导水管周围灰质参与电针对防御反应的抑制效应

在清醒家兔中,双侧损毁导水管周围灰质(PAG)的腹侧部或在双侧PAG腹侧部微量注射阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮,可明显阻断电针对刺激下丘脑背内侧区引起的防御反应的抑制效应。双侧损毁PAG腹侧部或在双侧PAG腹侧部微量注射纳洛酮,也都能减低直接兴奋弓状核区对防御反应的抑制作用的程度,在PAG 腹侧部微量注射阿片受体激动剂吗啡则可抑制刺激下丘脑引起的防御反应。以上实验结果提示,PAG 腹侧部的阿片受体可能参与电针抑制防御反应的机制。本文讨论了电针可能激活弓状核的内啡肽神经元并激活PAG 腹侧部的阿片受体而对防御反应发生抑制作用的可能性。     

延髓腹侧结构在刺激缰核诱发升压反应中的作用

电刺激缰核(Hb)可使大鼠血压明显升高,但心率变化不明显。电刺激Hb血压升高的同时,延髓腹侧结构(VM)中46.5％的神经元自发放电频率增加,这些神经元分布在VM的升压神经元群中,41.9％的神经元自发放电频率降低,这些神经元分布在VM的降压神经元群中,11.6%的神经元自发放电频率不变,升压和降压神经元群中均有这种神经元。单侧损毁VM的网状旁巨细胞核后,动物血压基本不变,也不影响电刺激Hb引起的升压反应。双侧损毁VM的网状旁巨细胞核后,动物血压从98.4±11.2mmHg降至45.2±10.3mmHg,阻断了电刺激Hb引起的升压反应。单侧或双恻损毁疑核及部分延髓网状核腹侧后,动物血压基本不变,且不影响电刺激Hb引起的升压反应。 上述结果表明,Hb主要通过VM中升压神经元群的网状旁巨细胞核参与心血管活动的调节。     

兔延髓腹侧CO_2和血压敏感单位

实验在20只麻醉、切断双侧颈迷走神经、减压神经和窦神经的家兔上进行。细胞外记录延髓腹侧的单位放电活动。在110个单位中42个对吸入6％CO_2 有反应,其中32个表现为兴奋,10个表现为抑制。这些对CO_2敏感的单位中,30个(71％)分布在头端和尾端化学敏感区,27个位于腹侧表面下0—500μm的深度内。在78个单位中观察了对阻断腹主动脉血流所引起血压升高的反应,有15个单位表现为兴奋,8个单位表现为抑制。这些血压敏感单位中17个分布在中间区,13个位于腹侧表面下0—500μm。7个对夹前后肢有反应的单位中,同时对CO_2或血压升高敏感的单位各一个。结果表明,家兔延髓腹侧存在对CO_2敏感及血压敏感的神经元,半数以上的神经元集中在浅层;两类神经元的分布具有区域差异(P<0.01)。     

刺激兔下丘脑诱发的防御反应和室性期前收缩

电刺激兔下丘脑近中线区可以引起血压升高、肢体血流量增多、内脏血流量减少、瞳孔扩大和呼吸急促、鼻翼扇动、四肢爬动等一系列类似于猫发生防御反应时的植物、躯体性反应,但其中肢体血流增多反应不能为阿托品所阻断。在出现上述反应的同时可出现心交感活动亢进、产生室性期前收缩等心律失常。摘除双侧星状神经节后,刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩(HVE)几乎消失,升压反应也减弱。在颈部切断双侧迷走神经可使 HVE 增多、升压反应增强,静脉注射阿托品(0.2mg/kg)不产生 HVE 增多和升压反应增强的效应。根据上述结果,可以认为兔下丘脑也存在着“防御反应区”,HVE 主要是兴奋了防御反应区造成心交感活动亢进所致。迷走神经对 HVE 有抑制作用,其效应可能与传入纤维的活动有关。     

大鼠缰核与下丘脑外侧区在血压调节中的相互关系

电刺激乌拉坦麻醉的大鼠下丘脑外侧区(LH)可使缰核(Hb)内51.0％的单位兴奋,15.7％的单位抑制,其中发生兴奋反应的单位有15.4％可被逆行激活。双侧Hb内微量注射利多卡因,电刺激LH引起的升压反应可被阻断42.0±28.0％;反之,双侧LH内微量注射利多卡固,电刺激Hb引起的升压反应可被阻断62.0±26.4％。结果表明,LH与Hb在血压调节中相互依赖,具有协同作用。     

