稻田生态系统中3种蜘蛛对白背飞虱的捕食效应研究

应用 二次正交旋转组合设计方法,对稻田生态系统中３种捕食性天敌（三突花蛛Ｍｉｓｕｍｅｎｏｐｓ ｔｒｉｃｕｓｐｉｄａｔａ（Ｔａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）、草间钻头蛛Ｈｙｌｙｐｈａｎｔｅｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｉｃｏｒａ（Ｓｕｎｄｅｖａｌｌ）、真水狼蛛Ｐｉｒａｔａ ｐｉｒａｔｉｃｕｓ（Ｃｌｅｒｋ）和１种害虫（白背飞虱Ｓｏｇａｔｅｌｌａ ｆｕｒｃｉｆｅｒａ（Ｈｏｒｖａｔｈ）的共存系统进行研究,获得了天敌对害虫控制作用的数     

水对稻田蜘蛛捕食功能的影响

采用脉冲抽样法调查,将两年的田间飞虱每日被捕食量与捕食性天敌密度的资料分为有水和无水两组,分析了两种条件下飞虱被捕食量、被捕食百分率与蜘蛛密度、飞虱平均拥挤度的关系,并在室内模拟有水和无水分别进行了拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)和食虫瘤胸蛛(Oedothorax insecticeps)对褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens Stal)的捕食功能反应。结果表明：飞虱被捕食百分率随飞虱平均拥挤度增加而呈递减趋势;在同一飞虱平均拥挤度时,有水时飞虱被捕食量大于无水;有水时飞虱被捕食量与水狼蛛密度呈二次抛物线型关系,水狼蛛密度在每穴1．4头时,飞虱被捕食量最大;无水时飞虱被捕食量与水狼蛛密度呈线型关系;两种条件下飞虱被捕食量与微蛛密度的关系不明显。室内功能反应同样证实了水狼蛛在有水时的捕食量大于无水,前者比后者高1．5倍,而食虫瘤胸蛛无明显差异。     

利用分子探针法研究稻田蜘蛛集团对褐飞虱的捕食作用

为褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens（Stal）的绿色防控提供理论参考依据,于2011年和2012年在调查了浙江富阳不同品种稻田褐飞虱和蜘蛛的发生密度后,利用荧光定量PCR分子探针技术分析了9科27种3 807头蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用。研究结果表明,在水稻Oryza sativa L.不同生育期,稻田总的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度等参数值均随调查时间呈规律性变化,且在调查时间点间出现了显著性差异（P<0.05）;各科蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率均随水稻生育期的发展呈增加趋势,整体上,狼蛛科Lycosidae、皿蛛科Linyphiidae、球腹蛛科Theridiidae、肖蛸科Tetragnathidae、跳蛛科Salticidae和园蛛科Araneidae捕食率在DAT21,DAT35和DAT77,DAT91之间有显著性差异（P<0.05）;2012年两品种稻田的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度等参数值均显著高于2011年的值,两年间汕优63（SY63）稻田的褐飞虱和蜘蛛密度均显著高于IR64的密度;2012年各科蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率显著高于2011年的值（P<0.05）,且狼蛛科和球腹蛛科对褐飞虱的捕食阳性率在两品种间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;稻田4种蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bosenberg & Strand)、八斑球腹蛛Theridion octomaculatum (Boes. et Str.）、食虫瘤胸蛛Oedothorax insecticeps (Boes. et str.)和锥腹肖蛸Tetragnatha maxillosa (Thoren)的捕食阳性率均随褐飞虱种群密度的增加而增加,该捕食功能反应曲线可用非线性模型P=aN/(1+bN)拟合;除锥腹肖蛸外,其它3种的捕食功能反应曲线均呈饱和状态;拟环纹豹蛛捕食褐飞虱的DNA残留量显著高于八斑球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和食虫瘤胸蛛的残留量（P<0.05）。本研究结果充分说明稻田各蜘蛛类群对不同生育期、不同品种水稻的褐飞虱均具有较强的捕食作用,是生物防治策略中的重要因素,应加强田间蜘蛛的保护工作和增强自然天敌的控害功能。     

