Properties of inhibitors of plant virus infection occurring in the leaves of species in the Chenopodiales

The process of infection by strains 21 Anz-2, 7 and 21 Anz-2, 3, 7 of Puccinia graminis tritici was quantitatively investigated to determine whether differences existed between them at any stage of the infection process and whether any such differences were related to the relative survival ability of the two strains in mixtures. The frequency of urediospore germination, the frequency of formation of appressoria, the period between inoculation and the eruption of uredia, the proportion of infection courts developing into uredia, and the visible characteristics of the uredia, did not differ between the two strains. However, penetration occurred more frequently from appressoria of strain 21 Anz-2, 3, 7 than from those of strain 21 Anz-2, 7. Uredia of strain 21 Anz-2,3, 7 increased more rapidly in size than did those of 21 Anz-2,7 and were ultimately larger in area. Similarly, more urediospores were produced per uredium by strain 21 Anz-2, 3, 7 than by 21 Anz-2, 7. It is suggested that these differences in frequency of penetration and in number of urediospores per uredium could account, at least in part, for the difference in relative survival ability between the two strains.     

Effect of reproductive mode on host plant utilization of melon aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Variation in the reproductive mode of melon aphid Aphis gossypii Glover occurred on the large geographic scale, but the performance of different reproductive modes to use host plant is poorly understood. Life tables of melon aphid population that undergo the anholocyclic, androcyclic, and intermediate reproductive mode were conducted on different host plants. The results showed that the anholocyclic and androcyclic strains could become adults and produce offspring on cotton Gossypium hirsutum L., whereas the intermediate strain could not. The survival rate, net reproductive rate (R(0)), and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m)) of the androcyclic strain on cotton were significantly greater than that of the anholocyclic strain. The three strains could aptly use cucurbits host plants including cucumber Cucumis sativa L., pumpkin Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.), and zucchini Cucurbita pepo L.; survival rate and R(0) were not significantly different on these two host plants. Moreover, the r(m) of the anholocyclic strain on cucumber and the androcyclic strain on pumpkin and zucchini were significantly greater than that of the other two strains. The abilities of the three strains to use a host plant were flexible, because their r(m) on pumpkin or zucchini became equal after rearing for four successive generations; furthermore, the intermediate strain attained the ability to use cotton, and the performance of anholocyclic and intermediate strains to use cotton also significantly increased after feeding on pumpkin or zucchini for one or three generations. It was concluded that the reproductive mode and feeding experience affected the performance of melon aphid to use a host plant.     

Control of Rhizoctonia solani and Cotton Seedling Disease by Laetisaria arvalis and a Mycophagous Insect Proisotoma minuta (Collembola)

Population changes in Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides with and without fungicide selection A conidium mixture of W (wheat-type) and R (rye-type) strains of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (W:R = 1:1) was incubated on PD-agar without fungicide or amended with the imidazole prochloraz or the triazole cyproconazole. The W:R ratio was assessed over four generations using the different benomyl sensitivity of the strains as marker. In untreated mixtures, the R strain completely dominated the population already after two generations. Similarly, in cyproconazole-treated mixtures, the R strain increased to 100% after the second generation, whereas in prochloraz-treated mixtures the R strain either followed the same pattern as in untreated mixtures or fluctuated around the initial proportion of 50% over four generations. The W and R strains displayed different fitness properties. The average hyphal growth rate was 8.5 mm/10 d and 4.5 mm/10 d for the W and the R strains, respectively; the sporulation capacity was 80 and 400 conidia/colony, respectively, for the two strains. The different fitness resulted in a strong dominance of the R strains both in vitro and in field populations towards the end of the vegetation period. This shift towards R-dominance occurred about equally fast with or without fungicide selection.     

