出现抓挠高峰。这预示白头叶猴夜间休息时处于一个“轻睡眠”状态。同时,雌雄白头叶猴昼夜移动行为差异显著。     

鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘越冬白鹤的时间分配与行为节律

2016年12月—2017年3月,采用瞬时扫描法研究了鄱阳湖围垦区藕塘生境中白鹤Grus leucogeranus越冬期的行为,共扫描2560次,23219只次,包括18031只次成鹤和5188只次幼鹤。结果表明,觅食(41.78%)、警戒(25.02%)、修整(15.00%)和休息(10.84%)是白鹤越冬期的主要行为。与自然生境相比,藕塘生境中白鹤主要采取多休息和修整的策略来节省能量支出。成鹤的觅食行为(35.29%)显著低于幼鹤(62.42%)(F_(1,12)=45.977,P0.01),警戒行为(28.66%)则显著高于幼鹤(10.26%)(F_(1,12)=38.975,P0.01)。家庭群成鹤觅食行为(43.96%)极显著高于非家庭群成鹤(27.04%)(F_(1,12)=60.169,P0.01)。家庭群成鹤需要喂食幼鹤,它们花费更多的时间觅食弥补能量的消耗。行为节律上,白鹤各时段觅食行为占总行为的比例均较高,11:00—11:59出现明显高峰,占总行为的48.64%。警戒行为无明显的低谷和高峰。成鹤在各时段的觅食行为比例均明显低于幼鹤,成鹤和幼鹤的觅食曲线变化趋势相似,即觅食比例的升高和降低比较同步。成鹤在各时段的警戒行为和修整行为比例均明显高于幼鹤,成幼鹤的休息行为比例在各时段差别不大,均在14:00—14:59有个明显的高峰。家庭群成鹤的觅食行为比例几乎在各时段均明显高于非家庭群,家庭群成鹤的修整行为和休息行为在大部分时段均低于非家庭群成鹤。因此家庭群成鹤采取多取食,少休息和修整的策略提高自身的适合度,同时保证对后代的抚育。     

贵州黑叶猴日活动时间的分配

1998年至2000年,采用瞬间采样法对贵州省沿河县麻阳河自然保护区核心区的野生成年黑叶猴的日活动规律进行了研究。结果表明：野生成年黑叶猴在全年的行为时间分配中表现为休息所占比例最多,为63.8％;其次是摄食和游走,分别为22．0％和12．3%;嬉戏、拥坐和理毛行为最少,共1．9％。不同季节野生成年黑叶猴的活动变化规律基本相似,但不同季节各种行为的频率、强度和持续时间不同。摄食和休息均存在2个高峰期,但是夏季摄食有4个高峰期,夏季和秋季休息存在3个高峰期。游走在四季的日活动中变化平稳。嬉戏、拥坐和理毛行为存在季节性有或无的现象。     

Socio-maternal behaviors in response to an infant birth inColobus guereza

A number of social behaviors were observed in a captive troop ofColobus guereza on a regular basis for eight months. These included clasping and related behaviors, forward mounts, rear mounts, presents, troop positions during rest periods, infant transfers and attempted transfers, play, and grooming. During the observation period two significant events occurred: a re-introduction of a mother and her juvenile female, and the birth of an infant to a resident female. These events caused an increase in certain adult behaviors indicating a relationship of them with similar behaviors done between mothers and infants. This similarity seemed to indicate the co-evolution of “maternal” behaviors for use in adult social interactions and the phenomenon of infant transfer or sharing. The maternal and socio-maternal behaviors and their infantile precursors are then discussed in relation to the ontogeny of behavioral forms, the ontogeny of motivation in such behaviors, and the idea of infantile regression during development and in adult life.     

SYNCHRONIZATION TO LIGHT AND RESTRICTED-FEEDING SCHEDULES OF BEHAVIORAL AND HUMORAL DAILY RHYTHMS IN GILTHEAD SEA BREAM (SPARUS AURATA)

