山莨菪碱对人红细胞膜蛋白及膜脂运动的影响

本文采用自旋标记顺磁共振波谱技术,研究了山茛菪碱对人红细胞膜蛋白和膜脂运动的影响.结果表明:用马来酰亚胺标记的人红细胞膜,加入山茛菪碱后,其顺磁共振波谱中强、弱固定化作用谱的峰值比增大,膜蛋白的运动受到限制.山茛菪碱对红细胞膜脂的作用部位主要在极性头部,并影响膜脂的流动性.本文还对山茛菪碱与红细胞膜作用的可能机制进行了讨论.     

顺丁烯二酰亚胺氮氧自由基的合成及自旋标记的血清白蛋白

本文报道制备顺丁烯二酰亚胺氮氧自由基纯品的方法。本方法为Hamilton-McConnell法的改进。在温和条件下,该化合物以共价键形式自旋标记到血清白蛋白的硫氢基和氨基等活性基团上。为利用自旋标记顺磁共振技术研究蛋白质分子的构象,提供了必要前提。经顺丁烯二酰亚胺氮氧自由基自旋标记的牛和羊血清白蛋白,由于标记位点和标记物所处的周围环境不同,给出了两类ESR波谱:即强固定化作用型和弱固定化作用型。用0.5 mMHgCl_2预处理牛血清白蛋白,阻断其硫氢基以后再自旋标记,仅给出弱固定化型波谱。从而进一步证明强固定化作用型波谱主要来自标记在蛋白质深层中的硫氢基;弱固定化作用型波谱则来自标记在靠近蛋白质表层的非硫氢基团上。通过对羊血清白蛋白自旋标记以后,再用8M尿素破坏其氢键的试验,发现原样品中强固定化型的谱线消失,仅剩下三条弱固定化型谱线。表明自旋标记物对蛋白质构象变化的反应是十分灵敏的。文中,对两类ESR波谱用自旋哈密尔顿理论进行了描述。     

顺丁烯二酰亚胺氮氧自由基的合成及自旋标记的血清白蛋白

本文报道制备顺丁烯二酰亚胺氮氧自由基纯品的方法。本方法为Hamilton-McConnell 法的改进。在温和条件下,该化合物以共价键形式自旋标记到血清白蛋白的硫氢基和氨基等活性基团上。为利用自旋标记顺磁共振技术研究蛋白质分子的构象,提供了必要前提。经顺丁烯二酰亚胺氮氧自由基自旋标记的牛和羊血清白蛋白,由于标记位点和标记物所处的周围环境不同,给出了两类ESR 波谱:即强固定化作用型和弱固定化作用型。用0.5mMHgCl_2预处理牛血清白蛋白,阻断其硫氢基以后再自旋标记,仅给出弱固定化型波谱。从而进一步证明强固定化作用型波谱主要来自标记在蛋白质深层中的硫氢基;弱固定化作用型波谱则来自标记在靠近蛋白质表层的非硫氢基团上。通过对羊血清白蛋白自旋标记以后,再用8M尿素破坏其氢键的试验,发现原样品中强固定化型的谱线消失,仅剩下三条弱固定化型谱线。表明自旋标记物对蛋白质构象变化的反应是十分灵敏的。文中,对两类ESR 波谱用自旋哈密尔顿理论进行了描述。     

用电子自旋标记法研究γ辐照对红细胞膜的影响

本文用5-氮氧自由基硬脂酸、12-氮??氧自由基硬脂酸和16-氮氧自由基硬脂酸三种脂肪酸自旋标记物对人红细胞膜(血影)的不同深度膜脂的流动性作了进一步的研究,所得到的电子自旋共振波谱表明它们的序参数都随γ照射剂量的增大而增大。本文还用马来酰亚胺氮氧自由基标记在膜蛋白的SH基团上,所得到的波谱表明其旋转相关时间和强固定化对弱固定化组分的谱线高度的比值也都随γ辐照剂量增大而增大。结果说明γ辐照后,人红细胞膜的流动性降低。这与我们用荧光探针研究所得到的结果相似。     

吸烟气相物质引起膜的生物物理特性改变的研究

本文用自旋标记方法测量了经过吸烟气相物质作用后脂质体膜流动性的变化,结果表明,随着吸烟气流量的不断加大,膜的流动性呈增大趋势.用马来酰亚胺自旋标记研究了吸烟气相物质对鼠肺细胞膜蛋白上巯基的影响,结果发现,随着通烟时间的延长,ESR波谱的强弱固定化比值逐渐减小,总的效应表现为膜蛋白上的巯基结合位点裸露程度变大.     

