高脂培养抑制LPS诱导的HSC-T6细胞活化

目的：鉴定高脂培养对肝星形细胞活化的影响。方法：培养HSC-T6细胞系,加入含有游离脂肪酸的高脂培养基处理,利用LPS处理活化,通过检测α-SMA的表达分析星形细胞的活化程度,通过Q—PCR分析HSCs细胞胶原的表达,通过Q-PeR实验分析LPS相关通路靶基因表达情况情况。结果：高脂培养能够抑制LPS诱导的HSC-T6细胞增殖,降低HSC-T6细胞α-SMA和胶原I和TIMP-1表达的水平,Q．PCR的分析表明,高脂培养能够抑制HSCs活化后的NF．KB通路下游靶基因MCP-I和IL-6的表达。结论：在体外培养实验中,高脂培养能够抑制LPS诱导的HSC—T6细胞活化。     

LPS诱导海马星形胶质细胞活化与活化的星形胶质细胞对海马神经元的影响

探讨脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)对长时间存活大鼠海马内星形胶质细胞的反应以及对神经元的影响。方法:本实验用10只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,海马CA3区注射LPS 10μ1．7和14d后,尼氏染色观察神经元的变化,免疫组织化学染色结合图像分析方法观察海马CA3区注射部位胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP)、的表达变化。结果:脂多糖可促进海马星形胶质细胞的活化,但并不能引起海马区神经元的损伤。结论:星形胶质细胞在脑损伤后的脑内炎症反应起了一定的作用,但并不能引起神经元的损伤。     

FGF-21抑制HSC-T6细胞活化的抗肝纤维化作用及其机制的研究

目的:探索成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF-21)对肝星形细胞T6(HSC-T6)活化的作用及其作用机制。方法:1640+10%胎牛血清的培养基培养HSC-T6细胞,实验分为5组:正常对照组(Control)、模型组(Model 20 m M乙醇处理细胞12 h)、低剂量FGF-21组(LFGF-21,0.5μmol/L)、中剂量FGF-21组(MFGF-21,1.0μmol/L)和高剂量FGF-21组(HFGF-21,2.0μmol/L)。Real-time PCR检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、胶原蛋白Ⅰ(CollagenⅠ)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP9)和Notch2的m RNA水平,Western blot检测CollagenⅠ、α-SMA、MMP2、MMP9和Notch2的蛋白水平,ELISA检测IL-1β、TNF-α的蛋白水平。结果:模型组α-SMA、CollagenⅠ、MMP2、MMP9、IL-1β、TNF-α、Notch2的水平高于对照组(P0.05),HFGF-21组α-SMA、CollagenⅠ、MMP2、MMP9、IL-1β、TNF-α、Notch2的水平均低于模型组(P0.05)。结论:FGF-21可抑制Notch2的表达,抑制炎症反应,从而抑制HSC的活化,发挥抗肝纤维化作用。     

二氢杨梅素通过抑制铁自噬而抑制铁超载诱导的肝星状细胞活化

目的 肝星状细胞（HSCs）是肝纤维化（HF）过程中细胞外基质（ECM）的主要来源,在HF的发生发展中起着重要作用。二氢杨梅素（DMY）具有保肝作用,但机制不清。本研究观察了DMY对枸橼酸铁铵（FAC）诱导HSC-T6细胞活化的影响,并探讨了可能的机制。方法 采用MTT法检测细胞活力,ELISA法检测培养上清中ECM主要成分的含量,普鲁士蓝染色观察HSC-T6细胞铁沉积,比色法测定HSC-T6细胞总铁含量,钙黄绿素法检测细胞内游离铁水平,透射电镜观察HSC-T6细胞超微结构。蛋白质免疫印迹法检测铁蛋白重链1（FTH1）、α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、核受体辅活化子4（NCOA4）、微管相关蛋白1轻链3（LC3）和p62/SQSTM1的表达。结果 与FAC组比较,DMY+FAC组细胞培养液中ECM主要成分、细胞内总铁和游离铁水平、细胞中α-SMA、NCOA4和LC3-Ⅱ表达以及LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值均显著降低,而FTH1和p62蛋白表达显著上调。雷帕霉素部分阻断DMY抑制FAC诱导的HSCs活化的作用。结论 DMY可抑制铁超载诱导的HSCs活化,其机制可能与抑制铁自噬有关。     