Food is not continuously available in the wild, and so most animals show a wide variety of circadian rhythms that can be entrained to feeding time. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of time-restricted feeding on the daily rhythms of gilthead sea bream, with food being provided during the day or night under a 12:12?h light-dark (LD) cycle or constant light (LL) conditions. Self-feeding and locomotor activity, as well as daily rhythms of cortisol, glucose, and melatonin, were evaluated. Fish synchronized their feeding behavior to the feeding phase, so that in LD they displayed 78% nocturnal feeding activity under night-feeding and 81% diurnal feeding activity under day-feeding, while under LL-feeding they displayed 72% of their daily activity during the 12?h feeding phase. In contrast, locomotor activity was mostly diurnal (66–71%), regardless of the feeding schedule, and it became arrhythmic under LL. Cortisol showed daily rhythms that peaked at different times, depending on the light and feeding schedule: one peak several hours before feeding under day-feeding and night-feeding, and two peaks under LL-feeding. Glucose displayed low-amplitude variations, with no daily rhythms being detected. Melatonin, however, showed a nocturnal rhythm, regardless of the feeding schedule, while the rhythm became attenuated under LL. Taken together, these results highlight the role of feeding on endocrine and metabolic rhythms, suggesting that feeding behavior should be considered when studying these variables. (Author correspondence: jflopez@um.es)     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫行为活动昼夜节律

【目的】本研究旨在明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia cellarum成虫行为活动的昼夜节律,为其室内饲养、行为学研究和研发精准、高效的监测与防控新技术提供依据。【方法】室内系统观察记录了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫羽化盛期求偶、交配、产卵、移动与静息等行为的昼夜节律,分析了其特定行为的时间分配特征。【结果】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫的运动行为和静息行为白天和黑夜均有发生,夜间的繁殖行为(求偶、交配和产卵)频次高于白天的,各时间点的移动、静息和繁殖行为频次占比间均具有显著性差异。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌雄成虫的求偶节律相同,一天中求偶有两次高峰,分别出现在3:00和7:00。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌雄成虫的交配节律与雌成虫的产卵节律相似,雄成虫移动行为频次占比的峰值时刻均出现在3:00时,雌成虫移动行为频次占比的峰值时刻则出现在19:00时。雌雄成虫静息行为的频次占比均无明显昼夜节律高峰。在日时间分配上,雌、雄成虫以静息行为的时间占比最多,分别为89.53%和89.90%;求偶行为的时间占比最少,分别为0.56%和0.89%。雌雄成虫各行为的日时间占比差异不显著。【结论】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫的求偶、交配、产卵、移动和静息行为具有明显...     

Thermal constraints on activity scheduling and habitat choice in baboons

The importance of thermoregulation as a constraint on behavior has received comparatively little attention in relation to other ecological factors. Despite this, a number of studies suggested that high temperature may represent an important ecological constraint. This paper examines the impact of temperature on activity scheduling in a troop of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) at De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa. Once the daily, seasonal, and individual effects were controlled for, the "perceived environmental temperature" (PET), which accounts for the relative contributions of solar radiation, wind speed, and humidity on shade temperature, was a significant constraint on behavior. With high PET, feeding declines, and there is an increase in grooming and particularly resting behavior. Baboons thus engage in more sedentary behaviors as temperature increases, with significantly higher levels of resting and grooming when temperature exceeds the approximate thermal neutral zone for baboons. Seeking shade is an important behavioral response to thermal stress, and PET was a significant determinant of whether an animal was in shade while engaged in either resting or grooming behavior. Furthermore, the proportion of time spent in shade increased across air temperatures that were below, within, and above the thermal neutral zone for baboons. Finally, since resting and grooming are conducted preferentially in certain habitat types, thermoregulatory considerations also impact on patterns of habitat choice and day-journey routes. This suggests that the thermal environment is an ecological variable that should be given greater consideration in future studies of primate behavior.     

Development of behaviors in a male spectacled langur (Presbytis obscurus)

An infant langur,Presbytis obscurus, was observed in a group setting, from birth until 1 year of age. Frequency or duration of 30 behaviors was recorded during 2 hour periods and plotted chronologically. Based on fluctuations and interrelations of these behaviors, age classes were designated. The Maternal Care Period (0–20 days) is characterized by close mother-infant contact, including a great deal of nipple contact and a high frequency of maternal behaviors. The Individuation Period (21–70 days) is typified by maternal restraint and retrieval, and independence and self-oriented behaviors like scratching, mouthing, and locomotory skills. The Socialization Period (71–240 days) is manifested by behavioral fluctuations, involving nipple contact, play, and care by other troop members and coincides with the molt from infant to juvenile pelage. Finally, during the Juvenile Period, the motherinfant distance increases and the mother interacts more with other troop members. Behavioral fluctuations observed in this infant langur are discussed with reference to other primates studied.     

