结核分枝杆菌ESXB-ESXA融合蛋白的表达及其作为检测抗原的初步应用

目的:探索一种大量表达结核分枝杆菌ESXB-ESXA融合蛋白的方法,分析其抗原性,评价其在结核抗体检测中的初步应用。方法:采用PCR方法从结核分枝杆菌基因组中分别扩增esxB和esxA基因,用Linker(G4S)3连接2条目的片段,连接pET-32a(+)载体,构建ESXB-ESXA融合蛋白表达载体;重组表达载体转化宿主细胞大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达、纯化,Western印迹分析重组蛋白的抗原性;建立以融合重组蛋白为抗原的ELISA和胶体金检测方法,分析其在结核病抗体检测中的应用。结果:构建了ESXB-ESXA融合蛋白的表达载体,重组ESXB-ESXA在大肠杆菌中得以高效表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的70%以上;Western印迹分析表明该重组蛋白具有较好的抗原性;ELISA和胶体金检测结果显示,用重组ESXB-ESXA抗原检测临床结核病患者有较好的特异性。结论:重组ESXB-ESXA融合蛋白表达量高并具有较好的抗原性,可作为结核病抗体检测的备选抗原。     

人高迁移率族蛋白B1，高迁移率族蛋白B1Abox和Bbox的原核表达、纯化及高迁移率族蛋白B1多克隆抗血清的制备

目的：获取重组人高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）,HMGB1Abox和Bbox的纯化蛋白,制备HMGB1的多克隆抗血清。方法：采用PCR方法扩增人HMGB1,HMGB1的Abox和Bbox目的基因片段,构建原核表达载体,进行原核表达与蛋白纯化,然后用HMGB1免疫新西兰大白兔,制备多克隆抗血清。采用ELISA检测抗血清效价,用免疫组化检测HMGB1在小鼠肝损伤组织中的表达。结果：成功构建了人HMGB1,HMGB1的Abox和Bbox原核表达载体pET28-HMGB1、pET28一Abox、pET28-Bbox,在E．co1iBL21中表达,镍亲和层析柱提纯,获取纯净目的蛋白。HMGB1免疫新西兰大白兔后,抗血清效价为1：2,000,000,具有高度特异性。免疫组化显示小鼠坏死肝组织HMGB1表达增加。结论：本研究获得了人HMGB1以及HMGB1的Abox和Bbox的纯化蛋白,制备了人HMGB1的多克隆抗血清,为HMGB1的结构、组织表达谱及其功能的研究奠定了基础。     

Simple and efficient purification of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase V: cofactor requirements for optimal activity and processivity in vitro

Most damage induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli is dependent upon the UmuD'(2)C protein complex, which comprises DNA polymerase V (pol V). Biochemical characterization of pol V has been hindered by the fact that the enzyme is notoriously difficult to purify, largely because overproduced UmuC is insoluble. Here, we report a simple and efficient protocol for the rapid purification of milligram quantities of pol V from just 4 L of bacterial culture. Rather than over producing the UmuC protein, it was expressed at low basal levels, while UmuD'(2)C was expressed in trans from a high copy-number plasmid with an inducible promoter. We have also developed strategies to purify the β-clamp and γ-clamp loader free from contaminating polymerases. Using these highly purified proteins, we determined the cofactor requirements for optimal activity of pol V in vitro and found that pol V shows robust activity on an SSB-coated circular DNA template in the presence of the β/γ-complex and a RecA nucleoprotein filament (RecA*) formed in trans. This strong activity was attributed to the unexpectedly high processivity of pol V Mut (UmuD'(2)C · RecA · ATP), which was efficiently recruited to a primer terminus by SSB.     

