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1.
Shinji Yabuta 《Ichthyological Research》1997,44(2-3):177-182
Spawning and related behavior of a monogamous butterflyfish,Chaetodon trifasciatus, were observed at Kuroshima Island, Okinawa, Japan. Each heterosexual pair defended a feeding territory in the daytime. Spawning
occurred at dusk on the days around full or new moon in the daytime. Spawning occurred at dusk on the days around full or
new moon in the vicinity of offshore tidal currents. Spawning migration to such sites occurred in pairs, the feeding territories
of which were located in areas of inshore currents. In the evening each pair established a small temporary territory, which
they spawned adjacent to and slept within until the next morning. The distribution of sleeping sites as well as tidal current
directions may determine the spawning sites of this butterflyfish. 相似文献
2.
Migration and spawning behaviour of eight Atlantic salmon adult females were analysed by radio-tracking in relation to the degree of sexual maturity in a spawning tributary of the R. Sélune. Six of them were grilse and four of them were ripe. All the fish migrated upstream until reaching their spawning site at a distance of 4–12 km from the trap. The daily migration rate up to this site was inversely correlated with the length of the female. Spawning occurred in all fish at the same time when the water temperature increased dramatically. Spawning lasted 1–10 days according to the fish. After spawning, females quickly moved downstream only small distances and then stayed in approximately the same location until death. This study concluded that ripeness did not influence behaviour on the spawning migration and describes certain characteristics of the reproductive phase in a spawning tributary. 相似文献
3.
Synopsis The reproductive behaviour ofRudarius ercodes is described from undersea observations in Aburatsubo Bay, Japan. Reproductive behaviour can be separated into four parts: (1) Prespawning Search = searching for spawning sites by females and searching for gravid females by males, (2) Spawning Parade = males follow a gravid female in a line, competing with each other to reach the head of the queue, (3) Spawning = the female takes the spawning position, males rush to the side of the female, and mating occurs between one female and several anterior males of the spawning parade, (4) Parental Care = females attach adhesive eggs to seaweed with the mouth and guard them until embryos hatch. There is no male parental care. The reproductive season ranges from May to October and spawning occurs early in the morning every day. Females begin feeding early in the morning, but males feed little at this time.R. ercodes shows neither territorial behaviour nor fixed-pair spawning. One male might spawn several times in one morning. One female spawns at most once every 5 days. The mating system of this species is promiscuous. The probable function of the spawning parade as a style allowing female choice is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Douglas Y. Shapiro Graciela Garcia-Moliner Yvonne Sadovy 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1994,41(1-4):415-422
Synopsis According to sex allocation theory, the decision by a female in protogynous fish species to change sex or not should be influenced by, among other things, the mating sex ratio during spawning periods and/or by factors that vary directly with the spawning sex ratio, such as relative rates of behavioral interaction with males and females outside of spawning periods. In groupers that only spawn during a few weeks of the year in large aggregations, individuals must assess the relative value of changing sex or not entirely within the aggregation unless the social system during the remainder of the year provides a behavioral equivalent of the mating sex ratio. Fifty-five individuals of the red hind,Epinephelus guttatus, were tagged and repeatedly located during a 152-day period within a 100 × 100 m grid on a shallow forereef off southwestern Puerto Rico. The home ranges of 22 tagged individuals sighted 10 or more times were 112–5636 m2 in area. Individual home ranges overlapped with the home ranges of 1–18 other individuals. Home ranges of small fish were not clustered within the borders of the home range of larger fish, i.e. fish did not form spatially defined social units. At the end of the study, 31 tagged individuals remained on the grid together with five newly sighted fish. All 36 individuals proved on histological examination to be females similar in size to females in the spawning aggregation of the following year. The sex ratio of this all-female inshore stock differed significantly from the sex ratio of that spawning aggregation. Hence, information predicting the reproductive value of a sex change is not available to females in the inshore stock during nonspawning months. 相似文献
5.
Paul C. Sikkel 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1990,27(4):243-254
Synopsis Social organization and spawning in the sharpnose pufferCanthigaster rostrataere studied on a reef in the San Blas Islands, Panama. Sexes were dimorphic. In mixed coral and rubble habitat, females defended territories against other females and small males. From one to six female territories were included within the territories of certain large males. These haremic males visited their females and patrolled their territories throughout the day. Smaller, non-haremic males occupied territories or home ranges within or adjacent to those of haremic males or were wanderers. Spawning between a haremic male and a territorial female occurred within the female's territory. The female prepared an algal nest into which demersal eggs were deposited. There was no parental care. Eggs were spherical, translucent, and measured approximately 0.66 mm in diameter. Larvae were about 1.4 mm TL and closely resembled those of other species ofCanthigaster. 相似文献
6.
