灌木铁线莲（毛茛科）花器官的发生与发育

用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对铁线莲属（Clematis L.）植物灌木铁线莲(C. fruticosa Turcz.)花的形态发生和发育过程进行了观察。灌木铁线莲花原基形成后,4枚萼片以交互对生的方式首先发生,呈轮状排列。最早的4枚雄蕊原基在4枚萼片交接的位置上近螺旋状发生,此后,随着雄蕊原基的向心发生和数目不断增多,其发生的螺旋状序列逐渐明显。雄蕊原基发生后,在花原基顶端,心皮原基沿着雄蕊原基的发生序列呈螺旋状发生。本文结果支持在原始被子植物花中螺旋状排列和轮状排列同时存在的观点。此外,本文也进一步证实了花萼与苞片的同源性。     

番荔枝科植物叶的比较解剖学

利用扫描电镜、叶表皮离析法和石蜡切片法研究了番荔枝科93种2变种植物叶片的形态结构.结果表明番荔枝科植物叶片形态结构具有较大相似性,如叶表面均具有表皮毛,表皮细胞具有晶体,气孔器为平列型,具2～6个副卫细胞,仅分布在远轴面,普遍具有败育气孔器,叶肉组织中普遍含有油细胞等,但表皮毛的类型,表皮细胞的形状,表皮细胞内晶体的类型和形态,叶肉组织的结构具有明显的属间和种间差异.     

Characters of Leaf Epidermis and Their Systematic Significance in Menispermaceae

The epidermal characters of mature leaves of 29 genera, 50 species and 3 varieties (totally 56 samples) representing all the 5 tribes in the family Menispermaceae were examined under the light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The shape of the epidermal cells is polygonal or irregular, and the anticlinal walls are straight or waved in the family. In some genera a special arrangement of epidermal cells is named as “rosette-cell arrangement" for the first time. The lower epidermal cells were found to have a papilla in Stephania, Diploclisia and Legnephora . (2) In some genera, the anticlinal walls are oblique, rather than perpendicular, to the surface. (3) The stomatal apparatuses, generally restricted to the lower surface of the leaves, were assigned to anomocytic, staurocytic, cyclocytic, anisocytic and actinocytic types, and their distribution on the epidermis may be of diffuse pattern or island congregating pattern. (4) The cells of both upper and lower epidermis in the tribe Pachygoneae and Fibraureae are generally polygonal with straight or arched anticlinal walls, and the stomatal apparatuses are usually staurocytic and actinocytic. The cyclocytic stomatal apparatus was found only in two genera of the tribe Pachygoneae. By contrast, the epidermal cells of the tribes Anomospermeae, Tinosporeae and Menispermeae are generally irregular with waved anticlinal walls, and the stomatal apparatuses are predominantly anomocytic. These correlated characters are of much significance in delimiting tribes within the Menispermaceae, and also provide evidence for studies on systematic relationships of several genera.     

松属针叶角质层微形态特征在分类学中的应用

角质层是表皮细胞壁表面的一层不透水的脂肪性物质。角质层与表皮细胞紧密结合,植物表皮细胞形态和排列方式、气孔器的形态结构等微形态特征均能在角质层上反映出来。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对松属（Pinus）12种植物针叶角质层微形态特征进行观察和比较,详细描述20个性状,其中12个性状来自角质层内表面,8个性状来自角质层外表面。结果表明,这些特征可为该属属下分类和相似种的鉴别提供有用信息,具有重要的分类学意义：①表皮细胞长度、表皮毛长度、角质层外表面起伏程度、表皮细胞轮廓、有无气孔塞和针絮状物质等角质层微形态特征具有自身特异性,在属下可作为松属组级水平上的分类依据。角质层微形态 特征不支持将五针松组（P. Section Cembra）和白皮松组（P. Section Parrya）合并为P. Section Quinquefolius的观点,亦不支持将油松组（P. Section Pinus）分成P. Section Pinus和P. Section Trifolius的看法。②白皮松（P. bungeana）针叶角质层微形态特征既与五针松组有相同之处,又与油松组有相似之处,还有部分特征显示出不同于松属其他种类的独特性,可为白皮松亚属（P. Subgenus Parrya）的建立提供新依据。③扫描电镜下表皮细胞垂周壁纹路,气孔塞有无和外表面气孔形状等特征可为形态相似种火炬松（P. taeda）和湿地松（P. elliottii）提供种间界定依据。     

ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS OF SILICA IN EPIDERMAL CELLS OF EQUISETUM

Patterns of silica deposition on the outer epidermal cell walls of Equisclum arvense and E. hycmalc var. affine were examined by means of electron microprobe analysis. Silica is deposited primarily in discrete knobs and rosettes on the epidermal surface in E. arvense and essentially in a uniform pattern on and in the entire outer epidermal cell walls of E. hyemale var. affine. This markedly contrasts with patterns of silica deposition in internodal epidermal cells of Avena saliva (Gramineae) where silica is deposited primarily in cell walls and cell lumina, and to a much lesser extent, on the outer epidermal surface. Semi-quantitative analysis with the electron microprobe shows that in intercalary meristematic cells of E. aruense, silicon is not present in any cells, but that in mature epidermal cells above the intercalary meristem it is present in significant quantities. The study thus suggests that silica deposition must be a very rapid process in Equisclum and Avena.     

