长江口及其邻近水域鱼类浮游生物群落的时空格局

根据2007年长江口及其邻近水域4个航次调查资料, 探讨了该水域的鱼类浮游生物群落物种组成和多样性的季节变化特征。结果表明, 2007年共捕获鱼类浮游生物6,463个, 隶属12目28科45种, 以鳀科丰度最高, 占总丰度的76.5%。长江口鱼类浮游生物包括4种生态类型: 淡水型(2种), 半咸水型(14种), 沿岸型(10种)和近海型(16种)。 其中, 近海型物种个体数量最多, 占2007年长江口鱼类浮游生物总丰度的74.55%。鳀(Engraulis japonicus)在4个季节均有出现, 对长江口鱼类浮游生物丰度贡献最大。鱼类浮游生物在物种组成上存在明显的季节变化: 白氏银汉鱼(Allanetta bleekeri)在春季占绝对优势, 鳀是夏季优势度最高的种类, 秋季除鳀外, 前颌间银鱼(Hemisalanx prognathus)成为优势种; 鱼类浮游生物丰度高度集中在优势种上, 各季节优势种对总丰度贡献超过89%。群落物种数量、丰度、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数, 在夏季最高, 春季和秋季次之, 冬季最低。长江口鱼类浮游生物群落物种组成和多样性的季节变化特征体现了鱼类繁殖迁移策略和鱼类对环境变异的响应。     

春、夏季舟山渔场及其邻近海域鱼类群落格局

根据2006年8月和2007年4月在舟山渔场及其邻近海域渔业资源和环境调查所获得的数据,采用非线性多维标度（MDS）和典范对应分析（CCA）方法研究了该海域的鱼类群落种类组成及群落特征.结果表明： 春季该海域共捕获鱼类62种,隶属11目36科56属,主要优势种为六丝钝尾虾虎鱼（Amblychaeturichthys hexanema）和小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis）,两种丰度占总丰度的82.9%;夏季共捕获鱼类58种,隶属于11目38科51属,主要优势种为六丝钝尾虾虎鱼、短鳄齿鱼（Champsodon snyderi）、前肛鳗（Dysomma anguillaaris）和发光鲷（Acropoma japonicum）,其丰度占总丰度的60.8%.春、夏两季20个站位均可划分为3个组.春、夏季出现率大于5.0%的鱼类分别有26种和30种,并且分别相应形成2个和3个组群.     

黄河口及其邻近水域夏季鱼类群落空间格局及其与环境因子的关系

基于2013年夏季(6、7、8月)在黄河口及其邻近水域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查,应用多元分析方法研究了黄河口水域夏季鱼类群落空间结构,以及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明: 该海域夏季共捕获鱼类44种,隶属于11目25科40属,以暖温性和底层鱼类为主.经聚类分析,该海域夏季各月鱼类群落可大体划分为3个站位组.经单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM),黄河口不同水域鱼类群落物种组成存在显著差异.相似性百分比分析表明,矛尾虾虎鱼、斑鰶、短吻红舌鳎、蓝点马鲛和日本鳀等是各月份各站位组的典型种及造成不同站位组间群落差异的主要分歧种.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,影响夏季鱼类群落空间结构的主要环境因子为盐度、温度和深度.     

长江口及其毗邻海域鱼类群落优势种生态位宽度与重叠

根据“北斗号”调查船2006年6月、8月和10月在长江口及其毗邻海域进行渔业资源底拖网调查的资料,通过相对重要性指数确定鱼类群落优势种,对优势种的生态位测度指标及季节变化进行分析.结果表明:3航次的优势种共有10种,它们的生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标呈现出明显的季节性变化,通过Bray-Curtis相似性聚类与非度量多维标度(MDS)分析可分为两组.第一组为鳀鱼、鳄齿鱼、发光鲷,其生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标夏季大于秋季,呈现出由夏季到秋季从长江口及其毗邻海域向外部深水区移动的趋势;第二组为带鱼、矛尾虾虎鱼、细条天竺鲷、小黄鱼、刺鲳、白姑鱼、七星底灯鱼,其生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标秋季大于夏季,呈现出由夏季到秋季从黄海南部和东海北部水域向长江口及其毗邻海域移动的趋势.这两组鱼类不同的移动趋势与其生态习性和环境因素有关.     