多物种共存系统中3种蜘蛛对褐飞虱的控制作用

选择稻田生态系统中天敌蜘蛛优势种食虫沟瘤蛛（Oedothorox insecticeps)、拟水狼蛛（Pirata subpiraticus)、粽管巢蛛（Clubiona japonicola)和水稻主要害虫飞虱（Nilaparvata lugenis)组成多物种共存系统,运用二次通用旋转组合设计统计方法探讨多种蜘蛛对1种稻虫的控制作用,分析天敌之间以及天敌与害虫之间的相互作用关系,得出了天敌对害虫的捕食量模型2个。对模型进行主次分析表明,害虫自身密度的大小对天敌的捕食量影响较大。天敌中对捕食量作用最大的是粽管巢蛛,其次是拟水狼蛛,食虫沟瘤蛛的作用稍小。分析天敌间的交互作用表明,天敌个体大、活动能力强、生态位窄及其重叠值高、捕食量大,它们的种内种间干扰程度也大,特别是粽管巢蛛的种内干扰、拟水狼蛛和粽管巢蛛的种间干扰作用十分明显。最后讨论了天敌蜘蛛能有效控制害虫的最大密度,以及在该害虫密度下各种天敌密度的最佳组合。     

真水狼蛛对褐飞虱捕食作用的初步研究

应用二次正交旋转组合的设计方法,研究了在不同的天敌密度、害虫密度、温度和光照时间的动态系统中,真水狼蛛对稻田主要害虫褐飞虱的捕食作用。得出其控制作用的数学模型为:y=27.4087 3.1667 x_1 6.8333 x_2-1.1667 x_3 0.5000 x_4-0.4258 x_1~2-0.9258 x_2~2-3.1758 x_3~2 .2500 x_1x_2 0.5000 x_1x3-1.5000 x_3x_4通过模型的主效应分析.得出了各环境因子对天敌捕食作用的影响。真水狼蛛对褐飞虱的日捕食量为19.372头。     

稻田多种蜂蛛对褐飞虱（Nilaparvata lugens）捕食量的数学模型及关联度研究

应用灰色系统理论研究了4种蜘蛛（拟水狼蛛、粽管巢蛛、菱头跳蛛）与褐飞虱共存系统捕食量的数学模型,对此模型的分析可以了解各天敌不同数量或者密度与褐飞虱不同密度组合下对褐飞虱捕食量的影响,应用该模型还可以预测相应时期的捕食量大小,所得预测值与实际值几乎一致,同时利用关联度来分析了系统中对褐飞虱捕食量影响最大的因素以及各蜘蛛与褐飞虱捕食量关联程度的大小。     

基于地统计学方法的稻田灰飞虱与蜘蛛时空动态分析

通过田间调查,用地统计学方法对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)及其重要天敌蜘蛛的时空动态进行了比较分析。通过变差函数模型的拟合及空间格局的分析,得出灰飞虱长翅成虫、若虫与蜘蛛的变程范围相近,结构性强度的范围相近,但同一时间灰飞虱与蜘蛛的变程和结构性强度则均不尽相同;灰飞虱若虫与蜘蛛自始至终为聚集分布,但灰飞虱长翅成虫与蜘蛛的分布型则有差异,在某些时间为均匀分布。用普通克立格方法作出空间分布图,在时间序列上进行比较分析,得出稻田蜘蛛与灰飞虱成若虫的空间分布均有相似性,尤其与若虫相似性更强,表现出比较明显的空间跟随现象,且空间跟随现象与灰飞虱虫量的消长有密切的关系,但是由于天气、稻田环境、灰飞虱其他天敌以及蜘蛛其他猎物的存在等因素的影响使得其空间跟随又有着相当的复杂性。     