三叶木通叶表面结构的环境扫描电镜观察

利用环境扫描电镜,观察了野生三叶木通叶表面结构特征。结果表明:表皮细胞形状无规则;叶上表皮外切向面分布有明显的角质膜,加厚的角质膜表面覆盖有不同形态的蜡质,且在不同样品间有较大差异;叶下表面具三角状以及乳头状突起;气孔器为不规则型,只分布在叶下表面,散生且取向不规则。     

The skin surface of bony fishes

The cuticle described by light microscopists on the skin of various fishes, has been studied by electron microscopy in several species of teleost and in two other actinopterygian fish. Thelcuticle consists of an external coating layer, probably of mucopolysaccharide, which is secreted from the surface epidermal cells, not from the goblet mucous cells. The thickness of the cuticle is commonly of the order of 1 μm. It is particularly well developed in Trigla , where its thickness may vary from a fraction of a micron up to 50 μm, on different parts of the same individual. The cuticle has been detected in species from diverse orders, and is probably a normal constituent of the skin of all bony fishes. It is frequently lost during histological preparation. The external coat continues over the apertures of taste-buds, and may be continuous with the secretion at the mouths of chloride secreting cells. The secretion of the cuticle is partly from, or through, the outer membrane of the epidermal cells, but there is some evidence that cytoplasmic inclusions in the surface epidermal cells are also involved. There is striking variation in the appearance of these inclusions in electron micrographs of different species, and in some cases in different parts of the same fish, notably in Blennius. Certain of the inclusions are membrane-bounded vesicles whose contents are more electron-dense after staining with phosphotungstic acid than with lead citrate. In other cases, the inclusions are electron-transparent vacuoles. The cuticle is briefly compared with similar structures in other aquatic animals.     

Leishmania donovani: promastigote--macrophage surface interactions in vitro.

The mechanism by which promastigotes of Leismania donovani enter hamster peritoneal macrophages was studied in vitro by light and electron microscopy. Quantitative light microscope studies showed a time-dependent increase of intracellular parasites, which had no preferable orientation during entry. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed striking host-parasite surface interactions marked by the formation of whorled pseudopodia around the promastigotes in the early stage and engulfment of the parasites akin to normal phagocytosis in the later phase. Early host-parasite interactions were categorized quantitatively by scanning electron microscopy into several types, of which “head-first entry” and “tail-first entry” were approximately equal in frequency of occurrence, confirming light microscope observations. Cytochalasin B at 10 μg/ml prevented the intracellular entry of the parasites and the formation of macrophage-originated pseudopodia normally seen to seize the promastigotes. Killed, but morphologically intact, promastigotes were poorly taken up by macrophages and lacked certain types of interactions normally encountered with macrophage pseudopodia. Motility of promastigotes and their affinity to the surface of macrophages are suggested as elements of importance which parasites contribute to aid the process of their entry. The above results indicate that promastigotes of L. donovani depend on phagocytic activity of macrophages to gain intracellular entrance, but parasite-specific activities and/or properties may also play a role. It is suggested that “facilitated phagocytosis” may be used to describe this unique type of endocytosis associated with leishmania-macrophage interactions.     

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Silica Deposits in the Culms, Floral Bracts and Awns of Barley (Hordeum sativum Jess.)

Deposits of silica in the culm internodes, floral bracts andawns of Hordeum sativum Jess (cv Deba Abed) have been investigatedusing the scanning electron microscope The deposits were isolatedfrom all organic matter by digestion with nitric and perchloricacids Two basic types of deposits were recognized, lumen andwall silicification, the latter with or without lumen infillings In the culm internodes, lumen deposits are derived from idioblasts(‘hats’), sclerenchyma and xylem vessels In thefloral bracts they are derived from idioblasts (‘hats’and astenform opals), epidermal long cells (dendriform opals),sclerenchyma and xylem vessels The shape of these deposits doesnot generally resemble the outline of the cell itself, but depositsderived from cell walls do closely resemble the infact cell.In the culm, the walls of stomatal cells, trichomes and, largelythe outer tangential walls of mature long epidermal cells, becomesilicified, together with some cork cells In the floral bracts,silica is found in most epidermal cell walls but is confinedto the trichomes, scutiform cells and costal epidermal cellsearly in their development At maturity concentrations of silicaare much higher in the floral bracts and awns than in the culmsand leaves The results are discussed in relation to the pattern of depositionand its possible functions. Hordeum sativum Jess, barley, silica deposits, opals, scanning electron microscopy     