A novel system for expressing recombinant proteins over a wide temperature range from 4 to 35 degrees C

Escherichia coli cells are the most commonly used host cells for large-scale production of recombinant proteins, but some proteins are difficult to express in E. coli. Therefore, we tested the nocardioform actinomycete Rhodococcus erythropolis, which grows at temperatures ranging from 4 to 35 degrees C, as an expression host cell. We constructed inducible expression vectors, where the expression of the target genes could be controlled with the antibiotic thiostrepton. Using these expression vectors, several milligrams of reporter proteins could be isolated from 1 liter of culture of R. erythropolis cells grown at a temperature range from 4 to 35 degrees C. Moreover, we successfully purified serum amyloid A1, NADH dehydorogenase 1 alpha subcomplex 4, cytochrome b5-like protein, apolipoprotein A-V, cathepsin D, pancreatic Rnase, and HMG-1 that are all difficult to express in E. coli. In the case of kallikrein 6, mouse deoxyribonuclease I and Kid1, which are also difficult to express in E. coli, the expression level of each protein increased when proteins were expressed at low temperature (4 degrees C). Based on these results, we conclude that a recombinant protein expression system using R. erythropolis as the host cell is superior to respective E. coli systems.     

人高迁移率族蛋白B1，高迁移率族蛋白B1 A box和B box的原核表达、 纯化及高迁移率族蛋白B1多克隆抗血清的制备

目的:获取重组人高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1),HMGB1Abox和Bbox的纯化蛋白,制备HMGB1的多克隆抗血清。方法:采用PCR方法扩增人HMGB1,HMGB1的Abox和Bbox目的基因片段,构建原核表达载体,进行原核表达与蛋白纯化,然后用HMGB1免疫新西兰大白兔,制备多克隆抗血清。采用ELISA检测抗血清效价,用免疫组化检测HMGB1在小鼠肝损伤组织中的表达。结果:成功构建了人HMGB1,HMGB1的Abox和Bbox原核表达载体pET28-HMGB1、pET28-Abox、pET28-Bbox,在E.coli BL21中表达,镍亲和层析柱提纯,获取纯净目的蛋白。HMGB1免疫新西兰大白兔后,抗血清效价为1:2,000,000,具有高度特异性。免疫组化显示小鼠坏死肝组织HMGB1表达增加。结论:本研究获得了人HMGB1以及HMGB1的Abox和Bbox的纯化蛋白,制备了人HMGB1的多克隆抗血清,为HMGB1的结构、组织表达谱及其功能的研究奠定了基础。     

A novel peptide tag for detection and purification of recombinant expressed proteins

Peptide tags have proven useful for the detection and purification of recombinant proteins. However cross reactions of antibodies raised to the tag are frequently observed due to the presence of host proteins containing all or parts of the tag. In this report we have identified a unique viral peptide sequence, R-tag, that by blast searches is absent from the commonly expression hosts Arabidopsis thaliana, Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris and mouse myeloma cell NSO. We have prepared monoclonal antibodies to this peptide and confirmed the absence of this peptide sequence from the above genomes by Western blotting. We have also modified protein expression vectors to incorporate this sequence as a fusion tag in expressed proteins and shown its use to successfully purify recombinant proteins by immunoaffinity procedures.     

Hv古细菌SRP19基因的克隆、表达、重组蛋白的纯化及生物学活性的研究

目的：构建Hv古细菌SRP19蛋白的表达载体pET23d-HvSRP19并在大肠杆菌中表达后进行纯化和研究其生物学活性,为研究SRP循环的分子机制奠定基础。方法：用体外合成的重组DNA技术,先合成具有重叠碱基的10个寡核苷酸短序列,通过拼接,获得Hv SRP19基因全长DNA后,克隆到pET23d载体上。重组质粒在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pLysS中的大量表达产物经Q-Sepharose离子交换层析柱纯化后再用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心法分析其生物学活性。结果：正确构建了pET23d-Hv SRP19表达载体,并在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pLysS中获得良好的表达;成功地纯化了表达产物,纯度达95%;证明了具有SRP19蛋白的生物学活性,能够与Hv SRP RNA相互作用形成SRP19-SRP RNA的复合物。结论：纯化的Hv SRP19蛋白与Hv SRP RNA相互作用所形成的复合物,被认为是启动SRP颗粒形成和功能发挥的开始。     

DNA polymerase III of Enterococcus faecalis: expression and characterization of recombinant enzymes encoded by the polC and dnaE genes

Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) dnaE and polC, the respective genes encoding the DNA replication-specific DNA polymerase III E and DNA polymerase III C, were cloned and engineered for expression in Escherichia coli as hexahistidine (his6)-tagged recombinant proteins. Each gene expressed a catalytically active DNA polymerase of the expected molecular weight. The recombinant polymerases were purified and each was characterized with respect to catalytic properties, inhibitor sensitivity, and recognition by specific antibody raised against the corresponding DNA polymerase III of the model Gram-positive (Gr(+)) organism, Bacillus subtilis (Bs). In conclusion, the properties of each Enterococcus polymerase enzymes were similar to those of the respective B. subtilis enzymes.     

甲醛氧化途径关键酶重组蛋白的生化特性及固定化酶吸收甲醛效果研究

甲醛脱氢酶(formaldehyde dehydrogenase,ADH)与甲酸脱氢酶(formate dehydrogenase,FDH)是甲醛氧化途径的两个关键酶.恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)的PADH是一种不依赖谷胱甘肽可以把游离甲醛直接氧化为甲酸的脱氢酶,博伊丁假丝酵母菌(Candida boidinii)的FDH在有NAD+存在时可以把甲酸氧化为二氧化碳.以基因组DNA为模板用PCR方法,从P.putida中扩增出PADH基因的编码区(padh),从C.boidinii中扩增出FDH的编码区(fdh),然后亚克隆到pET-28a(+)中分别构建这两个基因的原核表达载体pET-28a-padh和pET-28a-fdh,转化大肠杆菌,利用IPTG诱导重组蛋白PADH和FDH的表达.通过优化条件使重组蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白的70%以上,通过亲和层析法纯化出可溶性PADH和FDH重组蛋白.对重组蛋白的生化特性分析结果表明:PADH在最适反应温度50℃的活性为1.95 U/mg;FDH在最适反应温度40℃的活性为0.376 U/mg.所表达的重组蛋白与之前报道过的相比,具有更好的热稳定性和更广的温度适应范围.将PADH、FDH两个重组蛋白及辅因子NAD+固定到聚丙烯酰胺载体基质上,对固定化酶甲醛吸收效果的初步分析结果显示固定化酶对空气中的甲醛有一定的吸收效果,说明这两种酶被固定后具有开发成治理甲醛污染环保产品的潜力.     

Increasing the yield of soluble recombinant protein expressed in E. coli by induction during late log phase

Recombinant mammalian proteins expressed in E. coli can be difficult to purify in high yield in a soluble and functional form. Various techniques have been described to prevent proteolysis of expressed proteins and/or their sequestering as insoluble aggregates within inclusion bodies. We report conditions for expressing recombinant proteins from E. coli that significantly enhanced the yield of soluble and functional protein. We demonstrate high-yield recovery of a native, high-molecular-weight RNA binding protein without the aid of fusion protein sequence. The principle factor that increased protein yield was the induction of protein expression in a late log phase culture, although reduced temperature during the induction and a low IPTG concentration also contributed to a higher yield.     

Identification and expression of the TREX1 and TREX2 cDNA sequences encoding mammalian 3'-->5' exonucleases.

The 3'-->5' exonucleases catalyze the excision of nucleoside monophosphates from the 3' termini of DNA. We have identified the cDNA sequences encoding two 3'-->5' exonucleases (TREX1 and TREX2) from mammalian cells. The TREX1 and TREX2 proteins are 304 and 236 amino acids in length, respectively. Analysis of the TREX1 and TREX2 sequences identifies three conserved motifs that likely generate the exonuclease active site in these enzymes. The specific amino acids in these three conserved motifs suggest that these mammalian exonucleases are most closely related to the proofreading exonucleases of the bacterial replicative DNA polymerases and the RNase T enzymes. Expression of TREX1 and TREX2 in Escherichia coli demonstrates that these recombinant proteins are active 3'-->5' exonucleases. The recombinant TREX1 protein was purified, and exonuclease activity was measured using single-stranded, partial duplex, and mispaired oligonucleotide DNA substrates. The greatest activity of the TREX1 protein was detected using a partial duplex DNA containing five mispaired nucleotides at the 3' terminus. No activity was detected using single-stranded RNA or an RNA-DNA partial duplex. Identification of the TREX1 and TREX2 cDNA sequences provides the genetic tools to investigate the physiological roles of these exonucleases in mammalian DNA replication, repair, and recombination pathways.     