青岛近岸水域春、秋季鱼类群落结构

根据2004年春、秋季渔业资源底拖网调查数据,应用单元和多元统计方法分析了青岛近岸水域春、秋季鱼类群落结构。春、秋季调查分别渔获31、32种鱼类,平均每网渔获量分别为7.36kg/h和2.99kg/h,优势种类主要包括赤鼻棱鳀Thrissa chefuensis、大泷六线鱼Hexagrammo sotakii、方氏云鳚Enedrias fangi、黄鳍刺鰕虎鱼Acanthogobius flavimanus、细纹狮子鱼Liparis tanakai和长条蛇鲻Saurida elongata等。聚类分析表明,春、秋季青岛近岸水域鱼类群落都可划分为3个站位组,分别对应于北部、中部和南部调查水域。不同站位组的优势种组成变化较大,不同站位组间种类组成差异显著。分析了造成站位组内种类组成相似的特征种和造成不同站位组间相异的分歧种。不同站位组的特征种不同。赤鼻棱鳀、大泷六线鱼、黄鳍刺鰕虎鱼、方氏云鳚、星康吉鳗Conger myriaster、角木叶鲽Pleuronichthys cornutus和细纹狮子鱼是春季所有站位组间的分歧种;赤鼻棱鳀、白姑鱼Argyrosomus argentatus、大泷六线鱼、带鱼Trichiurus lepturus、短吻红舌鳎Cynoglossus joyneri、方氏云鳚、细条天竺鱼Apogonichthys lineatus、小黄鱼Pseudosciaena polyactis和矛尾鰕虎鱼Chaeturichthys stigmatias是秋季所有站位组间的分歧种。大多数特征种也是不同站位组间的分歧种,主要是由于这些种类的数量分布的空间变化造成的。青岛沿海鱼类群落结构存在明显的时空异质性。     

长江口及其毗邻海域鱼类群落优势种的生态位宽度与重叠

根据“北斗号”调查船2006年6月、8月和10月在长江口及其毗邻海域进行渔业资源底拖网调查的资料,通过相对重要性指数确定鱼类群落优势种,对优势种的生态位测度指标及季节变化进行分析.结果表明： 3航次的优势种共有10种,它们的生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标呈现出明显的季节性变化,通过Bray-Curtis相似性聚类与非度量多维标度(MDS)分析可分为两组.第一组为鳀鱼、鳄齿鱼、发光鲷,其生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标夏季大于秋季,呈现出由夏季到秋季从长江口及其毗邻海域向外部深水区移动的趋势;第二组为带鱼、矛尾虾虎鱼、细条天竺鲷、小黄鱼、刺鲳、白姑鱼、七星底灯鱼,其生态位宽度和生态位重叠指标秋季大于夏季,呈现出由夏季到秋季从黄海南部和东海北部水域向长江口及其毗邻海域移动的趋势.这两组鱼类不同的移动趋势与其生态习性和环境因素有关.     

