抗草甘膦抗虫植物表达载体的构建及其转基因烟草的分析

构建了含草甘膦抗性突变基因（aroAM12）和人工合成重组Bt抗虫基因（Bts1m）的植物表达载体pCM12_s1m。aroAM12基因的表达由CaMV35S启动子控制,Bts1m基因的表达由2E_CaMV35S启动子和Ω因子控制。通过农杆菌介导,将aroAM12和Bts1m基因转化到烟草中,转基因烟草通过在含草甘膦的MS培养基上筛选而获得。Southern blot分析表明所有经过草甘膦筛选出的转化植株都整合有aroAM12基因,约70%的转化植株同时整合有aroAM12和Bts1m基因。Northern blot、Immunodot blot分析进一步证明整合的两个基因在转录、翻译水平上均进行了表达,不同植株之间表达存在着差异。草甘膦抗性和虫试实验证明,获得的转基因烟草对草甘膦和烟青虫具有很强的抗性。     

苜蓿根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)nodD3P1启动子下游序列的缺失和互补分析

在苜蓿根瘤菌中,nodD3基因的转录由两个彼此分离的启动子P1和P2控制. 在P1下游是一段由660 bp组成的序列, 接着是nodD3的编码区. 由P1下游序列3′末端开始缺失得到的一系列缺失突变体的遗传分析指出, P1下游＋1~＋125 nt序列对P1的表达是必须的. 互补分析和结瘤试验指出, ORF2自我抑制P1的表达, 而＋1~＋125 nt序列可对抗ORF2对P1的抑制作用.     

油菜BnMKK2基因的克隆及表达分析

通过实验从陇油6号油菜中克隆得到了一种新的MAPK激酶基因BnMKK2基因的cDNA,全长1 344 bp,其中包括5′非翻译区（5′UTR）111 bp,3′非翻译区（3′UTR）165 bp,开放阅读框（ORF）长1 068 bp,编码355个氨基酸,该基因编码的蛋白质分子量为39.3 kDa,理论等电点为6.8。与拟南芥AtMKK2有很高的同源性,因此命名为BnMKK2(GenBank登录号:HQ848661)。该基因实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,BnMKK2基因的表达受低温胁迫诱导。     

NAC1上游调控区表达特征及其与侧根激素诱导的关系

从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana）中克隆到与侧根原基发生相关的转录因子基因NAC1上游调控区序列,构建由该序列驱动β-葡聚糖苷酶基因(GUS)的植物表达载体并转化烟草(Nicotiana Tabaccum),经筛选获得了在根组织高GUS活性而地上部痕量表达的转基因烟草植株。对转基因植株进行GUS活性和染色分析,结果表明NAC1上游调控区驱动的GUS基因表达具有根部组织特异性,在侧根顶端分生组织区、侧根原基基部和幼嫩侧根基部表达。用IBA,GA₃,GA₄₊₇处理转基因植株根部,NAC1上游调控区驱动的GUS表达均增强,表明生长素、赤霉素可显著诱导NAC1上游调控区的表达,并参与侧根发生的调控。     

青花菜雄性不育相关基因BoDHAR的克隆与表达分析

以一个与甘蓝显性核不育相关的差异表达片段的序列为信息探针,通过在NCBI与TAIR网站数据库中进行同源EST序列搜索,经人工拼接、RT-PCR、PCR 克隆与序列分析,获得了青花菜脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶DHAR dehydroascorbate reductase 基因的 cDNA 与 DNA 全长序列,命名为BoDHAR。并利用双链接头介导 PCR 的染色体步行技术（genome walking）克隆了其上游 644bp 的5′端序列。所获的BoDHAR基因全长 1486bp,存在两个内含子,DNA 编码区序列633bp,编码210个氨基酸;序列分析表明：BoDHAR与同源基因AT1G195701cDNA 序列有 82.3% 的一致性,推导的氨基酸序列有 79.6% 的一致性;编码的水溶性蛋白存在多个磷酸化位点;5′端上游区存在明显的转录调控序列。半定量RT-PCR结果表明：BoDHAR 在可育系花蕾中的表达量明显高于不育系花蕾,在花药中的表达明显高于其它部位。     

TAIL-PCR方法快速分离Xcc致病相关基因序列

以miniTn5gfp-km转座子中nptII片段作为探针,对已获得的五株野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜黑腐病致病型（Xcc）非致病突变体进行了Southern blot分析,结果表明,这五株突变体确由mini-Tn5gfp-km转座子插入致病相关基因所致,且为单拷贝不同位点的插入。提取这五株突变体总DNA作为模板,采用改进的热不对称交错PCR （TAIL-PCR）方法从其中克隆到了各自转座子插入区侧翼序列,对这些侧翼序列进行了序列测定并将分析结果与GenBank database及Xcc全基因组序列做了比较,结果表明,五个侧翼序列所在的基因确与Xcc致病性有关。这种改进后的TAIL-PCR方法为突变体特别是转座子插入突变体中目的基因的克隆提供了一种简便高效的新方法。     