SELF-FERTILIZATION VERSUS CROSS-FERTILIZATION IN THE HERMAPHRODITIC FRESHWATER SNAIL BULINUS GLOBOSUS

Self-fertilization depression of fitness in the freshwater hermaphroditic snail Bulinus globosus, an intermediate host of the parasitic trematode Schistosoma, has been studied in a strain originating from Niger. B. globosus is an outcrosser that can self-fertilize when isolated before any copulation has occurred. The self-fertilization depression has been estimated during two successive generations. In the first generation, selfing was compared to outcrossing. Within each mating system group, selfing and outcrossing were compared again in the second generation. A striking difference was shown in favor of cross-fertilization for the number of eggs laid, the survival at birth of young snails and the number of snails reaching sexual maturity. The overall self-fertilization depression is 0.920 after two generations of selfing. We discuss the relative role of selfing and outcrossing in the evolution of freshwater snail populations.     

球孢白僵菌混菌培养的遗传学分析

放线酮抗性及34℃耐受性不同的球孢白僵菌两营养亲和单孢株经混合培养,能够形成异核体。在分生孢子形成的单倍化过程中,异核体中的染色体或其片段发生连续丢失,至少经4代准性循环,遗传性状才会趋于相对稳定。遗传标记及RAPD分析表明,异核体中染色体的丢失并非随机的,重组株的遗传性状表现为倾向选择,即子代主要只表现为某一母株的遗传性状,另一亲本型性状被完全抑制或其遗传物质被丢失。混合比例不同、培养介质不同可影响准性生殖过程及倾向选择频率。混菌培养有利于优良性状的保持。     

嗜卷书虱低氧耐性品系的选育及其遗传稳定性和生态适合度研究

室内恒温条件下以人工饲料饲养的嗜卷书虱Ｌｉｐｏｓｃｅｌｉｓ ｂｏｓｔｒｙｃｈｏｐｈｉｌａ Ｂａｄｏｎｎｅｌ成虫,分别在０．５％和１％Ｏ２组配的气调环境中以７％左右的选择压力处理,以选育其耐低氧气调性。选育至３０低氧品系ＬＯＣ１和ＬＯＣ２,以ＬＴ５０为标准其性倍数分别达４．７和３．９倍。整个选育过程中,气调暴露时间对数值与死亡率机率值间的回归直线基本平行,其值均低于敏感基线的斜率值,这表明嗜卷书虱对     

Variations in the tendency to diapause among successive generations of laboratory strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma</Emphasis> species (Hymenoptera,Trichogrammatidae): Endogenous or exogenous?

Variations in the tendency to diapause among successive generations of laboratory strains reared under constant conditions were reported for many insects and mites. However, as far as we know, the relative importance of the endogenous and exogenous components of this variability has not been investigated experimentally. We have conducted such a study with 12 successive generations of laboratory strains of Trichogramma telengai Sor. and T. principium Sug. et Sor. In total, 12 strains originated from different females and / or reared under different photothermal conditions (temperature of 20 and 25°C and day length of 12 and 18 h) were investigated. The tendency to diapause was estimated by the proportion of the progeny diapausing at temperatures of 13, 14 and 15°C. Although the variations in the tendency to diapause in sequential generations of different strains of the same species were positively correlated, the correlation between different species was also very strong suggesting that endogenous (species-specific) factors are not the main reason for the observed changes. The data for different photothermal conditions of incubation of the studied strains and of their progeny were also correlated suggesting that occasional changes in temperature or day length are not the reason of the changes in the proportion of diapausing progeny. Evidently, the differences in the tendency to diapause among generations of the studied Trichogramma species were mainly caused by some uncontrolled environmental factors. This in no way excludes the possible role of the endogenous processes, but suggests the necessity for a critical analysis of the available data on the “spontaneous” dynamics in the tendency to diapause among successive generations of the laboratory strains of insects and mites.     

Stress Effects of Mixed Salts with Various Salinities on the Seedlings of Aneurolepidium chinense

Seedlings of Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag. were subjected to stress with 30 kinds of 50 to 350 mmol/L of salt mixture which were composed of NaC1, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3 in various proportion. The results showed that all the responded strains, such as changes in the relative growth rate (RGR), K+ and Na+ contents, content of proline accumulation, and leave electrolyte leakage rate, were aggravated with the increasing salt concentrations and the proportion of the basic salts. The strain reaction from high pH caused by the basic salt was closely related to salinity. The high pH reaction was weaker when the salinity was lower and became progressively stronger intensely with the increasing salinity. The results indicated that there were actually two stresses, the salt and the alkaline stress in the mixed salt stress. It was reasonable to consider the total salt concentration as the strength value of salt stress and the buffer capacity as the strength value of alkaline stress. When the alkaline stress was weak, the strain effect was mainly associated with the total salt concentration, but the buffer capacity became the dominant factor effecting strain with the increasing alkaline stress.     

