Genetic studies on free-ranging macaques of Cay Santiago. II. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADH-methemoglobin reductase (NADH-diaphorase).

For the population of 395 semi-free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that inhabited Cayo Santiago in 1976, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase phenotypes of 378 animals were determined. Three phenotypes, controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles,PGD^A andPGD^B, were found by electrophoretic methods. The frequencies of the alleles are 0.898 and 0.102, respectively. The population, composed of five troops and peripheral males, is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at this locus. The allele frequencies at the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus in the population in 1976 were compared with frequencies in 1973; a statistically significant difference was found in one troop. The phenotypes of NADH-methemoglobin reductase (NADH-diaphorase) were determined electrophoretically for 372 animals. These phenotypes are probably the products of two autosomal codominant alleles,Dia¹ andDia², with frequencies of 0.786 and 0.214, respectively. The population is in equilibrium at this locus also. Tests of homogeneity at the dehydrogenase and reductase loci indicate that the allele frequencies are significantly different among the five troops in the population. Observed and expected phenotypic ratios in progeny were compared at the dehydrogenase and the reductase loci. The only significant deviation from expectation occurs among offspring of mothers heterozygous at the reductase locus. The observed distributions of alleles at the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus and the NADH-methemoglobin reductase locus are probably the results of stochastic processes.     

The C4 system

Summary The present study shows that the C4 system as investigated by high voltage agarose gel electrophoresis is highly polymorphic. In a series of unrelated Norwegian adults, where C4 types have been ascertained through segregation in families, six different haplotypes have been found to occur with a frequency exceeding 1%. The genotype frequencies in the population fit expected Hardy-Weinberg distribution. In family material comprising 89 matings with 327 children the distribution of offspring is as expected according to autosomal codominant inheritance of haplotypes.     

Polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase in cattle leucocytes

By means of starch gel electrophoresis the polymorphism of the phospoglucomutase isozymes PGMi has been investigated in cattle leucocytes. The phenotypes and allele frequencies of PGMi are demonstrated in a series of 106 complete and 221 incomplete families of 'Deutsche Schwarzbunte'. The segregation of the 327 daughters' phenotypes agree with the formal genetic model of 2 codominant autosomal alleles. The observed heterozygous PGMi type is more frequent in mating types and progenies as expected under equilibrium.     

Genetic control and population survey of transferrin in the Japanese quail

Transferrin types in the Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica are controlled by a single autosomal locus Tf with at least two codominant alleles Tf^B and Tf^c. The frequencies of Tf^B and Tf^c in a commercial population of the domestic quail were 1.00 and 0.00, respectively.
Previous studies demonstrated that in the domestic populations of the Japanese quail three electrophoretic patterns AB, B and BC existed in egg white conalbumin and that the electrophoretic variation of conalbumin occurred in parallel with that of serum transferrin. Furthermore, from the preliminary mating experiments the transferrin-conalbumin variation was proposed to be under the control of at least two codominant alleles 77^s and Tf^c at an autosomal locus (Kimura et al., 1977, 1978).
The present study was designed (1) to report a large amount of family data from three generations in order to support the previously published hypothesis on genetic control of electrophoretic patterns of transferrin, and (2) to survey the gene constitution of transferrin in a commercial population of the domestic quail.
Sera were added with iron, heated for 5 min at 65°C (Stratil, 1967), then were investigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Hydrolysed starch from Connaught Medical Laboratories, Toronto, was used. A discontinuous citrate/Tris/LiOH/borate buffer system (pH 8.0) of Ferguson & Wallace (1961) was employed. The gels were stained with Amido Black 10B.     

The genetics of the sixth and seventh components of complement in the dog: Polymorphism,linkage, locus duplication,and silent alleles

The complement components C6 and C7 exhibit genetic polymorphism in the domestic dog. In the case of C6, there is a single locus with a null allele and two structural alleles; in the case of C7, there are two linked loci, each with three structural alleles. There is a null allele or locus deletion at one of these loci. In all cases, inheritance is autosomal and codominant. The C7 loci are closely linked to each other and to C6. This complex is not close to the dog major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus.     

Genetic polymorphism of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.24, ALAD) in the domestic rabbit

A genetic polymorphism of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in the domestic rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, was detected by starch gel electrophoresis. Family data (15 matings with 49 offspring) support the genetic model of two common codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. Gene frequencies were calculated in a random sample of 55 mixed breed, unrelated domestic rabbits: ALAD1 = 0.31 and ALAD2 = 0.69.     