在胡杨NHX基因内发现细菌转座子IS10 L的存在

采用RTPCR扩增的方法,从新疆不同地区的野生植物胡杨中分别克隆获得1kb和2.3kb的cDNA片段,测序和序列分析表明这两个基因片段均包含NHX基因的部分读码框架,分别命名为PtNHX和PwNHX。PtNHX序列同源性分析结果显示胡杨NHX基因与滨藜NHX基因同源性高达98%,与碱蓬同源性达到86%,与拟南芥同源性为84%,与水稻同源性为80%,表明它是植物中高度保守的一种基因,同时说明野生植物胡杨中也存在与拟南芥相似的植物耐盐相关基因。PwNHX序列分析表明,该基因内部含有一种转座酶的读码框,大小约1350bp,与已发表的Shigella flexneri.转座子Tn10基因序列(AF162223)同源性为99%。NHX基因的蛋白产物在植物的耐盐性方面起着重要的作用。推测PwNHX由于插入转座酶读码框可能会导致该基因的功能丧失。胡杨生存于盐碱地,其体内可能存在另一些机制使胡杨具有抗盐碱的能力。对于这些机制的研究可能有助于进一步了解植物的抗盐机制。利用PwNHX基因内的转座子作基因标签,可进一步研究胡杨的其它基因,从而有可能揭示胡杨叶子发育的变态过程、耐盐碱等性状。     

猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500株△crp△asd缺失株平衡致死载体系统的构建及鉴定

猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500株是用化学方法致弱、用于预防仔猪副伤寒的弱毒疫苗株,虽具有较好的免疫原性,但仍有一定的残余毒力。为了研制更加安全并保持C500株良好免疫原性的弱毒株,及将C500开发为适于粘膜免疫的疫苗活载体,本文构建了猪霍乱沙门氏菌C500株△crp△asd双缺失株平衡致死载体系统。首先构建含缺失320bp的crp（cAMP受体蛋白）基因与蔗糖敏感基因（sacB）的重组自杀性质粒,与C500接合转移,两步法筛选无抗性的△crp缺失株,用PCR证实基因组crp基因的缺失突变。用同样方法在crp缺失株基础上构建asd（天冬氨酸β-半乳糖脱氢酶）基因缺失株。该缺失株生长必需外源DAP（二氨基庚二酸）。进一步鉴定△crp缺失株的表型、生长特性、毒力等,结果表明△crp△asd缺失株构建成功。△crp△asd缺失株可以用来作为宿主载体平衡致死系统来高效表达外源基因,为深入研究以C500株为载体的口服多价疫苗奠定了基础。     

Smad3基因剔除对小鼠造血功能的影响

研究Smad3基因剔除对小鼠造血功能的影响。实验小鼠分为5组,每组有Smad3基因剔除小鼠（Smad3^-/-）和其同窝孪生的野生型小鼠（Smad3^+/+）各1只。小鼠的造血功能用14天形成的脾结节(CFUS14)、多系祖细胞（CFUGEMM）、粒单系祖细胞（CFUGM）、红系祖细胞（BFUE）测定及外周血象、骨髓象等实验血液学指标来确定。每组小鼠取尾血作白细胞、红细胞和血小板计数,涂片作白细胞分类计数。将一侧股骨的骨髓冲出,制成单细胞悬液,计数其中有核细胞数,测定CFU-GM、BFU-E、CFU-GEMM值。将每只小鼠的4×10⁴个骨髓有核细胞,经尾静脉注入3只8～10周经致死量射线照射的同系雌性小鼠体内,测定14天的CFUS。取一部分胸骨、肝脏、脾脏固定做病理切片,其余胸骨冲出骨髓,涂片作分类计数。结果Smad3^-/-小鼠外周血白细胞和血小板计数明显高于Smad3^+/+小鼠,红细胞数无显著差异。外周血白细胞分类结果也表明粒细胞显著增高。骨髓有核细胞数无显著差异,CFU-GM显著增高,BFU-E 无显著差异,CFU-GEMM明显减少,CFU-S显著减少。病理形态学观察发现骨髓增生极度活跃,以粒系为主,肝脾无显著差别。骨髓涂片分类表明粒系增多,粒系：红系比例增高。因此得出结论Smad3基因剔除使小鼠造血干祖细胞数目减少,而且干祖细胞分化异常,向粒系分化增多。Smad3基因对造血系统的作用与TGF-β的作用有相关性。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白的表达对酵母中麦角固醇合成的影响