Functional human insulin-degrading enzyme can be expressed in bacteria

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) has been shown to degrade a number of biologically important peptides, including insulin and the amyloid-beta protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease. However, lack of a facile method to generate purified enzyme and related mutants has made it difficult to study the precise role of IDE in the clearance of these peptides. Therefore, we determined whether recombinant wild-type and mutant human IDEs can be overexpressed as functional enzymes in bacteria. Three vectors carrying cDNAs encoding N-terminally polyhistidine-tagged recombinant IDEs were constructed, and the proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were purified by metal affinity chromatography (final yield approximately 8 mg per liter of culture). The recombinant IDEs, like the endogenous mammalian enzyme, migrate with 110-kDa apparent molecular masses in SDS-polyacrylamide gels and as a approximately 200-kDa species in gel filtration. Further analysis by native PAGE indicates that IDE can form multimers of different complexities. The wild-type recombinant endopeptidase degrades insulin with an efficiency similar to that of the enzyme purified from mammalian tissues. Purified IDEs are stable at 4 degrees C for at least 1 month. Purified recombinant protein was used to raise specific polyclonal antibodies that can immunoprecipitate native mammalian IDE. Thus, the procedure described allows the rapid production of large amounts of purified IDE and demonstrates that IDE can be produced in an active form in the absence of other potential interacting mammalian proteins.     

A proteome chip approach reveals new DNA damage recognition activities in Escherichia coli

Despite the fact that many genomes have been decoded, proteome chips comprising individually purified proteins have been reported only for budding yeast, mainly because of the complexity and difficulty of high-throughput protein purification. To facilitate proteomics studies in prokaryotes, we have developed a high-throughput protein purification protocol that allowed us to purify 4,256 proteins encoded by the Escherichia coli K12 strain within 10 h. The purified proteins were then spotted onto glass slides to create E. coli proteome chips. We used these chips to develop assays for identifying proteins involved in the recognition of potential base damage in DNA. By using a group of DNA probes, each containing a mismatched base pair or an abasic site, we found a small number of proteins that could recognize each type of probe with high affinity and specificity. We further evaluated two of these proteins, YbaZ and YbcN, by biochemical analyses. The assembly of libraries containing DNA probes with specific modifications and the availability of E. coli proteome chips have the potential to reveal important interactions between proteins and nucleic acids that are time-consuming and difficult to detect using other techniques.     

Positive selection vectors for high-fidelity PCR cloning

The power of PCR cloning of a target DNA fragment is limited by polymerase-induced mutations. While high-fidelity PCR products can be achieved by reducing the number of PCR cycles, the cloning of the very small amount of DNA thus amplified should give only a few recombinant clones (carrying an insert), which would be very difficult to screen from thousands of background false-positive clones generated by all the currently available vectors, including the positive selection vectors. False-positive clones are mostly generated by the recircularization of linearized vectors that have lost some bases at their ends due to digestion with contaminating exonuclease activities present in restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerases, and other reagents. To overcome this problem, two positive selection vectors, pRGR1Ap and pREM5Tc, have been developed, based on the principles of reporter gene reconstruction and regulatory element modulation, respectively. A PCR primer carrying a vector-specific sequence at its 5' end is used in PCR. When the resultant PCR products are ligated to the specific vector, an antibiotic resistance gene is expressed, thus donating positive selection capability to the harboring cells in a specific selection medium. These vectors cloned PCR fragments generated from less than a femtomole quantity of Escherichia coli genomic DNA after only three cycles of PCR amplification, thus greatly reducing the number of recombinant clones containing polymerase-induced mutations.     