莱州湾及黄河口水域鱼类群落结构的季节变化

根据2011年5月—2012年4月对莱州湾及黄河口水域9个航次的渔业底拖网调查数据,对该水域鱼类群落结构特征及其季节变化进行了初步研究。结果表明:莱州湾及黄河口水域共捕获鱼类62种,隶属于11目、34科、53属,主要由暖水种和暖温种组成,其中鲈形目种类最多(37种),其次是鲉形目(7种)和鲽形目(6种)。春季优势种包括矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、鲱衔(Callionymus beniteguri)、短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、矛尾复鰕虎鱼(Synechogobius hasta)和方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi),其渔获量占总渔获量的70.8%;夏季包括矛尾鰕虎鱼、斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)、鲱衔和短吻红舌鳎,占总渔获量的68.1%;秋季包括矛尾鰕虎鱼、赤鼻棱鳀(Thrissa kammalensis)、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、青鳞小沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)、斑鰶、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和矛尾复鰕虎鱼,占总渔获量的87.1%。平均单位时间渔获量存在显著季节变化,以秋季最高(22.63kg/h),其次是夏季(16.75kg/h),春季最低(1.29kg/h)。春季(5月)平均单位时间渔获量为0.69kg/h,为1959年、2003年、2006年和2008年春季(5月)的0.3%、0.3%、1.7%和541.2%,鱼类资源量虽有所回升,但总体呈大幅下降的趋势。鱼类种类数、丰富度指数和多样性指数夏季较高,秋季次之,春季最低,但是以渔获尾数计算的均匀度指数,夏季最大,春季最小,以渔获量计算的均匀度指数则相反,且丰富度指数和多样性指数与表层温度呈极显著相关(P0.01),丰富度指数和均匀度指数与表层盐度呈极显著相关(P0.01)。     

夏季大亚湾鱼类群落结构与多样性

根据2018年8月大亚湾海域底拖网鱼类资源调查数据,分析了大亚湾夏季鱼类群落结构特征。结果表明:2018年大亚湾夏季渔获鱼类56种,隶属9目、34科、47属。其中,鲈形目(Perciformes)最多(39种,69.64%);物种组成以短吻鲾(Leiognathus brevirostris)、黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)、拟矛尾鰕虎鱼(Parachaeturichthys polynema)、六指马鲅(Polynemus sextarius)和二长棘犁齿鲷(Evynnis cardinali)等小型低值鱼类为主;鱼类物种多样性存在明显的空间差异,表现为湾口海域最大,沿岸海域次之,湾中部海域最小。鱼类群落结构大体分为咸淡水湾内和海水广布湾口两个鱼类群组;对比1985—2017年夏季调查资料可知,30多年来大亚湾夏季鱼类群落物种多样性减小;优势种组成更替显著,由以大型中上层的经济鱼类为主演变为以小型底层、近底层的低值鱼类为主,其主要原因是人类活动对大亚湾生态系统的干扰,尤其是捕捞致使鱼类群落结构发生改变、趋向简单化。     

胶州湾海域鱼类群落种类组成及多样性

为了解胶州湾海域鱼类群落结构特征,根据2016—2017年间对胶州湾海域进行的4个航次底拖网调查数据,采用相对重要性指数、生态多样性指数和典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)、非线性多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)等方法分析了胶州湾海域鱼类群落的种类组成和多样性特征。结果表明:调查共采集到鱼类46种,隶属2纲10目30科41属,以硬骨鱼纲鱼类为主(45种,97.83%)。其中,鲈形目(Perciformes)最多(22种,47.83%),其次是鲉形目(Scorpaeniformes),占15.22%。种类数季节变化明显,以夏季最高,23种;秋季最低,16种。优势种组成以赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)、褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、许氏平鮋(Sebastes schlegeli)和矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)等鱼类为主。多样性分析显示,鱼类物种多样性存在明显的季节差异。多样性指数(H′)季节变化范围为1.668—2.453,以夏季最高,春季最低;均匀度指数(J′)季节变化范围为0.577—0.808,以秋季最高,春季最低;丰富度指数(D′)季节变化范围为2.431—3.123,以冬季最高,秋季最低。典范对应分析表明,水温、盐度、水深和pH是影响胶州湾海域鱼类群落物种组成的主要环境因子,且水温和pH是影响鱼类群落结构及多样性时空变化的主要因子。与历史调查资料相比,由于人类活动对胶州湾生态系统的干扰,鱼类群落结构发生了较大变化,优势种组成更替明显,多样性水平降低,鱼类群落结构趋向简单化。     