A mathematical framework for estimating pathogen transmission fitness and inoculum size using data from a competitive mixtures animal model

We present a method to measure the relative transmissibility ("transmission fitness") of one strain of a pathogen compared to another. The model is applied to data from "competitive mixtures" experiments in which animals are co-infected with a mixture of two strains. We observe the mixture in each animal over time and over multiple generations of transmission. We use data from influenza experiments in ferrets to demonstrate the approach. Assessment of the relative transmissibility between two strains of influenza is important in at least three contexts: 1) Within the human population antigenically novel strains of influenza arise and compete for susceptible hosts. 2) During a pandemic event, a novel sub-type of influenza competes with the existing seasonal strain(s). The unfolding epidemiological dynamics are dependent upon both the population's susceptibility profile and the inherent transmissibility of the novel strain compared to the existing strain(s). 3) Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), while providing significant potential to reduce transmission of influenza, exert selective pressure on the virus and so promote the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Any adverse outcome due to selection and subsequent spread of an NAI-resistant strain is exquisitely dependent upon the transmission fitness of that strain. Measurement of the transmission fitness of two competing strains of influenza is thus of critical importance in determining the likely time-course and epidemiology of an influenza outbreak, or the potential impact of an intervention measure such as NAI distribution. The mathematical framework introduced here also provides an estimate for the size of the transmitted inoculum. We demonstrate the framework's behaviour using data from ferret transmission studies, and through simulation suggest how to optimise experimental design for assessment of transmissibility. The method introduced here for assessment of mixed transmission events has applicability beyond influenza, to other viral and bacterial pathogens.     

Characterization of variability and relationships among components of partial resistance to leaf rust in CIMMYT bread wheats

Summary A study of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germ plasm developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) showed highly significant phenotypic variability for each component of partial resistance (namely, uredial appearance period, latency period, uredial number and uredial size) to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. All of the wheat genotypes displayed longer uredial appearance and latency periods and decreased uredial number and uredial size when compared to the susceptible check cultivar Morocco. Positive correlations between uredial appearance period and latency period, and uredial number and uredial size, and negative correlations between uredial appearance and latency periods and uredial number and uredial size, inclusive, suggested that the components of partial resistance were either tightly linked or under pleiotropic genetic control. Compared to Morocco, all entries had slow disease progress in the field and variation occurred in the germ plasm for the area under the leaf rust progress curve. Disease progress was negatively correlated with uredial appearance and latency periods, whereas a positive correlation was observed with uredial number and uredial size. Certain genotypes displayed high levels of partial resistance resulting in low disease incidence in the field.     

Latitude dependent arrhythmicity in the circadian oviposition rhythm of Drosophila ananassae

Latitude dependent arrhythmicity in the circadian rhythm of oviposition of Drosophila ananassae strains originating from 8.1°N to 32.7°N was studied by inbreeding them in cycles of 12 h of light at 20 lux and 12 h of darkness. The number of inbreeding generations required to initiate arrhythmicity in oviposition rhythm was dependent on the origin of latitude of the strain. The strains from the lower latitudes became arrhythmic after notably more numbers of generations than those from the higher latitudes. This might be attributed to the higher inherent degree of oviposition rhythmicity in the F₁ generation, and enhanced photic sensitivity of the circadian pacemaker mediating entrainment of oviposition rhythm of the strains from lower latitudes as compared to those from the higher latitudes.     