Inter-male associations in a wild Japanese macaque troop on Yakushima Island,Japan

Adult male association and its annual change were studied in a wild population of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Unlike many other Japanese macaque troops, adult troop males frequently maintained proximity and exchanged grooming with one another in both the mating and non-mating seasons, and the dominance relationship rarely appeared in such inter-male associations. The few cases of agonistic interactions occurred mostly when estrous females or food resources were immediately concerned. Although troop males were very intolerant to newly appeared solitary males (new males) during the mating season, close associations were formed between troop males and new males as soon as the mating season terminated. The consort of new males and lower-ranking troop males with estrous females was frequently disturbed, but these males could copulate no less frequently than higher-ranking males. A comparison among macaque species suggests the existence of two forms of inter-male association: (1) the frequent association based on the symmetrical exchange of social behaviors; and (2) the infrequent and asymmetrical association related to the dominance relationship. The form of inter-male association seems to be influenced by whether or not males can keep close associations with females throughout the year.     

广西扶绥黑叶猴活动节律和日活动时间分配

2002 年8 月至2003 年7 月,对生活在完全被周围农田隔离的石山中的一群黑叶猴的昼夜活动节律和日活动时间分配进行研究。采用以群为单位的焦点动物观察法和连续记录法,每月对猴群连续10 d 跟踪观察。结果表明:3 月至10 月,黑叶猴的昼夜活动节律由8 个环节组成,11 月至2 月由9 个环节组成,移动、觅食和休息在活动节律中重复出现,晒太阳仅出现在11 月至翌年2 月。休息占黑叶猴日活动时间的比例最大,其次是觅食、移动、晒太阳和理毛。黑叶猴的日活动时间分配具有明显的月变化规律,相关性分析表明,环境温度、栖息地的食物丰富度和光照强度是影响黑叶猴日活动时间分配的主要因素。进一步分析认为,黑叶猴的活动时间分配体现了叶食性灵长类的特点,更体现了黑叶猴对北热带喀斯特石山环境的适应特点。     

Daily patterns of mRNA expression of two core circadian regulatory proteins, Clock2 and Per1, and two appetite-regulating peptides, OX and NPY, in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The aim of this study was to examine the daily hypothalamic mRNA expression profiles for two core circadian regulatory proteins, CLOCK2 and PER1, and for two neuropeptides that regulate wakefulness and food intake, OX and NPY, in goldfish. The profiles were determined for fish at different nutritional states (i.e. fed or unfed on sampling day) and held at different photoperiods (i.e. 16L:8D photoperiod vs. constant light LL). Our results show that under a 16L:8D photoperiod, both fed and unfed goldfish exhibit clear antiphasic daily rhythms of hypothalamic Clock2 and Per1 mRNA expression levels, whereas under LL, daily Clock2 rhythms are seen in both fed and unfed fish while significant rhythms of Per1 mRNA expression only persist in unfed fish. In fish held under 16L:8D, but not under LL, there was significantly higher Per1 expression in fed fish at feeding time than in unfed fish. Daily variations in hypothalamic OX mRNA expression levels with peaks observed prior to both feeding time and the onset of darkness, were displayed under a 16L:8D photoperiod, whereas exposure to LL resulted in lower expression levels with no significant daily variations. Fish held under LL, but not under 16L:8D, showed significant daily variations in NPY mRNA expression with a peak prior to feeding time. Taken together, our results suggest that the mRNA expression of both appetite-regulating and circadian proteins display daily variations and that these patterns can be affected by external cues such as feeding and photoperiod.     

Photic entrainment of daily rhythm pattern of locomotor activity in sea bass (Dicentrarcus labrax)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the circadian rhythm of daily locomotor activity in sea bass exposed to three different artificial lighting regimes including 12/12, 24/0, and 0/24 L/D periods, and scheduled daytime feeding. Daily rhythm of locomotor activity during 12/12 L/D was observed, whereas locomotor activity recorded during 24/0 and 0/24 L/D resulted arrhythmic. Statistical differences in mesor values among the photoperiods and between light and dark phases of each photoperiod were found. During the 12/12 and 0/24 L/D, the fish were active mostly during the light phase. During 24/0 L/D, a phase inversion occurred. The results showed that photoperiod is a dominant synchronizer in sea bass, and that the appetite in this fish follows daily rhythms which does not match the imposed feeding schedule, suggesting the absence or the lability of internal process that couples feeding cycles and biological rhythms.     