In many species with a resource-based mating system, males defend resources to increase their attractiveness to females. In the strawberry poison frog, Dendrobates pumilio, suitable tadpole-rearing sites appear to be a limited resource for females. Territorial males have been suggested to defend tadpole-rearing sites to increase their access to females. In this study we investigate the spatial association between tadpole-rearing sites and the sexes as well as the spatial association of males and females. If strawberry poison frogs have resource defense polygyny, we expect males and females to be associated with tadpole-rearing sites and that females will deposit their offspring in tadpole-rearing sites inside the territories of their mates. To test this hypothesis, home range and core area sizes were calculated for both sexes and the association patterns were compared in two areas that differed in their abundance of tadpole-rearing sites. Home ranges and core areas of females were much larger than male home ranges. Females showed a clumped distribution in the vicinity of tadpole-rearing sites. Males were not clumped and were less associated with tadpole-rearing sites. Females generally did not use tadpole-rearing sites in the territory of their mates and we therefore conclude that males did not defend tadpole-rearing sites for females. Our data are consistent with the general assumption that female distribution is influenced by resource distribution and that male distribution depends on female distribution. Nevertheless, the distribution of D. pumilio females was also influenced by male spacing patterns. Males probably initially establish their core areas where female density is high and then females move among territories to sample males. Males compete vigorously for places with high female density, the defense of which is likely important for enhancing their mating success. In general, the spacing patterns did not differ between populations but the sex ratio was strongly female biased in the habitat with more tadpole-rearing sites, reflecting the direct reliance of females on these resources. 相似文献
7.
Underwater observations were conducted on the reproductive behavior and mating system of the lefteye flounder,Engyprosopon grandisquama, off Nagashima, southwest of Kyushu Island, Japan. Two types of males were found: large males, which defended territories
against other large males, and small males, which did likewise but only against smaller males. Large males established territories
which encompassed or ovelapped the home ranges of 1 or 2 cohabitant females. Territories of the small males, in which a smaller
female often maintained a home range, overlapped those of large males. Pair spawning occurred around sunset. Mating of large
males with cohabitant females was observed 36 times and that of a small male with a smaller female once. Pair formation was
assorted by body size, paired males being larger than females in most cases. Thus, inE. grandisquama, gigamous large males were common, small males occurring within the former's erritorial boundaries mating with smaller females. 相似文献
8.
Reproductive behavior and mating systems of the triggerfish,Sufflamen chrysopterus (Balistidae), were studied on the fringing reef of Sesoko Island, Okinawa. Both males and females maintained territories
against consexual adults, feeding on benthic animals within their own territories. Each male territory overlapped one or two
female territories, with mating occurring between the cohabitants. The monogamous males were smaller and foraged more frequently
than the bigamous ones, suggesting that the former allocated more energy to growth rather than to improving reproductive success.
Pair spawning occurred around sunrise, females only taking care of the demersal eggs until hatching, which occurred around
sunset of the same day. On spawning days females foraged less frequently than usual, but as frequently as males. Females spawned
at intervals of 5–7 days, usually shifting sites within their territories. Thus both feeding and spawning sites were available
for females within their territories, providing males with the opportunity to monopolize females by defending their territories. 相似文献
9.
Spawning behavior and haremic mating system in the corallivorous butterflyfish,Chaetodon trifascialis, at Kuroshima Island, Okinawa 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Territorial and spawning behavior ofChaetodon trifascialis were investigated on a small patch of reef at Kuroshima Island, Okinawa, Japan. Three males and 8 females inhabited the reef,
each individual defending a territory against conspecifics of the same sex. Each male territory included 2 or 3 female territories.
In the daytime, each male frequently visited the females living in its territory. At dusk in the full or new moon periods,
courtship began within the female territories, pair spawning subsequently occurring within or near those territories. When
a male actively courted a female in the territory of a second male, the latter male immediately chased off the intruder. Thus,
mating occurred only between a male and females living in former's territory. This is the first report of a haremic mating
system among butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae). 相似文献
10.