Control of the bean rust fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Uromyces appendiculatus</Emphasis> by means of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma harzianum</Emphasis>: leaf disc assays on the antibiotic effect of spore suspensions and culture filtrates

Several species of the fungal genus Trichoderma act as antagonists of other fungi. A number of strains from the Trichoderma species T. harzianum Rifai are used as biological control agents for the control of soilborne as well as foliar plant pathogens. Six T. harzianum strains, five of them isolated from commercial preparations, were evaluated for their capability to control the bean rust fungus Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers. ex Pers.) Unger. Different kinds of leaf disc assays were performed with conidial spore suspensions and sterile culture filtrates of the T. harzianum strains. Great differences were observed concerning the efficacy of the Trichoderma strains to reduce the number of the uredial pustules developing after rust inoculation which followed the application of the particular Trichoderma strains. Efficacy values ranged from 1 to over 50%. Increasing spore or culture filtrate concentrations of the two most effective isolates T12 and T_U led to decreases in the number of developing uredial pustules. Culture filtrate applications had a protective but no curative effect. T12 spore suspensions maintained their disease reducing activity even when autoclaved. This and some other evidence for an antibiotic interaction between T. harzianum and U. appendiculatus are discussed. Handling Editor: Reijo Karjalainen.     

Selection of mouse strains showing high and low incidences of alloxan-induced diabetes

To produce an experimental model of diabetes in animals, ICR mice were inbred until the 20th generation by two-way selection toward the high- and low-incidences of alloxan-induced diabetes. Changes in successive generations in the incidence of such diabetes, in blood glucose levels, growth patterns and reproductive performance were studied. The incidence of alloxan-induced diabetes was 41.1% in the basal population; in the high-incidence strain, it was 98.7% in F13, ranging between 90 and 99% in later generations; and in the low-incidence strain, it reached 0% in F7, remaining near that level in later generations. The heritability of the incidence of alloxan-induced diabetes determined at the beginning of selection was 50-60%. The blood glucose level was 251 +/- 19 mg/dl in the basal population; in the high-incidence strain, it was 423 +/- 11 mg/dl in F13, ranging thereafter between 340 and 455 mg/dl; and in the low-incidence strain, it was 128 +/- 4 mg/dl in F7, then varying from 120 to 140 mg/dl in following generations. The heritability of the blood glucose level determined at the beginning of selection was 40-60%. No marked decrease in growth or reproductive performance accompanied successive selections. Successive generations of the high-incidence mice, however, tended to become heavier than the low-incidence animals. The high- and low-incidence strains, established in the 20th generation, were named the ALS (alloxan-induced diabetes-susceptible) and ALR (alloxan-induced diabetes-resistant) strains, respectively.     

Cold shock response in Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis: a comparison of the protection generated by brief pre-treatment at less severe temperatures

Acquired freeze–thaw tolerance was investigated for Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis. Pre-treatment of microorganisms at less severe temperatures to initiate cold tolerance gave L. lactis ssp. diacetylactis improved cell viability after successive freezings and thawings. The ability of cells to survive freezing–thawing was dependent on factors experienced prior to freezing. Factors affecting lactic acid bacteria survival during freezing–thawing cycles include different diluents, growth phase, and cold temperatures. Viability experiments showed that this strain displaying cold shock cryotolerance had an improved survival capacity in stationary phase. The plasmid contents of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different types, strains DRC-2 and DRC-2C, were examined and compared with the plasmid contents of culture collection strains both before and after cold shock treatment. Using agarose gel electrophoresis, no obvious correlation between the cold shock response and the number of plasmids in the cell could be observed.     

Effect of selection pressure on the cholinesterase of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) resistant to coumaphos

The effect of selection pressure on the cholinesterase (AChE) activity of two strains of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) resistant to coumaphos was monitored. Total AChE and protein was determined from three generations of resistant ticks and a susceptible strain. The effect of an AChE inhibitor, coroxon (the oxygen analog of coumaphos), was also determined. The resistance of the susceptible strain (Escondido) to coumaphos remained relatively unchanged throughout the study. The Tuxpan strain lost some of its resistance to coumaphos as the generations proceeded (AChE increased instead of decreased). The Tuxtla strain became more resistant to coumaphos as the generations proceeded (AChE increased).     

