miRNA调控骨髓增生异常综合征的发生发展

骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)是一组起源于造血干细胞(HSC)的异质性克隆性疾患,以形态学改变(病态造血)和造血功能异常(无效造血)为主要特征,然而其发生、发展及白血病转化的分子机制尚不明确。MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类重要的非编码小分子RNA,在调控造血干细胞发育进程中起着重要作用,其在MDS的发生发展及白血病转化中的作用也逐渐被认识,以miRNA为分子靶点诊治造血干细胞受损疾患的研究具有广阔的应用前景。     

胚胎干细胞向血液干细胞定向分化的研究进展

骨髓移植是目前治疗恶性白血病以及遗传性血液病最有效的方法之一。但是HLA相匹配的骨髓捐献者严重短缺,骨髓造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs）体外培养困难,在体外修复患者骨髓造血干细胞技术不成熟,这些都大大限制了骨髓移植在临床上的应用。多能性胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESCs）具有自我更新能力,在合适的培养条件下分化形成各种血系细胞,是造血干细胞的另一来源。在过去的二十多年里,血发生的研究是干细胞生物学中最为活跃的领域之一。小鼠及人的胚胎干细胞方面的研究最近取得了重大进展。这篇综述总结了近年来从胚胎干细胞获得造血干细胞的成就,以及在安全和技术上的障碍。胚胎干细胞诱导生成可移植性血干细胞的研究能够使我们更好地了解正常和异常造血发生的机制,同时也为造血干细胞的临床应用提供理论和实验依据。     

胚胎干细胞向造血细胞分化研究

胚胎干（embryonic stem,ES）细胞是来源于囊胚的内细胞团（inner cell mass,ICM）,具有发育的全能性或多能性,能嵌合到早期胚胎,在体内可以参与各种组织发育甚至包括生殖细胞;在体外分化培养条件下,可以顺序分化出各种组织细胞,与体内完整胚胎发育过程相符合,而且可以通过调节ES细胞某些基因的表达而调节其分化。因此,ES细胞是研究哺乳动物早期胚胎发育、细胞分化及其关键基因鉴定的理想模型。另外,胚胎生殖脊（embryonic germ,EG）细胞系也具有同样的生物学特性,它是由早期胚胎的原始生殖脊（primordial germ,PG）细胞建株而来。最近研究显示：ES细胞在体外不但可以分化为所有造血细胞系,而且还可以分化为具有长期增殖能力的造血干细胞。作者就胚胎干细胞向造血细胞和造血干细胞分化及其诱导因子和调控基因的表达作一综述。     

Age-related changes in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells

Adult stem cells are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis throughout life, yet the effects of age on their regenerative capacity are poorly understood. All lymphoid and myeloid blood cell lineages are continuously generated from hematopoietic stem cells present in human bone marrow. With age, significant changes in the function and composition of mature blood cells are observed. In this study, we report that age-related changes also occur in the human hematopoietic stem cell compartment. We find that the proportion of multipotent CD34(+) CD38(-) cells increases in the bone marrow of elderly (>70 years) individuals. CD34(+) CD38(+) CD90(-) CD45RA(+/-) CD10(-) and CD34(+) CD33(+) myeloid progenitors persist at the same level in the bone marrow, while the frequency of early CD34(+) CD38(+) CD90(-) CD45RA(+) CD10(+) and committed CD34(+) CD19(+) B-lymphoid progenitors decreases with age. In contrast to mice models of aging, transplantation experiments with immunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγ null (NSG) mice showed that the frequency of NSG repopulating cells does not change significantly with age, and there is a decrease in myeloid lineage reconstitution. An age-related decrease in the capacity of CD34(+) cells to generate myeloid cells was also seen in colony-forming assays in vitro. Thus, with increasing age, human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells undergo quantitative changes as well as functional modifications.     

造血干细胞研究进展

造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cell,HSC）是成体干细胞研究领域的范式。对造血干细胞自我更新和不对称分裂分子遗传学机制的诠释,将不仅帮助理解成体干细胞“干性”维持的发育遗传学机制,也将对白血病干细胞和其他类型肿瘤干细胞的发育起源及开发针对肿瘤干细胞的靶向治疗模式产生深远的影响。     

Suspension culture of hematopoietic stem cells in stirred bioreactors

Hematopoietic stem cells have applications in bone marrow transplantations for the treatment of hematopoietic disorders. When murine hematopoietic stem cells were cultured in 50 ml stirred bioreactors for 14 d, stem-cell-antigen-1 positive cells (hematopoietic primitive progenitor cells) and long-term culture-initiating cells (hematopoietic stem cells) grew by 5-fold and 4-fold, respectively. These results show the possibility of growing hematopoietic stem cells using a stirred bioreactor.     