稻田多种蜘蛛对褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)捕食量的数学模型及关联度研究

应用灰色系统理论研究了4种蜘蛛(拟水狼蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、粽管巢蛛、菱头跳蛛)与褐飞虱共存系统捕食量的数学模型.对此模型的分析可以了解各天敌不同数量或者密度与褐飞虱不同密度组合下对褐飞虱捕食量的影响.应用该模型还可以预测相应时期的捕食量大小,所得预测值与实际值几乎一致.同时利用关联度来分析了系统中对褐飞虱捕食量影响最大的因素以及各蜘蛛与褐飞虱捕食量关联程度的大小.     

水稻品种与氮肥施用水平对田间褐飞虱发生的影响

于2010年在田间条件下研究了水稻品种和氮肥施用水平(250 kg/hm2有效氮,125 kg/hm2有效氮及不施氮肥的处理)对褐飞虱Nilaparvata tugens(St(a)l)发生的影响.结果表明,8月10日-9月10日期间,南粳44、宁粳1号、丙123、淮稻9号4个水稻品种上褐飞虱虫量显著低于感虫对照TN1...     

单季稻田的蜘蛛群落及其与褐飞虱的相关性研究

通过对南京地区４种不同类型单季稻田蜘蛛群落的结构及其与褐飞虱的相关性研究,结果表明,该地区蜘蛛群落由１０科２１种组成,其中草间小黑蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、拟水狼蛛为优势种。物种丰富度、多样性化防田低于生防田,而均匀性则施药田大于不施药田。不同移栽时间的稻田,丰富度、多样性、均匀性迟栽田低于早栽田。蜘蛛与褐飞虱各发育阶段的相关性分析表明,蜘蛛与褐飞虱长翅成虫相关性好,而与低龄若虫相关性差;蜘蛛与褐飞虱的相关性主要由褐飞虱田间第１次若虫高峰时的蜘蛛量和蛛虱比决定,模拟的回归方程为：ｒ＝ － ０．１９９７＋ ０．００７５６ｘ１＋ ０．３３７１ｘ２（Ｆ＞ Ｆ０．０２３）。     

稻田蜘蛛优势种对飞虱对叶蝉控制力的分析

系统调查结果表明,长沙地区早稻田中,蜘蛛优势种相对稳定,在水稻各生育期内均为拟水狼蛛和食虫沟瘤蛛,并无更替现象,采用灰色关联分析法,研究了长沙地区稻田蜘蛛优势种群对飞虱,叶蝉种群数量的控制程度,结果表明拟水狼蛛和食品沟瘤蛛对飞 虱,叶蝉种 数量影响最大,其次为锥腹肖蛸和八斑鞘腹蛛,当拟水狼蛛与飞虱之比为1：20．2,食虫沟瘤蛛与飞虱之比为1：14．5以上时,蜘蛛对飞虱显示出明显的控制力。     

稻田蜘蛛生态位变化及杀虫剂对捕食功能的影响

通过对稻田各蜘蛛和害虫空间生态位的研究发现,空间生态位宽度随季节而变化,狼蛛的生态位宽度值逐渐变小;肖蛸两头高中间低;微蛛在7月下旬最大;球腹蛛在8月下旬9月上旬最大,各类群的数量是影响该类群空间生态位的重要因素。空间生态位具有明显的日节律,狼蛛在7-8月份以中午最宽,微蛛变化不大;肖蛸在7-8月份下午的生态位宽度值大于上午,9月份则上午大于下午;球腹蛛7-8月份以上午为最大;跳蛛下午大于上午,不同种类农药在一天中不同时间施用对各类蜘蛛存活率及捕食功能的影响不同,杀虫双上午用药对蜘蛛集团的捕食功能减退率影响较小,甲胺磷则相反。     