Feeding behavior and diet of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island,Japan

Feeding behavior in a troop of one subspecies of the Japanese monkey, the Yakuzaru (Macaca fuscata yakui), was observed for 407 hr on Yakushima Island between March and December 1976, after a three-month preliminary survey in 1975. The troop dwells in a mature warm temperate forest at a density of over 30 animals/km². The 5-min scanning technique was employed from August to December 1976, to detect the quantitative features of feeding behavior. The members of this troop fed on 76 plant species: on the leaves of 26, the fruits of 45, and other parts of 12 species. The Yakuzaru is essentially frugivorous. The pattern of food selection is discussed in relation to fruit production. The animals fed much more on the leaves of deciduous than of evergreen woody plants. “Selection ratio” the percentage of time spent feeding on each species to the percentage abundance of each species in the sample strip, was calculated in order to evaluate food selection from the plant community. In addition, the food habits of this subspecies were compared with that of six other populations in various habitats in Japan, by computing the similarity index for the woody plant community, all woody plant food species, and all major woody plant food species.     

Symmetrical patterns in non-agonistic social interactions found in unprovisioned Japanese macaques

Non-agonistic social interactions in an unprovisioned troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) were analyzed with the spacing between individuals, leading-following interactions, and exchange of social grooming. The most frequent interactions were found between kin-related females. Unrelated females stayed with one another rather frequently, but rarely exchanged social behaviors. Interactions between males and females were infrequent though they were occasionaly observed between high-ranking males and high-ranking females. Very frequent exchange of grooming was observed between males, and even high-ranking males exchanged grooming more frequently with males than with females. Most non-agonistic social interactions in the study troop were based on bidirectional exchange of social behaviors, in which no clear tendency relevant to dominance or sex was found; while in provisioned Japanese macaque troops, associations between males and females, between unrelated females, and between males were formed mainly be subordinates' active roles in associative behaviors. This seems relevant to the idea that dominance grealty influence social life in provisioned troops. The present study provides guidelines for interspecific comparison of social interaction patterns of macaque species.     

Short-Term Benefits of Play Behavior and Conflict Prevention in Pan paniscus

Most theories on the function of play have focused on ultimate rather than proximate benefits. Play peaks during juvenility but, in some species, it is present in adulthood as well. In primates, social play and grooming often show a matched pattern because they bring individuals into close contact and favor social cohesion. In Pan, researchers have widely documented anticipation of competition at feeding time. Chimpanzees limit aggression over food by grooming (celebration), whereas bonobos use sociosexuality as a reassurance mechanism. We examined the function of play in the context of conflict prevention in the Apenheul bonobo colony. We analyzed the distribution of social play, grooming, and sexual contacts in periods around feeding and in a control condition. Adult-adult and adult-immature play frequencies were significantly higher during prefeeding than in any other condition, thus not supporting the commonly held view that social stress suppresses play. Further, there is a significant positive correlation between adult-adult play and rates of cofeeding. During feeding, adults engaged in their highest levels of sociosexual behaviors, whereas an increase in grooming rates occurred in prefeeding, though not significantly compared to the control rates. In conclusion, bonobos apparently cope with competition and social tension via 2 different mechanisms of conflict management: play to prevent tension, e.g., prefeeding, and sociosexual behaviors as appeasement and reassurance mechanisms once a tense situation emerges.     

Temporal relationships of 21 physiological variables in horse and sheep

Daily or circadian oscillation has been documented in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. Although individual variables have been studied in great detail, very few studies have been conducted on the temporal relationships between the rhythms of different variables. It is not known whether the circadian pacemaker generates each and every rhythm individually or whether most rhythms are simply derived from a few clock-controlled rhythms. As a first step in elucidating this issue, 21 physiological variables were recorded simultaneously in horse and sheep. The results indicated that, in both species, different variables exhibit different degrees of daily rhythmicity and reach their daily peaks at different times of the day. The variables exhibiting strongest rhythmicity were locomotor activity, rectal temperature, and plasma concentrations of melatonin and glucose. Comparison of rhythmicity and acrophase in the various rhythms allowed inferences to be made about mechanisms of causation.     