Isoelectric focusing of human phosphoglucomutase: data on the distribution of variant phenotypes in three population sample from South West France

Leukocyte lysates obtained from blood specimens of individuals from Central and Western Pyrenean groups (Barèges and Basques) and from the population of Toulouse city have been typed for PGMa1 isozymes using isoelectric focusing (pH range: 3-9.5) in polyacrylamide gels. The determination of usual PGM1 phenotypes was simultaneously performed on red cells by starch gel electrophoresis. Significant differences were found between the three communities. In Barèges samples only 6 of the 10 phenotypes known at PGMa1 locus have been observed. In the same group, 36 mating types were studied in distinct families. The segregation of the phenotypes in an agreement with the codominant inheritance of the alleles. In Basques the gene frequencies showed intermediate values between Toulouse and Barèges. PGMa2 reaches a higher frequency in the latter community (0.306). In the Toulouse population sample the results are comparable with those previously published in western Europeans. The present data provide additional information on the usefulness of the new PGM system detected by isoelectrofocusing in human genetics.     

Genetic studies of low abundance human plasma proteins. III. Polymorphism of the C1R subcomponent of the first complement component.

Genetic polymorphism of the C1R subcomponent of human complement component C1 has been detected in normal plasma samples using the high resolving power of isoelectric focusing in 6 M urea followed by immunoblotting. There are two common alleles at the C1R structural locus that show autosomal codominant inheritance. The C1R*1 and C1R*2 allele frequencies in U.S. white and U.S. black blood donors are: .934, .066, and .899, .101, respectively.     

Carbonic Anhydrase Polymorphism in a New Jersey Population of the White-Footed Mouse PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS

Two electrophoretic forms of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase were found to be controlled by one autosomal locus with two codominant alleles, CA(f) and CA(8). The gene frequencies for the CA(f) and CA(8) alleles were found to be.15 and.85, respectively, in a sample of 53 mice from Middlesex County, New Jersey. The observed genotypic frequencies indicated that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.     

Genetic variants of phosvitin in egg yolk of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica

Phosvitin polymorphism in egg yolk of the Japanese quail was found by horizontal polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Six phenotypes of yolk phosvitin designated A, B, C, AB, AC, and BC were observed in a population of 281 birds. Analysis of family data revealed that the phenotypic variation of quail yolk phosvitins was controlled by an autosomal Pv locus with three codominant alleles, Pva, Pvb and Pvc. The gene frequencies of Pva, Pvb and Pvc were 0.064, 0.824 and 0.112, respectively.     

Genetic and environmental factors affecting mating type frequency in natural isolates of Tetrahymena thermophila

In Tetrahymena thermophila mating type alleles specify temperature sensitive frequency distributions of multiple mating types. A-like alleles specify mating types I, II, III, V and VI, whereas B-like alleles specify mating types II through VII. We have characterized the mating type distributions specified by several A- and B-like genotypes segregated by genomic exclusion from cells isolated from a pond in northwestern Pennsylvania. The B-like genotypes are alike in specifying very low frequencies of mating type III, but differ with respect to the frequencies of other mating types, particularly II and VII. An A-like genotype specifies a high frequency of mating type III and is unstable in successive generations for the expression of mating type II, suggesting a possible modifier. Inter se crosses performed at 18 degrees C, 28 degrees C and 34 degrees C showed that each genotype specifies a frequency distribution that is uniquely affected by temperature. No mating type was affected the same way by temperature in all genotypes. In A/B heterozygotes, the B-like genotype exhibited partial dominance. The genotypes described here differ significantly from previously described genotypes from the same pond, indicating that there are numerous mating type alleles. For frequency-dependent selection to equalize mating type frequencies, it must act not only on complex multiple alleles but also on the response of mating type alleles to temperature.     

Sample-size considerations and strategies for linkage analysis in autosomal recessive disorders.

The opportunity raised by recombinant DNA technology to develop a linkage marker panel that spans the human genome requires cost-efficient strategies for its optimal utilization. Questions arise as to whether it is more cost-effective to convert a dimorphic restriction enzyme marker system into a highly polymorphic system or, instead, to increase the number of families studied, simply using the available marker alleles. The choice is highly dependent on the population available for study, and, therefore, an examination of the informational content of the various family structures is important to obtain the most informative data. To guide such decisions, we have developed tables of the average sample number of families required to detect linkage for autosomal recessive disorders under single backcross and under "fully informative" matings. The latter cross consists of a marker locus with highly polymorphic codominant alleles such that the parental marker genotypes can be uniquely distinguished. The sampling scheme considers families with unaffected parents of known mating types ascertained via affected offspring, for sibship sizes ranging from two to four and various numbers of affected individuals. The sample-size tables, calculated for various values of the recombination fractions and lod scores, may serve as a guide to a more efficient application of the restriction fragment length polymorphism technology to sequential linkage analysis.     

p-loci: a computer program for choosing the most efficient set of loci for parentage assignment

Determining how many and which codominant marker loci are required for accurate parentage assignment is not straightforward because levels of marker polymorphism, linkage, allelic distributions among potential parents and other factors produce differences in the discriminatory power of individual markers and sets of markers. p-loci software identifies the most efficient set of codominant markers for assigning parentage at a user-defined level of success, using either simulated or actual offspring genotypes of known parentage. Simulations can incorporate linkage among markers, mating design and frequencies of null alleles and/or genotyping errors. p-loci is available for windows systems at http://marineresearch.oregonstate.edu/genetics/ploci.htm.     