肾性贫血病人红细胞膜脂－膜蛋白相互作用的ESR研究

肾性贫血病人红细胞膜脂－膜蛋白相互作用的ＥＳＲ研究石红联,王建潮,赵保路,忻文娟（中国科学院生物物理研究所,北京１００１０１）关键词电子自旋共振,红细胞;膜脂－膜蛋白相互作用,肾性贫血,茶多酚我们曾用脂肪酸氮氧自由基自旋标记物和马来酞亚胺氮氧自由基自...     

金属硫蛋白对大鼠红细胞膜受羟自由基损伤保护作用的自旋标记—ESR研究

用自旋标记物5NS,16NS及MSL分别插入红细胞膜脂及标记膜蛋白,发现金属硫蛋白(10~(-5)mol/L)对羟自由基引起的膜运动性减弱和膜蛋白构象改变有明显抑制作用,说明金属硫蛋白对大鼠红细胞膜的羟自由基损伤有保护作用,并且,对于低剂量的羟自由基损伤,保护作用更为明显。     

金属硫蛋白对大鼠红细胞膜受羟自由基损伤保护作用的自旋标记—ESR研究

用自旋标记物5NS,16NS及MSL分别插入红细胞膜脂及标记膜蛋白,发现金属硫蛋白(10~(-5)mol/L)对羟自由基引起的膜运动性减弱和膜蛋白构象改变有明显抑制作用,说明金属硫蛋白对大鼠红细胞膜的羟自由基损伤有保护作用,并且,对于低剂量的羟自由基损伤,保护作用更为明显。     

多烯脂肪酸对磷脂胆固醇液晶态结构影响机理

用小角Ｘ 射线散射法、３１Ｐ 核磁共振技术和扫描隧道显微镜技术,对多烯脂肪酸多相脂质体的液晶态结构进行了研究。实验结果表明：胆固醇、多烯脂肪酸、非离子表面活性剂均对ＰＥ 脂质体的液晶态结构有明显的影响。在含有高效分散剂的磷酸缓冲溶液中制成的液晶态油酸多相脂质体和亚油酸多相脂质体均由片层六角相和片层立方相组成, 而蓖麻酸多相脂质体由立方六角相组成。     

锌_7-与镉_7-金属硫蛋白对羟自由基损伤大鼠红细胞膜保护作用的比较

用电子自旋共振自旋标记物氮氧自由基硬脂酸和马来酰亚胺标记大鼠红细胞膜脂和膜蛋白,测定膜脂流动性和膜蛋白构象改变,以硫代巴比妥酸法测定脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量．结果表明,锌7-与镉7-金属硫蛋白对羟自由基引起的膜脂流动性减低、脂质过氧化反应增强双膜蛋白构象改变有明显抑制作用,而且,前者的作用明显强于后者．     

Altered membrane free unsaturated fatty acid composition in human colorectal cancer tissue

Polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFAs) participate in normal functioning of the cell, particularly in control intracellular cell signalling. As nutritional components they compose a human diet with an indirect promoting influence on tumourogenesis. The PUFAs level depends on the functional state of the membrane. This work is focused on changes only of free unsaturated fatty acids amount (AA – arachidonic acid, LA – linoleic acid, ALA – α-linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid (PA) and oleic acid) in cell membranes of colorectal cancer of pT3 stage, G2 grade without metastasis. Qualitative and quantitative composition of free unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that the malignant transformation was accompanied by a decrease in amount of LA and ALA while arachidonic and oleic acids increased. It is of interest that free AA levels are elevated in colon cancer, as AA is the precursor to biologically active eicosanoids.     