小蘖碱抑制游离脂肪酸诱导小鼠肝实质细胞脂肪变性

目的:探讨小蘖碱(Berberine)对游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids,FFAs)诱导的小鼠肝实质细胞脂肪变性的影响。方法:胶原酶灌注分离BALB/c小鼠原代肝实质细胞并体外培养。分对照组,高脂组,高脂加小蘖碱处理组。体外测定细胞内甘油三酯的含量。利用油红染色观察细胞的脂肪样变性。通过Western印迹法检测肝实质细胞内MAPK相关信号通路磷酸化的变化。实时定量PCR检测肝实质细胞中与脂肪化密切相关的mi R-122的表达和相关靶基因的表达改变。结果:与高脂组比较,小蘖碱处理组肝实质细胞内甘油三酯含量降低,脂肪颗粒减少,脂肪变性明显改善,并具有明显的剂量效应,小蘖碱能够抑制FFAs诱导的JNK通路磷酸化。Q-PCR结果表明小蘖碱能够促进肝实质细胞内mi R-122的表达,并降低脂肪化相关基因Dgat2的表达。结论:小蘖碱能够显著改善高脂诱发的肝脂肪变性,抑制JNK通路磷酸化,其机制可能同mi R-122通路相关。     

肝星形细胞凋亡与凋亡相关因子

肝纤维化的本质是肝脏内纤维结缔组织的增生大于降解,致使其过度沉积所致.其中,活化的HSC是产生过量纤维结缔组织的主要细胞.诱导肝星形细胞凋亡成为阻止肝纤维化进程的途径之一.现有研究资料表明多种因素作用于HSC引起的凋亡经由线粒体依赖途径及死亡受体途径进行,参与凋亡的相关因子主要有死亡受体家族、Bcl-2家族部分成员以及Caspase家族.     

补骨脂素对肝星状细胞(HSC-T6)增殖、氧化应激及Ⅰ型胶原分泌的影响

通过研究植物雌激素香豆素补骨脂素对体外培养的大鼠肝星状细胞HSC-T6增殖及相关因子表达的影响,为补骨脂素治疗肝纤维化提供实验依据。常规培养肝星状细胞HSC-T6,采用0.1 mmol/L的H2O2制造HSC-T6氧化应激的模型。分别用MTT法检测肝星状细胞增殖、放射免疫法检测细胞上清液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),丙二醛(MDA),还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性和含量,ELISA法测定Ⅰ型胶原的分泌。结果表明:与正常对照组组比较,补骨脂素在浓度为10μmol/L,1μmol/L,0.1μmol/L,均呈现出抑制HSC-T6增殖的作用(P<0.05),且最佳作用时间为48 h(P<0.05);与模型组比较,补骨脂素各个浓度组能够提高SOD和GSH-Px的活性(P<0.05),并降低细胞上清液中MDA和GSH的含量(P<0.05);与模型组比较,补骨脂素各个浓度组在作用48 h后,细胞上清液中的Ⅰ型胶原的表达量均降低(P<0.05)。因此,作为植物雌激素的一种,补骨脂素能有效的抑制HSC-T6的增殖及抗HSC-T6氧化应激,很可能成为雌激素的替代品在治疗肝纤维化中。     

贮脂细胞激活的分子细胞学机制

贮脂细胞的激活是启动纤维化的关键病理事件,其激活的分子细胞学机制包括：贮脂细胞（肌成纤维细胞）分泌的ＴＧＦ－β对其自身分泌作用,是贮脂细胞激活的永久刺激因素;内皮细胞通过释放ＰＤＧＦ和ＦＧＦ刺激肌成纤维细胞增殖;Ｋｕｐｆ－ｆｅｒ细胞、单核细胞等通过释放免疫介质影响贮脂细胞增殖及改变细胞合成基质能力,而促进贮脂细胞激活;肝细胞可以通过其释放的介质和直接的膜接触而启动贮脂细胞的活化。激活的贮脂细胞产生     