Whereas mating behaviors and social structure have been studied extensively in monogamous hermaphroditic gobiid species, such studies are relatively limited for polygamous gobiid species. To investigate the reproductive strategy of polygamous gobies, mating groups of the common fusegoby Fusigobius neophytus were observed on reefs of Kuchierabu-jima Island, southern Japan. Males established mating nests on flat-rock surfaces within their territorial home ranges on sandy rubble flats. Females maintained independent home ranges outside the male home ranges during nonreproductive periods, but they shifted their home ranges to overlap with male ranges and actively visited male mating nests during their reproductive periods (1–3 days at ca. 7-day intervals). Females often changed mates during their serial mating. The mating system used by the common fusegoby fits with the definition of male-territory-visiting polygamy. The sex ratio within the study population was female-biased. Nest-holding males were significantly larger than females and were polygynous (mating with up to eight females). These characteristics fit well with the prediction of protogyny by the size-advantage model. Some of the females were observed to undergo functional sex changes to nest-holding males. In addition, small floating males demonstrated sneaking behavior. None of the floating males were derived from females that had changed sex, suggesting a diandric life-history pathway for F. neophytus. 相似文献
11.
Mammalian mating systems are thought to be shaped by the spatial distribution and abundance of key resources, which in turn
influence the spacing behaviour of individuals. In particular, female home range size is predicted to reflect the availability
of key resources. We documented the availability and distribution of food and shelter resources for two neighbouring populations
of bobucks, or mountain brushtail possums, Trichosurus cunninghami, that were characterised by different mating systems: our “forest population” was socially monogamous, whereas the “roadside
population” was polygynous. Both silver wattle, Acacia dealbata, the main food resource for bobucks, and den-trees, which provided shelter, occurred at significantly higher density at the
roadside site. The pattern of distribution of these two resources also differed between the sites. Both food and den-trees
were scattered evenly throughout the roadside habitat. In contrast, den-trees were located predominantly at one end of the
forest site, while silver wattle trees were located at the other. There was no significant difference in the amount of silver
wattle, or in the number of den-trees, located within the home ranges of individual females at the two sites. However, forest
females had home ranges, on average, almost three times the size of those of roadside females. At the roadside site, the size
of female home ranges varied inversely with the density of silver wattle, indicating that these females ranged over as large
an area as necessary to gain access to sufficient silver wattle trees. There was no such relationship among forest females.
These populations provide a clear example of resource distribution determining female home range size. This influenced the
number of female home ranges a male’s home range overlapped with, which in turn determined the mating system. Such clear links
between resource availability and mating system have not previously been established in a marsupial. 相似文献
12.
Synopsis Reproductive habits of a temperate filefish, Paramonacanthus japonicus, were studied on a rocky reef at Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka, Japan, from 1989 through 1990. Males had territories of 30–70m2 and defended them from conspecific males and potential egg predators such as another filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer. Egg masses were found on the sandy bottom in male territories. Individual discrimination of males and females occurring
in three male territories revealed that males and females stayed in stable pairs during one month of observation in 1989.
In these stable pairs, males fed only within their territories, but females occasionally foraged outside. The occurrence of
egg masses within male territories and biparental egg care showed that fish were reproducing as monogamous pairs. Contrary
to this, males tagged in 1990 changed their territories after the disappearance of females, and males and females mated polygamously.
Spawning was observed only four times during the study period, between 1633 and 1754h. Prior to spawning, the female prepared
a spawning bed on the sandy bottom. The male nuzzled the female and the pair spawned, touching their gonopores on the spawning
bed. Spawning was very quick and took only 1–3 seconds. The adhesive eggs were spherical with a diameter of 0.56 mm. They
were mixed with sand particles and formed a doughnut-shaped mass of about 4 cm in diameter. One egg mass contained 3300–3800
embryos of similar developmental stage, which hatched 2–3 days later. P. japonicus appears to be monogamous but may also practice polygamy when pair-bonds are unstable. 相似文献
13.
Masanori Kohda Kenta Sasaki Yoichi Sakai Nobuhiro Ohnishi Kazunori Matsumoto 《Ichthyological Research》2005,52(4):406-409
Female choice of mates versus sites was studied in a wrasse, Cirrhilabrus temminckii. Males had territories within a restricted area on a rocky slope at which females visited and pair-spawned pelagic gametes.