室旁核在刺激中脑防御反应区诱发防御性升压反应中的作用

雄性ＳＤ大鼠,用乌拉坦（７００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和氯醛糖（３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）腹腔麻醉。实验结果：（１）每隔５ｍｉｎ电刺激中脑导水管周围灰质背侧部“防御反应区”（ｄＰＡＧ）,持续观察５０ｍｉｎ,可见恒定的升压反应。若电解毁单侧室旁核（ＰＶＮ）区。１ｈ后,电刺激中脑ｄＰＡＧ区诱发的升压反应幅度部分减小。而损毁穹隆部、下丘脑前部、下丘脑背内侧核、下丘脑腹内侧核则无上述效应。（２）电刺激或微量注射高半胱胺酸（ＤＬ     

延髓头端腹外侧区神经元电活动与心血管活动相干性的研究

本文分析了大鼠延头端腹外侧区（ＲＶＬＭ）神经元单位活动与心血管活动的相干性,观察了ＲＶＬＭ区神经元电 对电刺激中脑防御反应区的诱发反应,以及对压力感受性反射的反应,并用ＦＦＴ对ＲＶＬＭ区神经元自发单位放电和血压波进行频域的相干性分析,以判断是具有心节律。还分析了ＲＶＬＭ区单位放电变异性与心率变异性的相干性。结果显示：ＲＶＬＭ区大多数神经元对电刺激中脑防御反应区呈兴奋反应（６７％）,７０％神经元放电     

安定,氟安定对刺激家兔中脑诱发升压反应的抑制作用

３２只家兔,用α－氯醛糖和氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉,肌肉麻醉行人工呼吸。观察安定或氟安定对刺激中脑导水管周围灰质背侧部所引起升压反应的影响。当静脉注射安定或氟安定注入侧脑室,使刺激中脑诱发的升压反应受抑,表面为收缩压增量和平均压增量减小。微量注射氟安定到双侧延髓腹外侧头端区,也出现升压反应受到抑制,降低△ＳＢＰ和△ＭＢＰ;而于双侧腹外端区微量注射相同剂量氟安定则无抑制作用。在ｒＶＬＭ用ＧＡＢＡＡ受体阻断剂     

刺激兔下丘脑防御反应区时脑脊液内亮啡肽免疫活性增强

用放射免疫测定法观察到,电刺激兔下丘脑防御反应区时,中脑导水管末端的脑脊液样品内亮啡肽免疫活性明显增强。结果提示,下丘脑防御反应区兴奋时脑内亮啡肽释放增多。     

防御警觉反应中心血管变化的机制与意义

动物发生防御警觉反应时,心血管活动有一系列特征性变化。与此有关的中枢结构有下丘脑穹窿周围区,中脑中央灰质及延髓腹侧的巨细胞旁外侧核等。中枢内还有与防御反应相拮抗的交感抑制系统。这两系统的动态平衡,对维持交感紧张性与血压水平有重要作用。过强而持久的防御反应可能是引起某些类型高血压、心律失常等心血管疾病的一个原因。     

电刺激猫小脑顶核对动脉血压和肾交感神经放电的影响

在38只麻醉及人工呼吸的猫,观察到电刺激小脑顶核嘴侧部能引起动脉血压显著升高;肾交感神经放电于刺激期间显著增加。去缓冲神经对刺激顶核所引起的血压反应的幅度和肾交感神经放电均无明显影响,但可明显延长血压反应升高相以及血压恢复期的时间。静脉注射氯庄定引起血压降低、心率减慢及肾交感神经放电的抑制,并能减弱刺激顶核引起的血压反应,但增强了刺激顶核引起的肾神经放电的变化。电解损毁延髓腹外侧面引起血压降低及肾交感神经放电的抑制,然而无论单侧还是双侧损毁延髓腹外侧面都不能阻断刺激顶核所引起的血压和肾交感神经放电的反应。以上结果表明,电刺激顶核能引起明显的心血管反应,其反应的下行性通路可能不通过延髓腹外侧面。     

安定降低家兔血压和减少刺激下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩的机制分析

家兔62只,用乌拉坦(700mg/kg)和氯醛醣(35mg/kg)静脉麻醉,三碘季铵酚制动,在人工呼吸下进行实验。用电刺激下丘脑近中线区的方法诱发室性期前收缩(HVE)。静脉注射安定(0.5mg/kg)可降低基础血压(BP),减弱刺激下丘脑引起升压反应(指收缩压峰值SBP_(max))和减少HVE。在双侧延髓腹外侧头端区(rVLM)微量注射氟安定(200μg溶于0.5μl中),γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)(6μg溶于0.5μl中)均能降低BP、SBP_(max)和减少HVE,若微量注射印防己毒素(7.5μg溶于0.5μl中)则可使BP上升并增多HVE。而于双侧延髓腹外侧尾端区(cVLM)微量注射同样剂量氟安定、GABA则无上述反应。安定降低BP、SBP_(max)和减少HVE的作用可被双侧rVLM区微量注射GABA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱(3μg溶于0.5μl中)或印防己毒素所消除,但在双侧rVLM区微量注射甘氨酸受体拮抗剂士的宁(1μg溶于0.5μl中)、阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮(0.5μg溶于0.5μl中)、胆碱能阻断药阿托品(0.25μg溶于0.5μl中)、东莨菪碱(1.5μg溶于0.5μl中)后仍然存在。 上述结果提示,在双侧rVLM应用GABA受体拮抗剂可消除安定降低BP、SBP_(max)和减少HVE的作用,安定降低BP、SBP_(max)和减少HVE的作用可能通过GABA这一中间环节,而胆碱能受体、阿片受体、甘氨酸受体可能不起重要作用。     