缺血缺氧对体外培养星形胶质细胞细胞活化和细胞周期的影响

目的观察缺血缺氧损伤对星形胶质细胞细胞活化和细胞周期的影响。方法用流式细胞仪及BrdU掺入法检测缺血缺氧后不同时间点星形胶质细胞细胞周期变化和细胞的增殖活力;用荧光免疫细胞化学技术测定胶质细胞纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及细胞周期蛋白cyclinD1的表达水平。结果体外缺血缺氧损伤后星形胶质细胞S期较正常组明显增高,6h达高峰,BrdU掺入法显示损伤后6h星形胶质细胞的增殖活力最高,而随后S期细胞数目及细胞增殖活力都呈下降趋势。在缺血缺氧早期,GFAP阳性染色增强,6h最高;缺血缺氧12h后GFAP阳性染色变弱,而cyclinD1的表达在损伤后逐渐增加,在24h时达高峰。结论缺血缺氧损伤激活星形胶质细胞,使其进入新的细胞周期,出现细胞的增殖反应;cyclinD1参与了损伤后星形胶质细胞的修复和增殖;细胞周期事件与星形胶质细胞的增殖活化密切相关。     

不同剂量LPS诱导肝Kupffer细胞释放TNF的体外研究

本实验观察了不同剂量LPS诱导大鼠肝Kupffer细胞释放TNF的作用。加入LPS后1小时,三种剂量LPS组Kupffer细胞培养上清中均可测到TNF活性,3小时达到峰值。100和150ng/ml LPS组TNF活性高于50ng/ml组(P<0.01),而100和150ng/ml两组之间无明显差异(P>0.05),再次加入LPS(终浓度100ng/ml),只有50ng/ml LPS组培养上清液中有TNF活性检出,但幅度明显下降(P<0.01)。上述结果提示LPS在体外诱导肝Kupffer细胞释放TNF在一定范围内具有剂量依赖关系,且呈一定的时间反应性。     

Influence of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Fat Source on Body Fat and Apoptosis in Mice*

Objective: To determine whether altered dietary essential fatty acid (linoleic and arachidonic acid) concentrations alter sensitivity to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)‐induced body fat loss or DNA fragmentation. Research Methods and Procedures: Mice were fed diets containing soy oil (control), coconut oil [essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD)], or fish oil (FO) for 42 days, and then diets were supplemented with a mixture of CLA isomers (0.5% of the diet) for 14 days. Body fat index, fat pad and liver weights, DNA fragmentation in adipose tissue, and fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue were determined. Results: The EFAD diet decreased (p < 0.05) linoleic and arachidonic acid in mouse adipose tissue but did not affect body fat. Dietary CLA caused a reduction (p < 0.05) in body fat. Mice fed the EFAD diet and then supplemented with CLA exhibited a greater reduction (p < 0.001) in body fat (20.21% vs. 6.94% in EFAD and EFAD + CLA‐fed mice, respectively) compared with mice fed soy oil. Dietary FO decreased linoleic acid and increased arachidonic acid in mouse adipose tissue. Mice fed FO or CLA were leaner (p < 0.05) than control mice. FO + CLA‐fed mice did not differ in body fat compared with FO‐fed mice. Adipose tissue apoptosis was increased (p < 0.001) in CLA‐supplemented mice and was not affected by fat source. Discussion: Reductions in linoleic acid concentration made mice more sensitive to CLA‐induced body fat loss only when arachidonic acid concentrations were also reduced. Dietary essential fatty acids did not affect CLA‐induced DNA fragmentation.     