Ciliated Epidermal Cells in Non-teleost Actinopterygian Fish

Scanning electron microscopy reveals the presence of ciliated epidermal cells that form halos around canal pores and pit lines of the mechanoreceptive lateral line system in two actinopterygian fish, Polypterus and Acipenser. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the cilia exhibit a typical 9 + 2 microtubule configuration and are not directionally polarized. The function, developmental origin and systematic significance of ciliated epidermal cells in actinopterygian fish are considered.     

The Floral Nectary of Tropaeolum majus L.--The Nature of the Secretory Cells and the Manner of Nectar Secretion

The floral nectary of Tropaeolun majus L. was studied with theaid of a microscope with transmitting and incident light, atransmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope.The Gomori method was used for the localization of acid phosphatase.As a result of this investigation the previously accepted viewthat nectar in this plant is secreted only from the hair tipsof the inner epidermis of the calyx spur was found to be inaccurate.The present studies showed that the parenchyma cells locatedbetween the inner epidermis and the region of the vascular bundlesof the lowest third of the spur, are the main nectar-secretingelements of the nectary. These secretory cells release the nectarsolution into intercellular spaces leading to modified stomata,through which it is exuded into the spur cavity. The modifiedstomata occur in the lowest portion of the spur only. At thestage of secretion small droplets of liquid of high viscositywere observed on the epidermal hairs. These droplets presumablycontain polysaccharides and a certain amount of sugar.     

Scanning electron microscopy of goldfish, Carassius auratus, intestinal mucosa

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the intestinal bulb and the caudal portion of the intestine proper of the goldfish, Carassius auratus . The observations made correlated well with previous light microscope studies by other investigators. The mucosal surface of the entire intestine of the goldfish is thrown up into folds, which are oriented along the long axis of the digestive tract in the intestinal bulb, but run more or less transversely in the caudal intestine. Tops of the folds were observed to be rounded or flattened, and the folds themselves formed wavy or zigzagging patterns in the mucosal surface. Numerous mucus-secreting goblet cells were seen, which were apparently more numerous or more active in the caudal intestine than in the intestinal bulb. The goblet cells are not uniformly distributed throughout the mucosa: they are more evident on the sides of the folds, although occasionally they appear to be located in clusters on the tips.
The goblet cells were observed to contain varying amounts of mucous material, and/or to be of different sizes. Although no histochemical tests were performed, the possibility that digestive enzymes known to be present in the intestine may be elaborated by the goblet cells was considered, based on their variable appearance.     

On the ampullary organs of the South-American paddle-fish Sorubim lima (Siluroidea,Pimelodidae)

Summary Ampullary organs were found in the epidermis of the paddle-fish Sorubim lima; they are distributed all over the skin surface of the fish but are particularly densely grouped in the head region and on the dorsal surface of the paddle. Histological and electron microscopical observations show that their structure is similar to the type of cutaneous ampullary organs characteristic of other Siluroidea. Composed of a relatively large mucus-filled ampulla, the organ possesses a short and narrow canal which leads to the outer epidermal surface. The wall of the ampulla is formed of several layers of flat epidermal cells. In general four sensory cells, each one surrounded by supporting cells, compose the sensory epithelium at the bottom of the ampulla. The inner surface of the sensory cells in contact with the ampullary mucus bears only microvilli. The contact between the nerve endings and the sensory cells show the characteristic structure of an afferent neuro-sensory junction. Two ampullae are innervated in some cases by the same afferent nerve fibre.The author expresses her gratitude to Dr. Szabo for his scientific advice during her stay in Gif sur Yvette     

新疆12种黄芩属植物叶表皮微形态结构的研究

应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对新疆12种黄芩属植物叶片上的微形态特征进行观察。结果表明:该属植物叶的上表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样有多种形式;而下表皮细胞形状均为不规则形,垂周壁式样均为深波形,不具分类学意义,但叶片两面分布的气孔器,在不同种间气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔外拱盖内缘等方面都存在着显著差异;其表皮角质层纹饰和表皮毛的微形态也各有不同;大多数植物叶片表面具腺点,其大小、分布及疏密程度也有不同。植物叶表皮上的这些微形态特征,可为探讨本属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供一定的佐证。     

Scanning electron microscopy of silica bodies and other epidermal features in Gibasis (Tradescantia) leaf

The scanning electron microscope is used to examine epidermal preparations belonging to three species of Gibasis , a genus allied to Tradescantia. The surface topography of the leaf is exposed for investigation at high magnifications, the observations add new information about structural projections from the surface and contribute to an understanding of silica deposition and its organization. Hairs of three main types occur: (1) short two-celled trichomes, hook or prickle hairs, (2) long uniseriate hairs consisting of four to six cells, (3) three-celled glandular micro-hairs. The arrangement and shape of epidermal cells and stomata are reported. Epidermal papillae were observed for the first time in two of the three species; their morphology is described in detail and their spacing expressed mathematically. Variations in the structure and distribution of silica cells are depicted, and new aspects of the silica bodies are displayed in relief. The taxonomic significance of these anatomical characters is discussed in relation to species and chromosome numbers.     