蜘蛛对稻纵卷叶螟和白背飞虱的选择捕食作用

讨论蜘蛛的主要种群拟水狼蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、粽管巢蛛对稻纵卷叶螟、白背飞虱的选择捕食特性。由结果可见：猎物被捕食量与参试种群编码值（密度）的数量关系可由二次多项式模型技术。当取每科水稻上有稻纵卷叶螟５头,白背飞虱１０头,拟水狼蛛２头,粽管巢蛛２头,食虫瘤胸蛛２头时,蜘蛛种群对白背飞虱有较大的选择捕食比率。     

Rice Resistance to Planthoppers and Leafhoppers

For over 50 years, host-plant resistance has been regarded as an efficient method to reduce yield losses to rice caused by delphacid and cicadelid hoppers. Already a number of resistant rice varieties have been developed and deployed throughout Asia. To date, over 70 hopper resistance genes have been identified in rice; however, less than 10 genes have been deliberately introduced to commercial rice varieties. Currently, due to recent brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens [Stål]) and whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera [Horvath]) outbreaks occurring at an unprecedented scale, researchers are working toward a second generation of resistant varieties using newly identified gene loci and applying new molecular breeding methods. This paper reviews advances in the identification of resistance genes and QTLs against hoppers in rice. It collates all published information on resistance loci and QTLs against the major rice planthoppers and leafhoppers and presents information on gene locations, genetic markers, differential varieties, and wild rice species as sources of resistance. The review indicates that, whereas progress in the identification of genes has been rapid, considerable tidying of the information is required, especially regarding gene nomenclature and resistance spectra. Furthermore, sound information on gene functioning is almost completely lacking. However, hopper responses to resistance mechanisms are likely to be similar because a single phenotyping technique has been applied by most national and international breeding programs during germplasm screening. The review classifies genes occurring at two chromosome regions associated with several identified resistance loci and highlights these (Chr4S: BphR-R and Chr12L: BphR-R) as general stress response regions. The review calls for a greater diversity of phenotyping methods to enhance the durability of resistant varieties developed using marker-aided selection and emphasizes a need to anticipate the development of virulent hopper populations in response to the field deployment of genes.     

Risky Courtship: Background Contrast,Ornamentation, and Display Behavior of Wolf Spiders Affect Visual Detection by Toad Predators

Males that search widely for females and perform conspicuous courtship displays run a high risk of being detected by their predators. Therefore, gains in reproductive success might be offset by increased mortality due to predation. Male brush‐legged wolf spiders (Schizocosa ocreata) with larger decorative traits (foreleg tufts) are preferred by females as mates, but are more readily detected by predators. However, predation risk may also be influenced by the interaction between components of signals and the environment in which signaling occurs. Courting male spiders were readily accepted as prey by a sympatric predator, the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus). We used video playback to tease apart the interactive effect between visual signals and the signaling environment on the ability of toads to detect courting spiders as a function of distance, background contrast, the presence or absence of male foreleg tufts, and behavioral activity. The response of toads to video sequences of male spiders was similar to their response to live male spiders. Toad response varied over distance toward spiders displayed against high contrast (sunny) vs. low contrast (shaded) backgrounds. Beyond 30 cm, more toads detected courting male spiders against light, ‘sunny’ backgrounds and detected them faster when compared to the same spider stimulus against darker, ‘shady’ backgrounds. In choice tests, toads oriented more often toward courting males with leg tufts than those without. Toad responses also varied with male spider behavior in that only videos of moving males were attacked. Latency to orient and detection by toads was significantly greater for walking males than courting males, and this effect was most evident at distances between 30 cm and 50 cm. Results supported that courting wolf spiders are at significant risk of predation by visually acute predators. Distance, background contrast, and the presence of foreleg decorations influence detection probability. Thus, the same complex visual signals that make males conspicuous and are preferred by females can make males more vulnerable as prey to toads.     