Peripheral and central mechanisms of the pressor response elicited by stimulation of the locus coeruleus in the rat

Electrical stimulation of the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) caused an increase of the arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats, and elevated plasma noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) levels. The stimulation-induced pressor response was characteristically biphasic and consisted of a sharp rise in arterial pressure at the onset of the stimulation, followed by a second elevation at the end of the stimulus. Bilateral adrenalectomy or adrenal demedullation completely blocked the secondary phase of the pressor response elicited by stimulation, but did not affect the primary phase. The latter was specifically eliminated by the destruction of the peripheral sympathetic vasomotor axons with intravenous 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The active sites eliciting the secondary adrenomedullary pressor component appeared to be restricted to the nucleus LC, whereas the primary sympathetic vasomotor response could be elicited from sites in and around the nucleus. After brain transection at the midbrain level, stimulation of LC failed to evoke the adrenomedullary pressor response, while the sympathetic vasomotor component was not affected. Similarly, destruction of brain NA neurons by intraventricular administration of 6-OHDA did not change the sympathetic vasomotor response, but virtually abolished the adrenal response. The results demonstrate that the pressor response to stimulation of LC in the rat is due to both increased sympathetic vasomotor activity and CA released from the adrenal medulla. The study also provides evidence suggesting that the noradrenergic LC cell group play an important role in the activation of the adrenal medulla, but is not essential for the activation of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor fiber system.     

电刺激兔延髓腹侧化学敏感区和压力敏感区对呼吸、血压,的影响及其中枢递质机制

电刺激麻醉兔延髓腹侧化学敏感区头端区引起潮气量(V_T)增加,呼吸频率(f)增快;电刺激压力敏感区(中间区)则使V_T减小,f亦增快。弱刺激时,两者均产生降压反应;刺激增强可诱发双相或升压反应。在出现周期性呼吸时,电刺激化学敏感区可使呼吸节律正常化、V_T增大,而电刺激压力敏感区则导致呼吸暂停。电刺激压力敏感区时,吸气时间(TI)和呼气时间(T_E)均缩短,以T_E变化更明显;由于V_T减小和T_I缩短,V_T/T_I保持相对不变,提示吸气终止的中枢阈值降低。在准备刺激的相应局部预先应用阿托品,可使电刺激化学敏感区产生的通气增强效应翻转,而对电刺激压力敏感区引起的通气抑制无明显影响;用印防己毒素则可选择性消除电刺激压力敏感区的通气抑制和降压效应。本工作表明延髓腹侧存在两个不同的中枢机制,其中化学敏感区产生的通气增强与胆碱能系统有关;压力敏感区产生的通气减弱效应与GABA系统有关。     

Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla: An Integrative Site for Muscle Vasodilation During Defense-Alerting Reactions

1. Evidence gathered over the last 30 years has firmly established that the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is a major vasomotor center in the brainstem, harboring sympathetic premotor neurons responsible for generating and maintaining basal vasomotor tone and resting levels of arterial blood pressure. Although the RVLM has been almost exclusively classified as a vasopressor area, in this report we review some evidence suggesting a prominent role of the RVLM in muscle vasodilation during defense-alerting responses.2. Defense-alerting reactions are a broad class of behavior including flexion of a limb, fight/flight responses, apologies, etc. They comprise species-distinctive motor and neurovegetative adjustments. Cardiovascular responses include hypertension, tachycardia, visceral vasoconstriction, and muscle vasodilation. Since defense-alerting reactions generally involve intense motor activation, muscle vasodilation is regarded as a key feature of these responses.3. In anesthetized or unanesthetized-decerebrate animals, natural or electrical stimulation of cutaneous and muscle afferents produced hypertension, tachycardia, and vasodilation restricted to the stimulated limb.4. Unilateral inactivation of the RVLM contralateral to the stimulated limb abolished cardiovascular adjustments to stimulation of cutaneous and muscle afferents. Within the RVLM glutamatergic synapses mediate pressor responses, whereas GABAergic synapses mediates muscle vasodilation.5. In urethane-anesthetized rats, electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus elicited hypertension, tachycardia, visceral vasoconstriction, and hindlimb vasodilation. The hindlimb vasodilation induced by hypothalamic stimulation is a complex response, involving reduction of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone, release of catecholamines by the adrenal medulla, and a still unknown system that may use nitric oxide as a mediator.6. Blockade of glutamatergic transmission within the RVLM selectively blocks muscle vasodilation induced by hypothalamic stimulation.7. The results obtained suggest that, besides its role in the generation and maintenance of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor drive, the RVLM is also critical for vasodilatory responses during defense reactions. The RVLM may contain several, distinctive mechanisms for muscle vasodilation. Anatomical and functional characterization of these pathways may represent a breakthrough in our understanding of cardiovascular control in normal and/or pathological conditions.     