结核分枝杆菌esat6-rpfD融合基因的原核表达及产物纯化

目的：构建结核分枝杆菌融合基因esat6-rpfD的原核表达载体,表达和纯化ESAT6-RpfD融合蛋白。方法：从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株基因组中经PCR分别扩增esat6和慢周基因,克隆入pMD19-T载体,测序后克隆入原核表达载体pProExHTB,酶切重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白,亲和层析纯化融合蛋白。结果：PCR扩增的esat6、rpfD基因序列与GenBank报道一致;诱导表达后,经SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析,在相对分子质量约30000处有目的条带,融合蛋白以包涵体形式表达。结论：构建了esat6-rpfD融合基因原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化得到ESAT6-RpfD融合蛋白。     

Novel and economical purification of recombinant proteins: intein-mediated protein purification using in vivo polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) matrix association

This work combines two well-established technologies to generate a breakthrough in protein production and purification. The first is the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules in engineered strains of Escherichia coli. The second is a recently developed group of self-cleaving affinity tags based on protein splicing elements known as inteins. By combining these technologies with a PHB-specific binding protein, a self-contained protein expression and purification system has been developed. In this system, the PHB-binding protein effectively acts as an affinity tag for desired product proteins. The tagged product proteins are expressed in E. coli strains that also produce intracellular PHB granules, where they bind to the granules via the PHB-binding tag. The granules and attached proteins can then be easily recovered following cell lysis by simple mechanical means. Once purified, the product protein is self-cleaved from the granules and released into solution in a substantially purified form. This system has been successfully used at laboratory scale to purify several active test proteins at reasonable yield. By allowing the bacterial cells to effectively produce both the affinity resin and tagged target protein, the cost associated with the purification of recombinant proteins could be greatly reduced. It is expected that this combination of improved economics and simplicity will constitute a significant breakthrough in both large-scale production of purified proteins and enzymes and high-throughput proteomics studies of peptide libraries.     

大鼠CRIP2蛋白的表达和分离纯化

目的:获得大鼠crip2基因片段,并在大肠杆菌中表达、纯化大鼠CRIP2(cysteine-rich intestinal protein 2)蛋白。方法:从大鼠主动脉组织中提取总DNA,RT-PCR扩增出相应大小的crip2 DNA片段,与pGEM-T-easy载体连接后测序;将测序正确的crip2按照BamHⅠ和HindⅢ酶切位点克隆入原核表达载体pRSET A,将连接产物转化大肠杆菌BL21,挑出阳性克隆,IPTG诱导表达重组的6×His融合蛋白,通过镍柱进行纯化。结果:PCR获得的crip2序列与GenBank报道的一致(为707 bp);重组融合蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21中以可溶形式高效表达,经SDS-PAGE和Western印迹分析,在相对分子质量为27×103处有特异的蛋白条带,经镍柱纯化后,得到了高纯度的CRIP2融合蛋白。结论:克隆了大鼠crip2基因片段,并在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达,亲和层析纯化后获得高纯度的CRIP2融合蛋白。     

人体鼠双微体2 C端结构域ZF&RING 重组蛋白的表达、纯化及单体结构研究

目的:通过在大肠杆菌SUMO系统中对鼠双微体2(MDM2)C端结构域ZFRING(aa.300-491)进行构建并进行表达,酶切和纯化,从而得到MDM2蛋白C端结构域的单体结构,为其后续的晶体研究及MDM2非p53依赖途径的研究提供途径。方法:利用大肠杆菌SUMO表达系统对zfring基因进行重组构建。构建成功的表达载体经诱导表达优化后,通过Ni-NTA进行亲和层析纯化,并利用SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定分析。纯化后的融合蛋白经ULP1酶切得到目的蛋白ZFRING,并通过Hi Trap Q FF离子交换层析检验和去除杂质DNA。最后通过分子筛检验其蛋白结构。结果:构建了SUMO-ZFRING重组载体。重组载体在大肠杆菌高效可溶性表达,纯化并酶切后的目的蛋白ZFRING以单体形式存在。结论:通过原核表达、纯化、酶切及层析发鉴定,成功获得高稳定、高纯度且为单体结构的MDM2 C端结构域ZFRING蛋白,为后续关于MDM2,尤其是其非p53依赖途径的结构学和功能学提供了思路和途径。