Preliminary Study of Fat Oxidation in Sorghum and Maize Brewing

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the white sorghum farafara and ICRISAT sorghum variety – ICSV 400 was at a high activity in the embryo at about 8 SOD units/tissue. This activity was almost completely destroyed at 80 °C. Totox index of the brewing grains were 366 for ICSV 400, 312 for farafara, 112 for maize grits and 90 for barley malt. Worts from sorghum/maize and sorghum/barley malt brews all had hydroperoxy linoleic acid (15–19 μM) which remained undetected after wort boiling. Sorghum/maize brews formed very little trub (wort proteinous sediments) in the whirlpool and trub increased in sorghum/barley brews with increased usage of barley malt. Sorghum/maize brews had free fatty acids (FFA) at 22 mg/l in pitching wort but in sorghum/barley brew (50/50) only 9 mg/l. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Fat Sources on Satiety

Objective: There are inconsistent reports on the satiety value of different fatty acids. This study compared the appetitive effects of two fat sources rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (peanut oil and canola oil) with a source rich in saturated fatty acids (butter). Research Methods and Procedures: After an overnight fast, lean participants completed a questionnaire eliciting information about hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption. They then consumed one of the preloads (muffins containing 40 g of each fat source or no fat) and 150 mL of water within 15 minutes. Questionnaires were completed again 30, 60, and 120 minutes after preload ingestion. Participants kept dietary records during the subsequent 24 hours. Results: Canola and peanut oil muffins resulted in higher fullness, and butter, canola, and peanut oil muffins resulted in lower hunger ratings 30, 60, and 120 minutes after preload ingestion compared with the fat‐free preload. No differences were observed among the fat‐containing loads. Although energy intake 24 hours after consumption of the preloads was also comparable on days the three fat‐containing loads were consumed, energy consumption after each study session was higher when the fat‐free muffins were provided. However, total energy intake, including the calories provided by the preloads, was similar across treatments. Discussion: These data do not support a differential satiety effect of fat sources rich in monounsaturated fatty acids relative to one rich in saturated fatty acids.     

红景天苷对LPS诱导的HSC-T6细胞增殖作用及机制研究

目的：观察红景天苷（Salidroside,Sal）对大鼠肝星状细胞（hepaticstellatecell,HSC）一T6增殖的影响,并探讨一氧化氮（NO）在此过程中的作用。方法：选择脂多糖（LPS）活化HSC—T6,采用不同浓度的Sal,作用于经LPS活化的大鼠HSC-T6,24小时后进行如下实验：噻唑兰（MTT）比色法检测HSC—T6增殖;NO荧光探针（DAF-FMDA）检测细胞内NO浓度;Westem-blot检测INOS蛋白水平。结果：在LPS作用于HSC．T6细胞24小时后,与对照组相比,细胞增殖增加（P〈0．01）,在Sal作用下,HSC-T6细胞增殖与LPS组相比受到抑制（P〈0．01）,并呈浓度依赖性;在Sal处理HSC．T6细胞24小时后,细胞内NO水平有所上升,并呈浓度依赖性增加（P〈O．01）;Sal预处理后的HSC—T6细胞,iNOS蛋白表达有所升高（P〈0．01）。结论：Sal对HSC—T6细胞的增殖具有浓度依赖性的抑制作用,NO可能是抑制增殖的因素之一。     

牛磺酸对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝纤维化模型中IL-6影响

目的:观察牛磺酸对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的小鼠肝纤维化模型血清中IL-6的影响。方法:将30只雄性SPF级C57B/L小鼠随机分为空白对照组,模型组和牛磺酸组,每组各10只。空白对照组给予100%花生油1 m L/Kg腹腔注射,每周2次,共10周;模型组给予含20%CCl4的花生油1 m L/Kg腹腔注射,每周2次,共10周;牛磺酸组给予含20%CCl4的花生油1 m L/Kg腹腔注射,每周2次,共10周,并从第3周起给予牛磺酸500 mg/Kg/d灌胃至第10周。在第10周通过摘除眼球取血,检测小鼠血清中的透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、三型前胶原(PCⅢ)、四型胶原(Ⅳ-C)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、IL-6的含量;检测肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量;计算肝脏指数;观察小鼠肝脏的HE染色病理组织学改变。结果:模型组与空白对照组相比小鼠血清中HA、LN、PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C、ALT、AST和IL-6水平显著升高(P0.05),肝脏组织中SOD和MDA水平显著升高(P0.05),肝脏指数增加(P0.05),病理检查显示肝细胞坏死并出现脂肪空泡、纤维组织增生和炎细胞浸润;牛磺酸组与模型组相比小鼠血清中HA、LN、PCⅢ、Ⅳ-C、ALT、AST和IL-6的水平显著降低(P0.05),肝脏组织中SOD显著升高(P0.05),MDA水平显著降低(P0.05),肝脏指数降低(P0.05),病理检查显示肝脏组织中无炎性浸润、脂肪空泡和无纤维组织沉积。结论:牛磺酸可以降低肝纤维化小鼠血清中IL-6的含量,减轻CCl4诱导小鼠肝纤维化程度。     