Females visited several males or territories before spawning, suggesting the opportunity of female choice. Of the four characteristics
of territorial males examined—body size, ratio of pelvic fin length to body size, courtship, frequency and territory depth—only
territory depth was significantly correlated with daily mating success of males. The former three male characters were not
related to territory depth. These results suggest that female C. temminckii chooses deep sites rather than specific mates in mating. 相似文献
14.
Socioecological models for small mammals attempt to explain the causal relations between the spatiotemporal distributions of food resources, females and males. We tested their predictions for a wild population of Cavia magna, a grazing, precocial rodent, by analysing spacing behaviour in relation to various demographic features. Between May 1999 and January 2001 we collected capture-recapture data on 309 individuals and monitored 55 females and 49 males by radiotelemetry in periodically inundated wetland in Uruguay. Cavies showed a nonstationary use of space: monthly home ranges drifted over the whole study site. Female home ranges overlapped with those of several others. Females were randomly distributed and we found no evidence for socially mediated reproductive synchrony. Males ranged over larger areas than females, showing even less site fidelity, and also overlapped with several rivals. This basic spacing system remained stable over a wide range of densities and sex ratios. Independent of sex, animals used overlap zones randomly with respect to each other. Significant dynamic (spatiotemporal) interaction was most frequent between males and females. However, interaction analyses revealed no evidence for stable social bonds between animals, regardless of sex. We suggest that unpredictable female locations prevent males monopolizing females spatially. Because females are solitary, males could monopolize only one female by maintaining close proximity, rendering a roaming mating tactic more successful. Our findings point to a solitary ‘social’ system and overlap promiscuity as the likely mating system for the C. magna population studied. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. 相似文献
15.
Alexandre L. Godinho Boyd Kynard Hugo P. Godinho 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2007,80(4):421-433
Surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, is the most valuable commercial and recreational fish in the São Francisco River, but little is known about adult migration and spawning. Movements of 24 females (9.5–29.0 kg), which were radio-tagged just downstream of Três Marias Dam (TMD) at river kilometer 2,109 and at Pirapora Rapids (PR) 129 km downstream of TMD, suggest the following conceptual model of adult female migration and spawning. The tagged surubims used only 274 km of the main stem downstream of TMD and two tributaries, the Velhas and Abaeté rivers. Migration style was dualistic with non-migratory (resident) and migratory fish. Pre-spawning females swam at ground speeds of up to 31 km day-1 in late September–December to pre-spawning staging sites located 0–11 km from the spawning ground. In the spawning season (November–March), pre-spawning females migrated back and forth from nearby pre-spawning staging sites to PR for short visits to spawn, mostly during floods. Multiple visits to the spawning site suggest surubim is a multiple spawner. Most post-spawning surubims left the spawning ground to forage elsewhere, but some stayed at the spawning site until the next spawning season. Post-spawning migrants swam up or downstream at ground speeds up to 29 km day-1 during January–March. Construction of proposed dams in the main stem and tributaries downstream of TMD will greatly reduce surubim abundance by blocking migrations and changing the river into reservoirs that eliminate riverine spawning and non-spawning habitats, and possibly, cause extirpation of populations. 相似文献
16.
《Animal behaviour》1986,34(2):580-589
A detailed analysis was made of the variation in spawning success among male Forsterygion (э Tripterygion) varium. The aim was to assess whether females were mating selectively and, if so, to examine the basis of that choice. Eggs were laid on small rocks within the males' territories. Females did not distribute eggs randomly among males. Some males guarded as many as 23000 eggs in one breeding season, while others experienced little or no breeding success. Male spawning success was positively correlated with both their size and some characteristics of their territories, namely the amount of spawning substratum and the presence of a large boulder adjacent to the territory. Experimental manipulations indicated that female choice of males was based on these features. Addition of small rocks into the territories of previously unsuccessful males resulted in a significant increase in spawning success. Conversely, spawning success of the most successful males decreased when small rocks were removed from their territories. When successful males were removed, each territory was occupied by small males; however, there was no significant change in the spawning success of these males. This experiment suggested that, although territory quality was important, female mating decisions could also be influenced by male characteristics such as body size. 相似文献
17.