亚油酸铂靶向脂质体抗肿瘤特性的研究

用超声波制备了内部包裹亚油酸铂,表面有抗人乳腺癌单克隆抗体ＭｃＡｂＧｐ－１Ｄ８的亚油酸铂靶向脂质体和亚油酸铂非靶向脂质体,研究了这些脂质体绎腹部注射到荷瘤裸鼠之后的组织分布和抑瘤效果,实验结果表明,靶向脂质体亚油酸铂在肿瘤组织的含量明显高于游离亚油酸铂组;在肾,肝,肺,脾,心脏等器官中,前者的含量比后者有所降低,分别在接种癌细胞后６天,１２天和２４天,按６ｍｇ／ｋｇ的剂量分别注射ＰＢＳ,游离亚油酸     

Effect of bovine serum albumin on membrane potential in plant mitochondria

The membrane potential in highly coupled potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) mitochondria, as measured by changes in safranine absorbance, was significantly increased by addition of bovine serum albumin. Purification of potato mitochondria on Percoll, in removing 50% of free unsaturated fatty acids, decreased the BSA-de-pendent membrane potential. The effect of added linoleic acid and of the natural accumulation of fatty acids during aging was studied. The response of membrane potential to addition of bovine serum albumin appeared to be directly correlated to the amount of free unsaturated fatty acids. Aging in vitro, in releasing free fatty acids, decreased respiratory control and ADP:O ratios and collapsed the membrane potential. During 2–3 h of incubation, addition of BSA completely restored membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation.
It is concluded that both in fresh and in aged potato mitochondria the effect of bovine serum albumin on oxidative phosphorylation can be ascribed to an effect on membrane permeability to ions. BSA, in binding free unsaturated fatty acids, restored maximal membrane potential. The bovine serum albumin-dependent membrane potential appears to be a sensitive criterion of the functional integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane.     

Inhibition of platelet aggregation by unsaturated fatty acids through interference with a thromboxane-mediated process

cis- and trans-unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms (oleic, linoleic, elaidic and linolelaidic acid) inhibited aggregation of washed rabbit platelets stimulated with collagen, arachidonic acid and U46619 when in the same concentration ranges. Thrombin-induced aggregation was not affected by any of them. Saturated fatty acid (stearic acid) had no effect on this response. The inhibition is independent of the induced change in membrane fluidity, since trans-isomers could not induce the change in fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Unsaturated fatty acids, except linoleic acid, did not interfere with the formation of thromboxane B2 from exogenously added arachidonic acid. All the unsaturated fatty acids only slightly inhibited the arachidonic acid liberation by phospholipase A2 in platelet lysate. This indicates that the unsaturated fatty acids may block a process after formation of thromboxane A2 in response to collagen and arachidonic acid. The increase in phosphatidic acid formation stimulated with U46619 was inhibited dose dependently by each of the unsaturated fatty acids but that stimulated with thrombin was not affected by any of them. Phospholipase C activity measured by diacylglycerol formation in unstimulated platelet lysate was not inhibited by the fatty acids. The elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ induced by arachidonic acid or U46619 and Ca2+ influx by collagen were inhibited almost completely at the same concentration as that which inhibited their aggregation. These data suggest that the unsaturated fatty acids were intercalated into the membrane and inhibited collagen- and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation by causing a significant suppression of the thromboxane A2-mediated increase in cytosolic free Ca2+, probably due to interference with the receptor-operated Ca2+ channel.     

Effects of fatty acids on lysis of Streptococcus faecalis.

Palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids at concentrations of 200 nmol/ml all inhibited autolysin activity 80% or more in whole cells or cell-free extracts. This concentration of the saturated fatty acids palmitic acid and stearic acid had little or no effect on the growth of whole cells or protoplasts. However, the unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid induced lysis in both situations. This lytic effect is apparently not related to any uncoupling activity or inhibition of energy catabolism by unsaturated fatty acids. It is concluded that unsaturated fatty acids induce cell and protoplast lysis by acting as more potent membrane destabilizers than saturated fatty acids.     

The role of fatty acid unsaturation in minimizing biophysical changes on the structure and local effects of bilayer membranes

Studying the effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on biological and model (liposomes) membranes could provide insight into the contribution of biophysical effects on the cytotoxicity observed with saturated fatty acids. In vitro experiments suggest that unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleate and linoleate, are less toxic, and have less impact on the membrane fluidity. To understand and assess the biophysical changes in the presence of the different fatty acids, we performed computational analyses of model liposomes with palmitate, oleate, and linoleate. The computational results indicate that the unsaturated fatty acid chain serves as a membrane stabilizer by preventing changes to the membrane fluidity. Based on a Voronoi tessellation analysis, unsaturated fatty acids have structural properties that can reduce the lipid ordering within the model membranes. In addition, hydrogen bond analysis indicates a more uniform level of membrane hydration in the presence of oleate and linoleate as compared to palmitate. Altogether, these observations from the computational studies provide a possible mechanism by which unsaturated fatty acids minimize biophysical changes and protect the cellular membrane and structure. To corroborate our findings, we also performed a liposomal leakage study to assess how the different fatty acids alter the membrane integrity of liposomes. This showed that palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, caused greater destabilization of liposomes (more “leaky”) than oleate, an unsaturated fatty acid.     