捕食风险与动物行为及其决策的关系

捕食风险与动物行为及其决策的关系边疆晖樊乃昌（中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,西宁８１０００１）（浙江师范大学,金华３１００００）ＴｈｅＥｆｅｃｔｏｆＰｒｅｄａｔｉｏｎＲｉｓｋｏｎＡｎｉｍａｌｓ’ＢｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｎｄＴｈｅｉｒＤｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ．Ｂｉａ...     

Experimental field studies on predation and egg parasitism of rice brown planthopper in Indonesia

• 1 Egg parasitism and general predation are known to be important mortality factors in the population dynamics of rice brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens in tropical Asia, but previous studies have not attempted to quantify and compare them.
• 2 Field experiments in Java, Indonesia, are reported for 1993 and 1994. Plants previously infested with BPH eggs were put out in field cage‐enclosures, which, by means of different size mesh gauze covering, allowed either: (1) free access to all natural enemies, (2) access only to egg parasitoids, or (3) no access to any natural enemies.
• 3 After one BPH generation (30 days), numbers of adults and gravid females were counted for each treatment. In addition, plants were dissected to determine the numbers of eggs laid.
• 4 An additional treatment in which all natural enemies were excluded, but lycosid spiders were added, was used in 1994 experiments in an attempt to assess the effects of predators in the absence of egg parasitoids.
• 5 Numbers of BPH adults and eggs laid were highest when natural enemies were excluded and lowest when they had free access. Mortality due to egg parasitoids in the absence of predators was intermediate and significantly different to the two other treatments.
• 6 The effects of added predators in the absence of egg parasitoids gave variable results, but again clearly demonstrated the significance of egg parasitism in overall BPH mortality.
• 7 The conservation of BPH egg parasitoids should form an important element of any rice pest management programme in tropical Asia.

     

田间转Bt基因水稻上稻飞虱卵量、孵化率及天敌作用

为了评估转基因水稻释放后对非靶标害虫及其天敌的影响, 本研究在浙江大学实验农场和中国水稻研究所实验农场2008和2009年连续两年监测了转Bt基因水稻对田间稻飞虱着卵量、卵孵化率、卵被捕食率、卵被寄生率和卵死亡率的影响。结果表明: 两年2个调查地点3个水稻品系（克螟稻1、克螟稻2和秀水11）上的稻飞虱平均每分蘖着卵量、卵孵化率、卵被捕食率和卵被寄生率的趋势基本一致, 而且田间3个水稻品系上稻飞虱卵量的高峰期均持续2周左右; 但是两年2个调查地点3个水稻品系上稻飞虱卵死亡率则没有一致的趋势。此外, 总体上3个水稻品系上稻飞虱平均每分蘖着卵量、卵孵化率、卵被捕食率、卵被寄生率和卵死亡率差异均不显著（P>0.05）。因此, 稻田中转Bt基因水稻对稻飞虱卵没有显著的影响。     

灰飞虱胁迫对水稻叶片中防御酶活性及细胞超微结构的影响

为探讨灰飞虱为害对水稻叶片的防御酶及细胞结构的影响,利用透射电镜观察了灰飞虱取食不同时间后叶片细胞超微结构的变化并测定了防御酶的活性。灰飞虱为害后,透射电子显微镜观察显示,随着灰飞虱取食时间延长,感虫水稻‘Kittake’的叶片细胞逐渐出现质壁分离,叶绿体发育异常,结构趋于模糊,72h后叶绿体膜破裂,叶绿体基粒片层完全溶解或断裂;抗虫品种‘Mudgo’叶绿体结构完整,基粒及片层结构完好,抗虫水稻的厚壁组织细胞内聚集了大量电子致密物,细胞内结晶状物质可能为酚类化合物。抗感水稻植株体内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性随灰飞虱取食时间延长而显著升高,多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性则表现出先上升后下降的趋势,且‘Mudgo’中的3种防御酶活性明显高于‘Kit—take’的,表明3种酶的活性均受灰飞虱为害诱导升高,但‘Mudgo’中3种酶活性上升的速度和幅度均高于‘Kittake’。