Discrete Notch signaling requirements in the specification of hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) require multiple molecular inputs for proper specification, including activity of the Notch signaling pathway. A requirement for the Notch1 and dispensability of the Notch2 receptor has been demonstrated in mice, but the role of the remaining Notch receptors has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrate that three of the four Notch receptors are independently required for the specification of HSCs in the zebrafish. The orthologues of the murine Notch1 receptor, Notch1a and Notch1b, are each required intrinsically to fate HSCs, just prior to their emergence from aortic hemogenic endothelium. By contrast, the Notch3 receptor is required earlier within the developing somite to regulate HSC emergence in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Epistatic analyses demonstrate that Notch3 function lies downstream of Wnt16, which is required for HSC specification through its regulation of two Notch ligands, dlc and dld. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that multiple Notch signaling inputs are required to specify HSCs and that Notch3 performs a novel role within the somite to regulate the neighboring precursors of hemogenic endothelium.     

The role of apoptosis in regulating hematopoietic stem cell numbers

The importance of apoptosis, in combination with proliferation, in maintaining stable populations has become increasingly clear in the last decade. Perturbation of either of these processes can have serious consequences, and result in a variety of disorders. Moreover, as the players and pathways gradually emerge, it turns out that there are strong connections in the regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Apoptosis, proliferation, and the disorders resulting from aberrant regulation have been studied in a variety of cell types and systems. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are defined as primitive mesenchymal cells that are capable of both self-renewal and differentiation into the various cell lineages that constitute the functioning hematopoietic system. Many (but certainly not all) mature hematopoietic cells are relatively short-lived, sometimes with a half-life in the order of days. Homeostasis requires the production of 10⁸ (mouse) to 10¹¹ (human) cells each day. All of these cells are ultimately derived from HSC that mostly reside in the bone marrow in adult mammals. The study of the regulation of HSC numbers has focussed mainly on the choice between self-renewal and differentiation, symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. Recently, however, it has been directly demonstrated that apoptosis plays an important role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells in vivo.     

造血干细胞发育过程中的信号通路调控

血液系统是维持机体生命活动最重要的系统之一,为机体提供所需的氧气和营养物质,通过物质交换维持内环境的稳态,同时为机体提供免疫防御与保护。血细胞是血液的重要组成成分,机体中成熟血细胞类型起源于具有自我更新及分化潜能的多能成体干细胞—造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs)。造血干细胞及各类血细胞产生、发育及成熟的过程称为造血过程,该过程开始于胚胎发育早期并贯穿整个生命过程,任一阶段出现异常都可能导致血液疾病的发生。因此,深入探究造血发育过程及其调控机制对于认识并治疗血液疾病至关重要。近年来,以小鼠(Mus musculus)和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)作为动物模型来研究造血发育取得了一系列的进展。其中,BMP、Notch和Wnt等信号通路对造血干细胞的命运决定和产生发挥了重要作用。本文对这些信号通路在小鼠和斑马鱼造血过程中的调控作用进行系统总结,以期能够完善造血发育过程的调控网络并为临床应用提供指导。     

Endothelial cells from hematopoietic stem cells are functionally different from those of human umbilical vein

Hematopoietic stem cells have a remarkable plastic capacity, which allows them to differentiate into various cells, such as immune cells, nervous cells, muscle cells, bone and cartilaginous cells. The aim of this study was to show the capacity of stem cells to differentiate into endothelial cells, in culture, after addition of endothelial cells growth suplement (ECGS). We also compared the behavior of these cells with that of endothelial cells obtained from human umbilical vein (HUVEC). CD34+ cells obtained by immunomagnetic separation from human umbilical cord and placental blood were used. After 12-15 days of culture in a medium containing ECGS, the cells showed morphological changes characteristic to endothelial cells and immunocytochemical analysis revealed the presence of CD31 surface antigen and von Willebrand factor. The flow-cytometric analysis of endothelial cells adhesion molecules (ECAM) showed that endothelial cells derived from CD34+ cells expressed CD54/ICAM-1 9.65 ± 0.2% and CD106/VCAM 7.73±0.3%, values similar to those expressed by HUVECs. After TNF incubation, ECAM expression increased only in HUVECs. These data demonstrate that a fraction of circulating CD34+ cells may develop some endothelial cell characteristics when cultured with ECGS, but they are functionally different from HUVECs.     