Schistosoma mansoni: penetration apparatus and epidermis of the miracidium

Free swimming miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni were studied with the electron microscope for the purpose of describing the penetration apparatus and the epidermis. The penetration apparatus was composed of 3 unicellular glands which contain membrane-bound vesicles containing macromolecular diglycols. Each gland contained a nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, numerous mitochondria, and glycogen stores. Each gland cell opened to the exterior through the apical papilla.The surface of the miracidium, with the exception of the apical papilla, was covered with ciliated epidermal cells containing numerous mitochondria, membranous bodies, and glycogen. No nuclei were detected within these epidermal cells. Intercellular ridges connecting with subepidermal cytons interrupted the epidermal cells at numerous points. The ridges were joined to the epidermal cells by septate desmosomes. Beneath the epidermal cells were found circular and longitudinal muscle bundles.Sensory structures of various types were associated with the outer covering. These consisted of (1) numerous “knob-like” cytoplasmic projections associated with epidermal cells, (2) bulbous, lamelloid structures with external cytoplasmic projections, and (3) ciliated nerve endings with posterior epidermal tiers and ciliated nerve pits associated with apical papilla.     

Cellular organisation and differentiation of organelles in pre-meiotic rice anthers

Pre-meiotic cellular organisation of rice anthers has a great significance in pollen formation. We have used a combination of confocal laser and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterise and differentiate organelles in pre-meiotic rice anthers. Along with the characteristic organelles in the cytoplasm the epidermal cells of the pre-meiotic rice anther are coated on their outer surface by a conspicuous bi-lamellate cuticle. Chloroplasts of the endothecium contain immature grana, thylakoids and also starch granules. These plastids clearly contain photosynthetic pigments as shown by autofluorescence in confocal microscope studies. Both confocal and TEM studies reveal clusters of mitochondria in the middle layer. The tapetum contains electron opaque ribosomes, bundles of mitochondria and plastids. The nuclei of the tapetum occupy a large volume of the cytoplasm indicating the onset of mitotic prophase. Intense Rhodamine 123 staining reveals that a major portion of the structurally indistinguishable organelles that were seen throughout the densely ribosomic cytoplasm of sporogenous cells are mitochondria.     

Wandering epithelial cells in the rabbit embryo milk line: A preliminary scanning electron microscope study

In order to confirm the previous results obtained during experimental studies on mammary gland organogenesis and elucidate by what means epidermal cells are clustered together into a protruding ridge, the rabbit embryo milk line was examined under the scanning electron microscope. The discovery of wandering epithelial cells strengthens the current hypothesis that cell migration is a fundamental process during milk line morphogenesis.     

Tubular extensions of the plasmalemma in leaf cells of Zea mays L.

Leaf tissues of Zea mays were examined with a transmission electron microscope and a high-voltage electron microscope. Tubular extensions (invaginations) of the plasmalemma were found in vascular parenchyma cells and thick-walled, lateformed sieve elements of intermediate and small veins, and in epidermal, mesophyll, and sheath cells of all leaves examined. No continuity seems to exist between the tubules and other cellular membranes.     

21种中国荚蒾属植物叶表皮微形态特征研究北大核心CSCD

为解决荚蒾属植物分类学问题并探究叶片解剖结构在分类学中的价值，该研究利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对21种中国荚蒾属植物的叶表皮细胞、气孔大小、气孔器类型和角质层纹饰等叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察和比较，为荚蒾属种间分类关系提供证据。结果显示，叶表皮细胞有无规则形和多边形2种，垂周壁式样有平直、浅波状、波状与深波状4种式样，其中下表皮细胞形状均为不规则形，且垂周壁式样较上表皮更稳定。气孔均分布在下表皮，形状为近圆形、椭圆形2种；气孔器类型包括不等型、平列型和无规则型3种；气孔器外拱盖内缘有近平滑、浅波状、波状3种；气孔器外围角质层纹饰有脊状隆起、条状隆起2种。研究表明，荚蒾属植物叶表皮细胞和气孔器特征在种间差异明显，可作为种间鉴定及分类的重要依据，具有重要的分类学意义。