Sympathoinhibition from ventrolateral periaqueductal gray mediated by 5-HT(1A) receptors in the RVLM

The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT(1A)) receptors located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in the mediation of a sympathoinhibitory and depressor response elicited from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) matter of the midbrain was examined in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats. Activation of neurons in the vlPAG evoked a decrease in renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activities and a decrease in arterial blood pressure. After microinjection of the specific 5-HT(1A)-receptor antagonist WAY-100635 into the pressor area of the RVLM, the vlPAG-evoked sympathoinhibition and hypotension was attenuated to control levels (7 of 15 animals) or converted into a sympathoexcitation and pressor response (8 of 15 animals). Baroreflex inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity was not impaired by microinjection of WAY into the sympathoexcitatory region of the RVLM. These data suggest that sympathoinhibition and hypotension elicited by activation of neurons in the vlPAG are mediated by 5-HT(1A) receptors in the RVLM.     

Electrophysiological projections of pulvinar-lateralis posterior complex (P-LP) upon superior colliculus units in the cat

The effect of Pulvinar-Lateral Posterior (P-LP) electrical stimulation on superior colliculus unitary responses and eye movements is analyzed in 17 encéphale isolé cats. Twelve of them were curarized. Out of a total of 190 recorded units, 117 were localized in the superior colliculus and 73 units in the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation (MRF) below the superior colliculus. Thirty eight per cent (n = 45) of the collicular units modified their discharge frequency when the ipsilateral P-LP was electrically stimulated. The current intensity thresholds of transynaptic activation had a range between 0.5 and 2.0 mA. Most of the orthodromic responses were produced by ipsilateral P-LP stimulation and were localized in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus. Three types of responses were obtained: short latency responses between 2 and 10 ms (57%); intermediate latency responses between 15 and 40 ms (29%), and long latency responses between 50 and 200 ms (14%). Thirty one per cent (n = 18) of the units recorded in the MRF responded to P-LP stimulation with 10 ms pulse-trains duration. In the MRF 3 types of responses were observed: 1) a decrease or blockade in the resting discharge during 20 to 100 ms after stimulation (20%); simple responses with a latency between 25 and 150 ms (40%), and complex responses with an early response and a latency between 15-40 ms, and a late response with a latency between 150 and 200 ms (40%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

神经降压素对刺激下丘脑减压区所致减压反应的影响

大鼠下丘脑前部一侧减压区,采用直流方波或化学刺激、注射微量神经降压素及其抗血清和放射免疫分析等方法,探讨了神经降压素对刺激该减压区所致减压反应的影响。结果表明：（１）电或化学刺激该减压区,可出现同其它哺乳动物相似的减压反应;（２）该减压区注射微量神经降压素,可使电刺激该减压区所致的减压反应明显增强;反之,注射抗神经降压素血清,该减压反应明显抑制;（３）电刺激该减压区,可使下丘脑和血浆中的神经降压素免疫活性物含量明显增高。结果提示,神经降压素可能参与电刺激该减压区所致的减压反应过程。     

家兔延髓腹侧表面加压区与压力感受性反射的关系

实验在乌拉坦麻醉、三碘季铵酚制动和人工呼吸的41只家兔进行。电刺激延髓腹侧面加压区(VSMp)引起肾交感神经电活动(RSNA)增强和动脉血压升高。电刺激主动脉神经(AN)则导致RSNA抑制和动脉血压下降。在下列实验条件下,刺激VSMp所致的交感兴奋性效应均不受影响:(1)同时刺激VSMp和AN;(2)刺激AN期间插入VSMp刺激;(3)刺激VSMp期间插入AN刺激。但刺激AN所致的交感抑制性效应却被明显地抑制。提示兴奋VSMp的交感兴奋性效应可调制压力感受性反射的交感抑制性成分,两者之间的动态平衡是维持静态动脉血压水平的基础。