构建了含透明颤菌（Vistreoscilla）血红蛋白基因vgb和酵母遗传霉素（G418）抗性基因的重组质粒pVgbkanMX4,转化至酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1190中,经过分析,基因vgb在酵母细胞中得到表达。对重组菌和野生菌进行了摇瓶培养及5 L发酵罐培养的研究。在摇瓶实验中,重组菌的麦角固醇产量比野生菌有显著提高,在野生菌中的含量为0.573%、而在重组菌中的产量为1.07%。 经过30 h发酵罐培养的实验,野生菌中麦角固醇含量为0.9%,重组菌中其含量为1.38%,验证了摇瓶实验的结果。结果证明vgb基因有利于酵母中麦角固醇的合成。     

与芒果子叶切段不定根形成相关基因的cDNA片段的克隆

在研究芒果子叶横切所形成的远轴面和近轴面的不定根形成时发现,只在近轴面形成不定根.该研究利用抑制性扣除杂交(suppres sive subtractivehybridization,SSH)方法,以子叶切段远轴切面作为参照样品,近轴切面作为检测样品,构建正向差异cDNA文库,分离与芒果子叶切段不定根形成相关基因的cDNA片段.经VirtualNorthern杂交分析,获得6个阳性克隆.序列分析和同源性比较结果表明这些cDNA片段均为首次报告,它们分别与转运蛋白、转录调控因子及酶基因的DNA序列同源.     

Auxin response factor family in rice

We isolated 11 rice genes homologous to the genes encoding auxin response factors (ARFs) in Arabidopsis. All of the genes encoded a well-conserved amino acid sequence in the N-terminal region, which is considered to be a DNA-binding domain (DBD). Phylogenetic analysis based on comparison of the DBDs indicated that rice has one or two closely related orthologs corresponding to a given respective ARF gene in Arabidopsis. We also analyzed the amino acid sequences of another conserved domain in the C-terminal conserved domain (CTD), which was shared by almost all the rice ARFs, with the exception of OsETTIN1 and OsETTIN2. These results agreed well with the evolutionary relationship deduced from the DBD comparison. In contrast to many ARFs, OsETTIN1 and OsETTIN2 do not contain the conserved C-terminal domain, but do share another consensus motif that is also found in Arabidopsis ETTIN. All of the above observations indicate that rice has functionally diversified ARF genes whose structures and functions correspond to those of various Arabidopsis ARFs, with one or two rice ARFs corresponding to a given Arabidopsis ARF. Thus, auxin signal transduction mechanisms may be well conserved between monocot and dicot plants.     

Characteristics of adventitious root formation in cotyledon segments of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Zihua): two induction patterns, histological origins and the relationship with polar auxin transport

Cotyledon segments derived from zygote embryos of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Zihua) were cultured on agar medium for 28 days. Depending on different pre-treatments with plant growth regulators, two distinct patterns of adventitious roots were observed. A first pattern of adventitious roots was seen at the proximal cut surface, whereas no roots were formed on the opposite, distal cut surface. The rooting ability depended on the segment length and was significantly promoted by pre-treatment of embryos with indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for 1 h. A pre-treatment with the auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) completely inhibited adventitious root formation on proximal cut surfaces. A second pattern of roots was observed on abaxial surfaces of cotyledon segments when embryos were pre-treated with 2,700 μM 1-naphthalenacetic acid (NAA) for 1 h. Histological observations indicated that both patterns of adventitious roots originated from parenchymal cells, but developmental directions of the root primordia were different. A polar auxin transport assay was used to demonstrate transport of [³H] indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in cotyledon segments from the distal to the proximal cut surface. In conclusion, we suggest that polar auxin transport plays a role in adventitious root formation at the proximal cut surface, whereas NAA levels (influx by diffusion; carrier mediated efflux) seem to control development of adventitious roots on the abaxial surface of cotyledon segments.     

Control of root cap formation by MicroRNA-targeted auxin response factors in Arabidopsis

The plant root cap mediates the direction of root tip growth and protects internal cells. Root cap cells are continuously produced from distal stem cells, and the phytohormone auxin provides position information for root distal organization. Here, we identify the Arabidopsis thaliana auxin response factors ARF10 and ARF16, targeted by microRNA160 (miR160), as the controller of root cap cell formation. The Pro(35S):MIR160 plants, in which the expression of ARF10 and ARF16 is repressed, and the arf10-2 arf16-2 double mutants display the same root tip defect, with uncontrolled cell division and blocked cell differentiation in the root distal region and show a tumor-like root apex and loss of gravity-sensing. ARF10 and ARF16 play a role in restricting stem cell niche and promoting columella cell differentiation; although functionally redundant, the two ARFs are indispensable for root cap development, and the auxin signal cannot bypass them to initiate columella cell production. In root, auxin and miR160 regulate the expression of ARF10 and ARF16 genes independently, generating a pattern consistent with root cap development. We further demonstrate that miR160-uncoupled production of ARF16 exerts pleiotropic effects on plant phenotypes, and miR160 plays an essential role in regulating Arabidopsis development and growth.