兴化湾和闽江口海域春夏季鱼类区系特征

为反映我国亚热带河口和海湾鱼类区系特点,作者于2008年春季(4月)和夏季(9月)在闽江口和兴化湾海域,采用单拖网进行鱼类学调查,并分析了两个海域鱼类种类组成和生态适应性等,进一步运用Ochilai相似性系数分析两个海域鱼类种类相似性.结果表明,在兴化湾共捕获鱼类108种,其中春季出现48种,夏季出现81种.春季竹筴鱼(Trachurus japonicus)是关键种,矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)等是常见种;夏季六指马鲅(Polynemus sextarius)是关键种,赤魟(Dasyatis akajei)等是常见种.闽江口共捕获鱼类77种,其中春季出现36种,夏季出现57种.春季,凤鲚(Coilia mystus)和龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)是优势种,赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)等是常见种;夏季凤鲚是优势种,横纹东方鲀(Takifugu oblongus)等是常见种.温度适应上,兴化湾和闽江口鱼类均以暖水种为主,分别占总种数的76.62%和75.00%,其余是暖温种;在盐度适应方面,则是沿岸种和近海种居多,分别占总种数的91.67%和87.01%.闽江口的河口种多于兴化湾.两个海域鱼类种类组成的相似度较高,而各自水体不同季节之间的相似度较低.由此推测,季节变化是导致兴化湾或闽江口鱼类种类组成变化的主要因素,盐度差异是次要因素.     

Year-to-year variation in larval fish assemblages of the Southern North Sea

In order to test the temporal stability within and the reproducibility of larval fish assemblages between years, the larval fish assemblage at Helgoland Roads, North Sea (NE Atlantic) was quantitatively sampled almost daily from January 2003 to December 2005. The survey resulted in a total of 462 samples containing 50,632 larval fish of at least 42 taxa. In winter the larval fish assemblage was mainly dominated by larvae emerging from demersal eggs. This changed gradually to larvae hatching from pelagic eggs. Larvae from pelagic eggs dominated the ichthyoplankton assemblage in summer. A remarkably stable seasonality in terms of dominance patterns with recurring, season-specific fish assemblages was observed over the 3 years, despite substantial variation in environmental conditions such as a temperature difference of almost 20°C between summer and winter. The lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), was the only species which showed significant fluctuations in abundance between the years. After removal of this species from the analysis, the dominance patterns of the remaining fish species were almost identical between years.     

Structure of chironomid assemblages along environmental and geographical gradients in the Bohemian Forest lakes (Central Europe): An exploratory analysis

Eight glacial lakes of the Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic and Germany) were characterised by the distribution of chironomids collected as pupal exuviae. Twenty-eight taxa were identified, including some faunistically interesting species of the region. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) was used to classify lakes according to their taxonomic composition. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and multiple regression were used to relate the chironomid assemblages to two sets of explanatory variables: (i) local environmental variables, and (ii) broad-scale spatial variables. The TWINSPAN classified the lakes into four groups, whereas presence/absence of three taxa was indicative for this classification. The CCA of assemblage composition on environmental variables showed that chironomids respond significantly to altitude and alkalinity. The ordination of composition data on geographical variables revealed strong longitudinal gradient in chironomid distributions. Altitude and alkalinity accounted for 36.2% of the total variation, while the geographic gradient explained 20.5%. As revealed by the variation partitioning procedure, the significant effect of these variables was, in large part, independent of each other. Overall taxonomic richness appeared to be governed by altitude only. Causal ecological and historical factors underlying these results are discussed. This paper may provide a basis for hypothesis testing in future research of the Bohemian Forest lakes.     