Tetsuo Kuwamura 《Journal of Ethology》1986,4(2):129-146
Reproductive ecology and ethology of 52 cichlid fishes were studied along the shore of Myako, east-middle coast of Lake Tanganyika.
Seventeen species were substrate-brooders (guarders), 31 were mouthbrooders, and the remaining 4 were intermediate, performing
prolonged biparental guarding of fry after mouthbrooding. Among the substrate-brooders maternal care (and polygyny) was seen
about as frequently as biparental care. In most of the mouthbrooders only females took care of the brood, but in 3 species
eggs and small larvae were mouthbrooded by females and larger fry by males. In most of the maternal mouthbrooders males defended
mating territories which females visited to spawn. The mating system differed from lekking in that there was no concentration
of territories and males fed within them. In the remaining maternal mouthbrooders males and overlapping home ranges and only
temporarily defended courtship sites in each bout of spawning. Brood size, egg size, breeding site, and sexual differences
in body size and color are described. The relationship between parentalcare patterns and mating systems within the family
Cichlidae are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Spawning time and male mating tactics of parrotfishes (family Scaridae) were investigated on a fringing coral reef at Iriomote
Island, Okinawa. Spawning was observed in 14 species, and more frequently in more abundant species such as Chlorurus sordidus, Scarus rivulatus and Chlorurus bowersi. At the reef-edge spawning site, C. bowersi spawned at high tide, C. sordidus spawned both at high tide and in the early morning, whereas Calotomus carolinus and most of the Scarus species such as S. rivulatus spawned only in the early morning, mostly 0630–0830 h. Spawning only in the early morning irrespective of tide phase and
moon age has seldom been reported from the scarid species of other localities. It is suggested that spawning in the early
morning would be adaptive in species such as S. rivulatus, which migrated considerable distances (ca. 500 m) to the inshore feeding sites, in order to minimize feeding losses due
to migration. For male mating tactics, pair spawning by territorial TP (terminal phase) males occurred in all 14 species,
and streaking and group spawning by nonterritorial small IP (initial phase) males were seen more frequently in more abundant
species. Moreover, group spawning by nonterritorial TP males, which were larger than the IP males but smaller than the territorial
TP males, frequently occurred in S. rivulatus. Such mating tactics of TP males have not been reported from Scaridae. 相似文献
19.
Haruki Ochi 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1989,26(4):257-275
Synopsis In the main habitat of the anemonefishes Amphiprion, their movements between host sea anemones are generally restricted because of the low population density of hosts and high predation pressures. On the contrary, movements of A. clarkii between hosts were usual in the present study area (temperate waters of southern Japan), where host anemones are abundant. The general social unit of the anemonefishes is an isolated group consisting of a monogamous breeding pair and a varying number of nonbreeders. In the present study area, however, monogamous pairs established territories almost contiguous to others and nonbreeders had home ranges on the outskirts of the pairs' territories. The high host population density allows A. clarkii to move between hosts for searching for mates and acquiring additional mates. Most pair bonds lasted for more than 6 months, but 13% of the pairs separated because of migration of a mate to another territory. Bigamy occasionally originated from a penetration into a territory of a breeder by a mated neighbor of the opposite sex after the former's mate loss. Among 18 males who had lost their mates, only 3 changed sex and others re-paired with immigrant females, migrated to unmated females' territories or invaded pairs' territories. In the present study area, sex change to female is not the best way for an unmated male to increase his future reproductive success because of a loss of time spent on sex change and an opportunity to re-pair with new mates larger than himself, but is adaptively maintained as the best of a bad situation for the unmated male. 相似文献
20.
The influence of predation risk on the opportunity for female mate choice was investigated in the tailspot wrasse Halichoeres melanurus at two sites on a coral reef in Okinawa, Japan. Females mated repeatedly with the nearest males, but they also changed mates frequently at both sites. Mate changes were seen not only in the context of spatiosocial changes (mate disappearance or shifts in male territories) but were also probably the result of actual mate choice by females. Females at one site (site A) changed mates more often and conducted longer spawning trips from their home ranges to male territories than at the other site (site B). Fish at site A were faced with a higher frequency of predators than that of site B. However, fish of site A suffered fewer attacks from predators because they had more shelter, suggesting lower predation risk in that site. These results suggest that females under higher predation risk had less opportunity to choose preferable mates and that they had to mate with the same, nearest males in most cases. 相似文献