Associations of maternal prenatal dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids with maternal and umbilical cord blood levels

Maternal n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status may influence birth outcomes and child health. We assessed second trimester maternal diet with food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) (n=1666), mid-pregnancy maternal erythrocyte PUFA concentrations (n=1550), and umbilical cord plasma PUFA concentrations (n=449). Mean (SD) maternal intake of total n-3 PUFA was 1.17 g/d (0.43), docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids (DHA+EPA) 0.16 g/d (0.17), and total n-6 PUFA 12.25 g/d (3.25). Mean maternal erythrocyte and cord plasma PUFA concentrations were 7.0% and 5.2% (total n-3), 5.0% and 4.6% (DHA+EPA), and 27.9% and 31.4% (total n-6). Mid-pregnancy diet–blood and blood–blood correlations were strongest for DHA+EPA (r=0.38 for diet with maternal blood, r=0.34 for diet with cord blood, r=0.36 for maternal blood with cord blood), and less strong for n-6 PUFA. The FFQ is a reliable measure of elongated PUFA intake, although inter-individual variation is present     

Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 is associated with insulin resistance in adipocytes

Chronic inflammation is closely associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immune response as well as inflammatory signals. Here, we observed that mRNA level of TLR4 was induced during adipocyte differentiation and remarkably enhanced in fat tissues of obese db/db mice. In addition, activation of TLR4 with either LPS or free fatty acids stimulated NFkappaB signaling and expression of inflammatory cytokine genes, such as TNFalpha and IL-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, we discovered that TLR4 activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes provoked insulin resistance. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of TLR4 in adipocyte might be implicated in the onset of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes.     

The Influence of Bicuculline-Induced Seizures on Free Fatty Acid Concentrations in Cerebral Cortex, Hippocampus, and Cerebellum

Abstract: Using ventilated rats maintained on N₂O-O₂ (70:30, vol/vol) we induced continuous seizures with i.v. bicuculline and analysed free fatty acids (FFA) in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum after seizure durations of 1–120 min. In the cerebral cortex, peak FFA concentrations were observed after 5 min, with a threefold increase in total FFA content. The values then remained unchanged for the next 15-20 min, but decreased thereafter. At 60 and 120 min, total FFA contents were only moderately increased above control. In the initial period, arachidonic acid increased about 10-fold and stearic acid 2- to 3-fold, with little change in palmitic acid and linoleic acid concentrations. At all times, the docosahexenoic acid concentration was markedly increased. Following its massive accumulation at 1 min, arachidonic acid gradually decreased in concentration. Pretreatment of animals with indomethacin did not alter this behaviour. After 20 and 120 min of seizure activity, changes in total and individual FFA concentrations in the hippocampus were similar to those observed in the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum behaved differently. Thus, at 20 min the only significant change was a 5- to 10-fold increase in arachidonic acid concentration and, after 120 min, total and individual FFA concentrations were similar to control values. Furthermore, since the control values for arachidonic acid were much lower in the cerebellum, the 20-min values were only about 20% of those observed in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus.     

Dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and periodontal disease in community-based older Japanese: a 3-year follow-up study

The longitudinal relationship between dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio and periodontal disease in 235 Japanese subjects for whom data were available for the years 2003-2006 was investigated. PUFAs intake was assessed at baseline with a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Full-mouth periodontal status, measured as the clinical attachment level (CAL), was recorded at baseline and once a year for 3 years. The number of teeth with a change in the loss of CAL ≥3 mm at any site over a year was calculated as ‘periodontal disease events’. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, with dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio as the main predictor, to estimate its influence on periodontal disease events.A high dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio was significantly associated with greater number of periodontal disease events. The findings suggest the dietary n-6 to n-3 PUFAs ratio is associated with periodontal disease among older Japanese.