A continental‐scale analysis of fish assemblage functional structure in European rivers

The theory of traits (life‐history, ecological and biological traits) states that a species’ characteristics might enable its persistence and development in given environmental conditions. If environment is the major factor controlling functional assemblage structure, species with similar attributes are expected to inhabit a similar environment. This study uses trait states in 849 European riverine fish assemblages to analyze the influence of environment, phylogeny and biogeography on the functional structure of these assemblages. European fish assemblages were highly structured and two main syndromes (a suite of coevolved traits) were observed: 1) assemblages dominated by stenothermal intolerant individuals and 2) assemblages dominated by eurythermal, eurytopic and tolerant individuals. Temperature and stream physical structure were the two main environmental factors explaining the diversity of fish assemblage functional structures, while the influence of biogeographic factors was weak, once environment was taken into account. This suggests that, whatever the regional species pool, similar assemblage functional structures will be found in similar environmental conditions. The phylogenetic relatedness between species might also explain to some extent the associations between the species traits observed among European fish assemblages.     

Community structure of Ephemeroptera in Siberian streams

In recent decades, the relationships between environmental conditions and community structures of stream macroinvertebrates have been investigated in many parts of the world. However, knowledge about assemblages of mayflies and other stream macroinvertebrates in Siberia (northern Asia) and Asia is limited. In fact, the patterns in mayfly species richness and assemblage structure in relation to environmental parameters have not been previously examined in western Siberia. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between Ephemeroptera community structure and physical parameters along a river altitude/longitude gradient in Siberia. The results showed that maximum species richness was at relatively low altitudes, high water temperatures, slow current velocities, medium stream widths, medium‐small substrate particle size, and the presence of macrophytes. The mayfly assemblage was separated using TWINSPAN classification into eight distinct groups, which differed significantly with respect to at least one measured environmental factor. Multivariate ordination (detrended correspondence analysis) revealed that mayfly assemblages are structured by a single dominant gradient of altitude‐related environmental variables; altitude and water temperature were the best predictors. Ordination further revealed that mayfly assemblages are structured by altitude‐related environmental factors at high elevations, whereas in the lowlands these factors are less important.     

Fishes of Indiana streams: current and historic assemblage structure

We examined Indiana fish assemblages using taxonomy and ecological categories to assess temporal shifts in community structure and recent environmental relationships. Historic (1945) and recent (1996–2007) presence/absence data were compiled by subbasin and analyzed with Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordination and by species richness. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to test taxonomic identity and ecological category abundance data for explanation with recent (1996–2007) environmental variables. We found a decrease in assemblage heterogeneity for recent assemblages and an increase in the number of tolerant species per subbasin. Recent Indiana streams are dominated by tolerant fishes with generalist life history strategies and low functional variation. The use of ecological categories resulted in weaker relationships with environmental variables than analyses with taxonomic identities. Analyses using taxonomy resulted in strong assemblage explanation from stream size and flow variation, while analyses using ecological categories resulted in strong assemblage explanation from habitat variation in silt substrates and flow. Analyses of recent assemblage structure using ecological categories resulted in decreased assemblage variation among subbasins than in analyses using taxonomic identities. We found that fish assemblages of Indiana streams are structured primarily by habitat complexity and have been altered during the past 50 years through multiple disturbances including fragmentation, siltation, and species introductions.     

Stream fish assemblages in relation to environmental factors on a montane plateau (Nyika Plateau,Malawi)

Few studies have examined river fishes of Malawi. This study is one of the first to examine the stream fish assemblages on the Nyika Plateau in northern Malawi. Twenty four sites were sampled over three different periods in two river systems of the plateau. Eighteen species were collected and among these was Hippopotamyrus ansorgii, the first collection of this species in the Lake Malawi catchment. Three species, including a non-native trout, were common in the two systems studied. Correspondence analysis (CA) suggested gradients in species composition related to altitude and river type. Species succession, from a trout dominated upstream to a downstream dominated by indigenous species, was shown on the first CA axis. The second CA axis showed the assemblage of the plateau separated by river type. A direct gradient analysis method, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), showed the importance of two stream position metrics (stream order and c-link), depth, water temperature and substrate type in determining species composition. According to variation partitioning in CCA, the spatial and temporal components respectively explained 46% and 3.6% variation in assemblage composition based on the all species data matrix, and 48.7% and 2.6% variation in assemblage composition based on the native species data matrix. The species collected were also discussed in relation to the morphological adaptations in their body forms to the environmental conditions of the streams studied.     