Circadian Discrimination of Reward: Evidence for Simultaneous Yet Separable Food- and Drug-Entrained Rhythms in the Rat

A unique extra-suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) oscillator, operating independently of the light-entrainable oscillator, has been hypothesized to generate feeding and drug-related rhythms. To test the validity of this hypothesis, sham-lesioned (Sham) and SCN-lesioned (SCNx) rats were housed in constant dim-red illumination (LL_red) and received a daily cocaine injection every 24?h for 7 d (Experiment 1). In a second experiment, rats underwent 3-h daily restricted feeding (RF) followed 12 d later by the addition of daily cocaine injections given every 25?h in combination with RF until the two schedules were in antiphase. In both experiments, body temperature and total activity were monitored continuously. Results from Experiment 1 revealed that cocaine, but not saline, injections produced anticipatory increases in temperature and activity in SCNx and Sham rats. Following withdrawal from cocaine, free-running temperature rhythms persisted for 2–10 d in SCNx rats. In Experiment 2, robust anticipatory increases in temperature and activity were associated with RF and cocaine injections; however, the feeding periodicity (23.9?h) predominated over the cocaine periodicity. During drug withdrawal, the authors observed two free-running rhythms of temperature and activity that persisted for >14 d in both Sham and SCNx rats. The periods of the free-running rhythms were similar to the feeding entrainment (period?=?23.7 and 24.0?h, respectively) and drug entrainment (period?=?25.7 and 26.1?h, respectively). Also during withdrawal, the normally close correlation between activity and temperature was greatly disrupted in Sham and SCNx rats. Taken together, these results do not support the existence of a single oscillator mediating the rewarding properties of both food and cocaine. Rather, they suggest that these two highly rewarding behaviors can be temporally isolated, especially during drug withdrawal. Under stable dual-entrainment conditions, food reward appears to exhibit a slightly greater circadian influence than drug reward. The ability to generate free-running temperature rhythms of different frequencies following combined food and drug exposures could reflect a state of internal desynchrony that may contribute to the addiction process and drug relapse. (Author correspondence: heiko@vetmed.wsu.edu)     

圈养阿拉伯狒狒日活动时间格局及季节差异

动物个体行为的生态效应主要反映在它们的活动节律和时间分配上.2012年11月至2013年10月,在杭州野生动物园,用瞬时扫描取样法对1群圈养阿拉伯狒狒的日活动节律和活动时间分配进行了调查研究.结果表明: 1)在活动时间分配中,主要活动(频次百分率≥5%)包括休息(42.5%)、游动(16.2%)、玩耍(10.0%)、摄食(9.8%)、理毛(9.4%)和观望(7.3%);频次百分率低于5%的称为次要活动,共4.8%.2)阿拉伯狒狒的活动时间分配具有明显的季节性变化,冬季摄食和观望时间增加,玩耍和理毛时间减少,但休息和游动行为没有显著季节差异.3)阿拉伯狒狒通常在上午和下午分别出现摄食高峰,并随着气温逐渐转冷,摄食活动逐渐增加,出现3个摄食高峰;这可能是动物在寒冷季节为抵御寒冷而采取的补充能量的一种策略.4)在温暖季节,阿拉伯狒狒只有中午一个休息高峰和一个理毛高峰,更多时间用于游动和玩耍,表现为多峰特征;在寒冷的冬季,休息行为也体现了多峰特征,但其游动、玩耍和张望时间节律并不与温暖季节有明显差异.因此,杭州地区圈养阿拉伯狒狒的冬季日活动节律与许多灵长类(如黑冠长臂猿、维氏冕狐猴和绒毛猴等)不一样,采取摄食增加能量,而非休息减少能量消耗的策略.总之,阿拉伯狒狒的行为体现出明显的节律性,且其活动节律具有季节性差异,这些可能是阿拉伯狒狒适应于圈养环境特有的食物资源和温度变化的影响而形成的.     

Daily rhythms of serum leptin in ewes: effects of feeding, pregnancy and lactation

The aim of the present study was to test whether serum concentrations of leptin in ewes vary with a daily rhythm. For this purpose, we examined 24 h serum leptin profiles of ewes exposed to natural photoperiodic conditions and subjected to two different feeding schedules (regular feeding and fasting). The results show for the first time the existence of daily rhythm of plasma leptin in regularly fed ewes, with a minimum during the light phase and a peak during the dark phase. Daily rhythms of serum leptin persisted after 50 h of fasting, although fasting shifted the peak of the rhythm to the beginning of the light phase and significantly reduced daily leptin production. To gain a better understanding of the role of leptin in the temporal organization of physiological events related to pregnancy and lactation, we measured serum leptin profiles throughout 24 h in ewes either during pregnancy or lactation. Daily leptin rhythms were found to persist during pregnancy and lactation, but both physiological conditions altered leptin concentrations. Maternal serum leptin concentration rose between early and mid pregnancy, then decreased in the late pregnancy and during lactation. Daily serum leptin concentration was significantly lower in nonpregnant, nonlactating ewes, compared either to lactating or to early pregnant ewes.