Description and genetics of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) polymorphisms in Asellus aquaticus (L.)

Analysis of Western European populations of Asellus aquaticus uncovered 10 electrophoretic phenotypes of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and 7 of phosphoglucomutase (PGM). Breeding studies indicate that the variation is controlled by codominant alleles at two autosomal loci. Genotype frequencies in the two sexes do not differ significantly, mating between genotypes is random, and no structural linkage is detectable between the two loci. PGM shows nongenetic, "secondary" banding, particularly in animals stored at -20 degrees C prior to electrophoresis. This secondary banding confounds the identification of the genetic variation but can be controlled by the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol.     

Phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) subtypes in a Finnish population determined by isoelectric focusing in agarose gel

The red cell enzyme phosphoglucomutase first locus (PGM1) phenotypes of 639 adult Finns were determined by isoelectric focusing in agarose gel. All the ten commonly occurring phenotypes were detected and the frequencies of the four alleles at the PGM1 locus were as follows: PGMa11 = 0.5313, PGMa21 = 0.1800, PGMa31 = 0.2199 and PGMa41 = 0.0689. The PGM1 phenotypes of 221 mothers with 228 offspring were in accordance with autosomal codominant inheritance.     

Genetic polymorphism of the seventh component of complement in a Japanese population

Summary Genetic polymorphism of C7 in a Japanese population has been described, using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing electrophoresis followed by an electrophoretic blotting technique. Phenotypes of C7 were classified into six common patterns, and observed phenotypes were produced by autosomal codominant at a single locus with three alleles. Three common alleles, designated C7^*B, C7^*M and C7^*A, were found, and gene frequencies calculated from 494 individuals showed C7^*B=0.858, C7^*M=0.096 and C7^*A=0.046, respectively. It is noteworthy that both C7^*M and C7^*A have polymorphic frequencies in the Japanese population. The distribution of phenotypes fitted the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Results indicate that the electrophoretic blotting technique, which has high specificity and sensitivity, is applicable in the study of heterogeneity of protein antigens.     

Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)

To study the population genetics as well as the mating system of captive zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) populations, we developed primers for 12 microsatellite loci and screened them in 529 individuals from two successive generations of a single captive population. All markers were polymorphic with five to 14 alleles per locus. We checked all markers for Mendelian inheritance in 307 offspring whose parents were known for sure. Four markers showed evidence for the presence of null alleles. Once allowing for null alleles, we found no mismatches between offspring and parents, suggesting a very low rate of mutation. Average observed and expected heterozygosities across the eight loci showing no evidence for null‐alleles was 0.819 and 0.812, respectively.     

Antithrombin III (AT3) polymorphism in the marsupialMonodelphis domestica: Identification and genetics

Antithrombin III polymorphism was observed in the gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica, by either one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE; pH 7.9), two-dimensional PAGE (agarose, pH 5.4; 12% T, pH 7.9), or isoelectric focusing (pH 4.2-4.9) followed by immunoblotting with rabbit antiserum to human antithrombin III. Family studies demonstrated an inheritance of three codominant autosomal alleles, AT3A, AT3B, and AT3C, and a population study revealed frequencies of 0.70, 0.10, and 0.20, respectively.     

A test of the randomness of paternity of members of maternal sibships in six captive groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Results of previous studies have shown that in captive groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto)fathers associate more frequently with their own offspring than with those of other males and that mothers are most permissive of physical contact between their own infant and a juvenile when that juvenile shares the same father with her infant. These two observations suggest that the identity of offspring born in captive groups of rhesus monkeys is recognized by at least some adult members of the group. Consistent patterns of mating among mating seasons might explain this apparent recognition of offsprings’ paternity. Fathers, for example, might regularly associate with young who maintain a close relationship with females with whom they have previously mated, and mothers might selectively permit juveniles who maintain a close relationship with males with whom they have previously mated to associate with their infants. This hypothesis is tested in this paper by comparing the observed distribution of 70 maternal sibships, members of which were fathered by the same or by different adult males over a 4-year period in six captive groups of rhesus monkeys, with that distribution expected based on random mating from season to season. Seasonal mating patterns were found to be random. Preparations are now underway to test this hypothesis in several free-ranging groups.     

An additional serum albumin type in the Romanov breed of sheep

29 imported rams and 26 imported ewes (2 to 4 years old), belonging to the native Russian Romanov breed, and their offspring from two subsequent lambings in 1973 and 1974 were tested for serum albumin types.
Four albumin types (D, F, S and W) have been found, with frequencies of 0.18, 0.16, 0.55 and 0.11, respectively.
AID, being the fastest moving albumin type known, has never been found before, and therefore it is considered as a 'new' type.
Available family data support the hypothesis that the synthesis of AID is controlled by a codominant and autosomal allele: AI ^D.