Response of epilithic diatom assemblages to water pollution in rivers in the Tokyo Metropolitan area, Japan

1. During the spring of 1992, fifty-two quantitative diatom samples were collected from twenty-eight rivers located in the Tokyo Metropolitan area, Japan, to study the response of the diatom assemblages to water pollution (assessed using physical and chemical data determined monthly from April 1987 to March 1992). 2. Species composition was analysed by means of biotic indices (Pantle and Buck's saprobic index) and multivariate analyses [two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) for classification and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for ordination]. Species-abundance relationships were analysed using diversity indices (species richness, Shannon's diversity index and Pielou's evenness index) and rank-abundance patterns (rank-abundance curves). 3. CCA revealed two major gradients. The first corresponded to organic pollution and eutrophication. The second corresponded to variables related to geographical location. Four main station groups were determined by TWINSPAN. The location of the indicator species of groups 1–3 along the CCA axis 1 is consistent with their known pollution tolerance characteristics. Indicator species for group 4 had larger scores on CCA axis 2, and are representative of brackish water environments. 4. Species richness tended to be higher in the intermediate range of water pollution. Pielou's evenness index and Shannon's diversity index followed the same tendency but only weakly. 5. The rank-abundance patterns of diatom assemblages were more or less constant in all stations. The curves were very similar in shape, differing only in length and gradient (directly related to species richness and evenness, respectively). 6. The results of this study indicate that the response of diatom assemblages to environmental change can be observed in species compositional variation. Multivariate analyses and pollution indices revealed this response and are to be preferred to species diversity measures.     

东灵山华北落叶松人工林的分布格局及环境解释

应用TWINSPAN、CCA和物种多样性分析,从植物群落、植物种与环境的生态关系等方面研究了东灵山华北落叶松人工林的植被分布格局,并给予合理的环境解释。TWINSPAN分类将华北落叶松人工林分为4个类型,分类结果在CCA二维排序图上得到了较好的验证。样方与物种的CCA排序较好地揭示了该区华北落叶松人工林的分布格局与环境梯度的关系：坡位、坡度、土壤厚度和海拔是影响该区华北落叶松人工林的主导因子。结合物种多样性分析,结果表明东灵山绝大多数华北落叶松人工林生长良好,并根据华北落叶松喜凉湿习性,建议在该区自然分布海拔以下造林时,应优先选择阴坡和半阴坡的中、下位坡。     

Spatial distribution pattern of the riparian vegetation in a basin in the NW Spain

The riparian vegetation of a basin in the NW Spain was studied to establish its spatial variation pattern and to relate floristic and structural differences in the community to environmental factors. Eighty-seven sampling units in 43 sampling stations were used. Samples were classified in 5 groups using Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). Three groups represented reaches with riparian wood along their banks: Mediterranean alderwoods and shrubby willow woods. The remaining two corresponded to floodplains with vegetation colonizing moderately eutrophicated deposits of gravel. Structural characteristics of richness and diversity differentiated the alder woods. In these, the shaded environment created by the woody species limited herbaceous vegetation development. This was dominated by Carex acuta subsp. broteriana. Classification and CCA ordination results were compared. The TWINSPAN groups could be recognized in the CCA graph. The ordination was related to a pollution gradient associated with altitude. This pollution gradient involved bank ruderalization, incorporation of nitrophilous species and a decrease in the vegetation quality. The influence of the lithological features on vegetation was also evident.