Sheep Erythrocyte Membrane Binding and Transfer of Long-Chain Fatty Acids

We have studied binding and membrane transfer rates of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids in sheep red cells, as previously done for human red cells, in order to elucidate the transport mechanism. Observed differences must be assigned to the different composition of the membrane in the two species. Equal surface areas of the membranes of the two species have similar binding capacities and affinities for palmitic-, linoleic-, oleic- and arachidonic acid at 37°C. The competitive bindings of linoleic- and arachidonic acid as well as the distribution of bound arachidonic acid on the two sides of the membrane are not different in the two species. However, the rate constants for membrane transfer in sheep are less than half of those measured previously for human ghosts. This finding is confirmed by the exchange efflux kinetics of ghosts containing albumin-bound fatty acid. Studies of sheep ghost membranes with oleic-, arachidonic- and linoleic acid reveal a proportionality between the membrane transfer rate constants and the number of fatty acid double bonds, as found previously for human ghost membrane, and the effect of double bonds is in harmony with a large negative activation entropy for diffusion through the membrane. The established replacement of lecithin by sphingomyelin with a low unsaturation fatty acid index in sheep membranes probably causes a lower transversal lipid phase fluidity. Double bonds diminish the flexibility of hydrocarbon chains and thus the large negative activation entropy of diffusion across the membrane. The smaller transfer rate constants of the three unsaturated fatty acids in sheep membranes support the hypothesis that the transfer is diffusion in protein defined annular lipid domains and not carrier mediated. Received: 24 February 1999/Revised: 10 June 1999     

Fatty acid synthesis is a target for antibacterial activity of unsaturated fatty acids

Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, show antibacterial activity and are the key ingredients of antimicrobial food additives and some antibacterial herbs. However, the precise mechanism for this antimicrobial activity remains unclear. We found that linoleic acid inhibited bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI), an essential component of bacterial fatty acid synthesis, which has served as a promising target for antibacterial drugs. Additional unsaturated fatty acids including palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid also exhibited the inhibition of FabI. However, neither the saturated form (stearic acid) nor the methyl ester of linoleic acid inhibited FabI. These FabI-inhibitory activities of various fatty acids and their derivatives very well correlated with the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis using [(14)C] acetate incorporation assay, and importantly, also correlated with antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the supplementation with exogenous fatty acids reversed the antibacterial effect of linoleic acid, which showing that it target fatty acid synthesis. Our data demonstrate for the first time that the antibacterial action of unsaturated fatty acids is mediated by the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis.     

Comparison of the photodynamic action of Rose Bengal and tetrachlorosalicylanilide on isolated porcine erythrocyte membranes

The light-mediated effects of Rose Bengal and 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (T4CS) on porcine erythrocyte membranes have been investigated. Irradiation in the presence of Rose Bengal and oxygen causes extensive destruction of the unsaturated fatty acids of the erythrocyte membrane. This results in a decrease in the membrane flexibility as measured by a nitroxide spin probe. Irradiation in the presence of T4CS and oxygen had no measurable effect on the unsaturated fatty acids or on the membrane flexibility. Irradiation of erythrocyte membranes both in the presence of Rose Bengal and oxygen and of T4CS gave rise to polymerisation of the membrane proteins. This was evident by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Aggregation of membrane proteins could be observed with low levels of Rose Bengal and short irradiation times at which no loss of unsaturated fatty acids could be detected. Irradiation of the n-butanol-extracted apoprotein of porcine erythrocyte membranes both in the presence of Rose Bengal and of T4CS resulted in polymerisation of the protein as measured by gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. The results obtained from the two photodynamic compounds are compared in terms of their different mechanisms of action on the membrane. The implications of the results in determining the molecular events leading to photohaemolysis are discussed.