Dose dependency of time to death in single and mixed infections with a wildtype and egt deletion strain of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus

Recombinant insect nucleopolyhedroviruses lacking the egt gene generally kill their hosts faster than wild-type strains, but the response of insects to mixtures of virus genotypes is less well known. Here, we compared the survival time, lethal dose and occlusion body yield in third instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) after challenge with wild-type H. armigera SNPV (HaSNPV-wt), a strain with a deletion of the egt gene, HaSNPV-LM2, and a 1:1 mixture of these two virus strains. A range of doses was used to determine whether the total number of OBs influenced the response to challenge with a mixture of virus strains versus single strains. At high virus doses, HaSNPV-LM2 killed H. armigera larvae significantly faster (ca. 20 h) than HaSNPV-wt, but at low doses, there was no significant difference in survival time between the viruses. The survival time after challenge with mixed virus inoculum was significantly different from and intermediate between that of the single viruses at high doses, and not different from that of the single viruses at low doses. No differences in lethal dose were found between single and mixed infections or between virus genotypes. The number of occlusion bodies produced per larva increased with time to death and decreased with virus dose, but no significant differences among virus types were found.     

巴氏新小绥螨毒死蜱抗性选育及生物学特性

[目的]明确巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri毒死蜱抗性对其生物学特性的影响,为抗药性捕食螨田间应用提供理论基础.[方法]在室内采用药膜法测定毒死蜱对巴氏新小绥螨的毒力,以半致死浓度(lethal medium concentration,LC50)为选择压力,对巴氏新小绥螨敏感种群进行逐代汰选.应用生命...     

人工雌核发育鲢的遗传多样性及异源遗传物质整入的RAPD分析

运用RAPD技术对连续二代人工雌核发育鲢的遗传多样性及异源遗传物质的整入进行了分析 ,结果表明 :一代雌核发育鲢 ,个体间遗传相似度为 0 94 5— 0 995 6 ,多样性指数为 0 175 ;二代雌核发育鲢 ,个体间遗传相似度为0 96 15— 1 0 0 ,平均为 0 985 2 ,多样性指数为 0 0 6 2。研究揭示经过连续二代人工雌核发育后 ,其遗传多样性明显减少 ,种质进一步纯化。通过对雌核发育鲢二代、亲本鲢和雄鲤的RAPD扩增比较 ,发现雌核发育鲢含有少数与父本相同的特异DNA扩增带 ,而亲本鲢没有 ,在基因水平上表明雌核发育鲢整入了雄鲤的遗传物质     

辛硫磷和溴氰菊酯混剂对家蝇抗性发展的影响

以家蝇（ＭｕｓｃａｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａｖｉｃｉｎａＭａｃｑｕａｒｔ）为试虫,用辛硫磷溴氰菊酯单剂及不同配比的混剂进行汰选试验。所有混剂选育的家蝇抗性发展都很缓慢,而单剂抗性发展都很快。增效试验表明,辛硫磷与溴氰菊酯混配有明显增效作用,特别是对抗性品系。生化分析结果表明,对溴氰菊酯的抗性发展与酯酶的酶活升高有关。对辛硫磷抗性发展与多功能氧化酶的酶活升高和乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性降低有关。混剂选育的家蝇其对单剂的敏感性的变化及酶系的变化,随着混剂的配比而变化     

不同盐浓度的混合盐对羊草苗的胁迫效应

用５０～３５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ含有不同比例的ＮａＣｌ、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４、ＮａＨＣＯ３和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３等４种盐成分的３０种混合盐对羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ｔｒｉｎ．）Ｋｉｔａｇ．）苗进行盐碱混合胁迫处理。结果表明：相对生长率、Ｋ和Ｎａ含量、脯氨酸积累量及叶片电解质外渗率等胁变反应均随盐浓度增大以及碱性盐比例增高而加剧。而且碱性盐所造成的高ｐＨ的致胁变效应与盐浓度关系极大,浓度低时作用较小,随浓度增大其作用加剧。在含有碱性盐的混合盐胁迫中,包含有盐胁迫和碱胁迫两种作用。以总盐浓度代表盐胁强,缓冲量代表碱胁强。在碱胁强较弱时胁变主要受盐浓度影响,随碱胁强增大缓冲量变为影响胁变的主导因素