Osteopontin attenuates aging-associated phenotypes of hematopoietic stem cells

Upon aging, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo changes in function and structure, including skewing to myeloid lineages, lower reconstitution potential and loss of protein polarity. While stem cell intrinsic mechanisms are known to contribute to HSC aging, little is known on whether age-related changes in the bone marrow niche regulate HSC aging. Upon aging, the expression of osteopontin (OPN) in the murine bone marrow stroma is reduced. Exposure of young HSCs to an OPN knockout niche results in a decrease in engraftment, an increase in long-term HSC frequency and loss of stem cell polarity. Exposure of aged HSCs to thrombin-cleaved OPN attenuates aging of old HSCs, resulting in increased engraftment, decreased HSC frequency, increased stem cell polarity and a restored balance of lymphoid and myeloid cells in peripheral blood. Thus, our data suggest a critical role for reduced stroma-derived OPN for HSC aging and identify thrombin-cleaved OPN as a novel niche informed therapeutic approach for ameliorating HSC phenotypes associated with aging.     

Characterization of hematopoietic stem cells from the canine yolk sac

The characterization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from the canine yolk sac (cYS) can contribute to future gene therapies because it is possible to obtain information about the beginning of the development of the circulatory system through the characterization. The cYS is a likely source of HSC, which is a source of blood cell development in mammals. Studies in this field have been conducted for decades; however, interest in cellular therapy is currently at its peak with greater visibility, and these cells are a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of diseases related to animals and humans. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize HSC from the cYS embryos at 30 to 45 days of gestational age. Our results showed that the cYS was macroscopically located in the ventral region with a central portion and extremities. The cells in culture presented a circular morphology and cell clusters. The average cell viability was 22.55% dead cells out of 6.5 × 10⁴ total cells. The cells were also able to form colonies on methylcellulose. Flow cytometry analysis revealed the expression of CD34, CD117, and CD45. Our results suggest that the cYS can be used as a source of hematopoietic cells, and this study is very important to understand the mechanism and development of the hematopoietic system in dogs.     

Temporal molecular program of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells after birth

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MicroRNA调控造血干细胞发育

造血干细胞是目前研究最为深入的成体干细胞,是极富应用前景的研究领域,然而其维持自我更新以及多向分化潜能的分子机制尚不明.MicroRNA (miRNA)是一类崭新的调控性非编码小分子RNA,在监控生物体个体发育和细胞增殖、分化进程中起着重要作用.miRNA参与包括胚胎干细胞和多种成体干细胞的发育进程,人类造血干细胞及其发育过程中也存在特征性miRNA表达谱,参与调控造血干细胞发育进程,以miRNA为分子靶点的防治造血功能低下疾患的研究具有广阔的应用前景.     

昆虫造血作用和造血干细胞研究进展

昆虫血细胞（insect hemocyte）在昆虫代谢、 发育变态以及先天免疫等方面承担着重要的作用。昆虫只有先天免疫系统, 血细胞所行使的免疫功能对于昆虫对抗外源病菌尤为重要。本文主要介绍了昆虫血细胞类型、 造血作用、 造血干细胞及造血相关因子的相关研究。通过特殊染色和形态学观察, 果蝇Drosophila血细胞主要由3类细胞组成, 而鳞翅目等大部分昆虫血细胞由5类细胞组成。昆虫血细胞主要存在于循环血液环境及造血器官内, 而在这两个系统中都存在有进行复制的血细胞, 这为研究昆虫造血干细胞特性和其定位提供了一个很好的系统。果蝇血细胞祖细胞来自于胚胎中胚层细胞, 然后再分化为各种血细胞, 这一系列分化过程由造血因子所调控。     

人类造血细胞的端粒—端粒酶的研究进展

端粒和端粒酶是近年来生命科学的研究热点之一,端粒酶与肿瘤密切相关,作为特殊的肿瘤标记,已成为抗肿瘤治疗的新靶点。由于造血干细胞的特性,对正常及恶性造血细胞进行端粒－端粒酶的研究可为进一步探讨正常造血细胞的增殖、分化、成熟和凋亡的调控机制,以及恶性血液肿瘤的发病机理提供理论依据,为临床诊断和抗癌治疗提供新的思路和策略。     

基于造血干细胞为靶细胞的基因治疗

在基因治疗中,造血干细胞因为具有自我更新及分化为各种血细胞系的能力而成为一种很有吸引力的靶细胞。将外源目的基因导入造血干细胞,以纠正或补偿因基因缺陷和异常引起的疾病,特别是血液疾病已取得重要进展,例如:腺苷脱氨酶缺陷病、血友病、地中海贫血症及镰状细胞性贫血症等。而慢病毒以其转染效率高,能够感染非分裂期细胞的特点成为转染造血干细胞的最适合载体,本文就造血干细胞的特性、载体的选择及临床应用和基因治疗的安全性等方面作一综述。     

Mobilization-based chemotherapy-free engraftment of gene-edited human hematopoietic stem cells

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