基于线粒体COI基因的大蚊属Tipula系统发育及长角大蚊亚属Tipula (Sivatipula)分类地位初步研究(双翅目:大蚊总科)

大蚊属Tipula Linnaeus,1758是大蚊科中种类最多的属,目前其单系性尚未得到全面验证.此外,长角大蚊亚属Tipula (Sivatipula) Alexander,1964因其极长的触角以及独有的精子泵结构,明显不同于大蚊属其他亚属,使其亚属的分类地位存在争议.本研究基于COI序列对19个大蚊属物种及5个其他属物种进行了系统发育分析,并计算了物种间的遗传距离.研究结果表明:(1)邻接树(NJ)和最大似然树(ML)均显示长角大蚊亚属与大蚊属其他亚属未形成单系,大蚊属的单系性没有得到支持;(2)基于遗传距离和系统发育分析并结合形态信息,结果显示长角大蚊亚属独立于大蚊属内其他亚属,应将其提升为属级分类单元.     

毛蚊科九新种记述：双翅目：长角亚目

本文记述了双翅目毛蚊科3属9新种,其中棘毛蚊属3种:长喙棘毛蚊 Ditophus macrosiphonius sp.nov.,吉林棘毛蚊 D.jilinensis sp.nov.和膜棘毛蚊 D.membranaceus sp.nov.;叉毛蚊属2种:异角叉毛蚊 Penthetria aberrans sp.nov.和甘肃叉毛蚊 P.gansuensis sp.nov.;襀毛蚊属4种:裂襀毛蚁 Plecia dilacerabilis sp.nov.,峨眉襀毛蚊 P.emeiensis sp.nov.,钳襀毛蚊 P.forcipiformis sp.nov.和长叶襀毛蚊 P.longifolia sp.nov.。所有模式标本均保存在北京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

云南杵蚊亚属一新种（双翅目：蚊科）

记述采自西双版纳景洪县杵蚊亚属一新种,长管杵蚊Tripteroides(s.str)longisipphonus sp.nov.。模式标本保存在云南省疟疾防治研究所。     

越南缺脉舞虻亚属研究（双翅目：舞虻科）

摘要：越南的缺脉舞虻亚属Coptophlebia以前仅知1种。本文记述3新种：双色缺脉舞虻Empis (Coptophlebia) bicoloripes sp. nov., 长鬃缺脉舞虻E. (C.) longisetosa sp. nov.和王氏缺脉舞虻E. (C.) wangi sp. nov.。文中还编制了该亚属越南种类检索表。     

偶栉大蚊属一新种及世界分种检索表（双翅目：大蚊科）

记述采自安徽省的偶栉大蚊属Dictenidia Brullé,1833一新种:岳西偶栉大蚊D.yuexiensis sp.nov.,绘制了形态特征图,提供了该属世界种类名录及检索表。新种的模式标本保存于安庆师范学院生命科学学院动物标本室。     

中国滑菌蚊属四新种记述（双翅目：菌蚊科）

记述中国滑菌蚊属4新种:浅黄滑菌蚊Leia bubaline sp.nov.,密毛滑菌蚊Leia densisetosa sp.nov.,黑龙江滑菌蚊Leia heilongjiangensis sp.nov.,和粗角滑菌蚊Leia robusticornis sp.nov.。编制了该属中国种类检索表。模式标本保存于浙江农林大学昆虫标本室。     

浙江龙王山滑菌蚊三新种 (双翅目：菌蚊科)

 报道浙江省龙王山自然保护区滑菌蚊属Leia三新种： 针尾滑菌蚊L.aculeolusa sp.nov.,长尾滑菌蚊L.ampulliforma sp.nov.和龙王山 滑菌蚊L.longwangshana sp.nov.。模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫标本馆。     

尤蚊属在我国首次发现：双翅目：蚊科

尤蚊属(Udaya)是蚊科(Culicidae)的一个小属,迄今仅知2种。分布于印度、泰国和马来西亚。此前我国尚未见纪录。最近,我们在整理云南省蚊类标本时,发现了该属的银尾尤蚊Udaya argyrurus(Edwards,1934)1雄蚊。这是我国蚊科建国以来继霍蚊属(Hodgesia)之后发现的第二个新纪录属。兹简报如下:尤蚊属Udaya Thurman,1954中国新纪录模式种:Paraedes(Udaya)argyrurus Edwards,1934Thurman于1954年在拟伊蚊属(Paraedes)之下建立了尤蚊亚属(Udaya)。Matti-ngly(1957)根据其触须长度和明显的跗白环等特征,将尤蚊亚属从拟伊蚊属分出并提升为属级阶…     

浙江西闪岛三突多足摇蚊亚属一新种（双翅目：摇蚊科）

记述采自浙江省西闪岛的三突多足摇蚊亚属1新种：杯状三突多足摇蚊Polypedilum (Tripodura) cypellum sp. nov.。该新种与哈氏三突多足摇蚊P. (T.) harteni Andersen & Mendes, 2010相似,区别于本亚属其它已知种的主要特征是具高脚杯状的上附器。文中提供了雄成虫的翅、前足胫节端部、生殖节、上附器等特征图。     

浙江龙王山滑菌蚊三新种(双翅目：菌蚊科)

报道浙江省龙王山自然保护区滑菌蚊属Leia三新种：针尾滑菌蚊L.aculeolusa sp.nov.,长尾滑菌蚊L.ampulliforma sp.nov.和龙王山滑菌蚊L. longwangshana sp.nov.。模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫标本馆。     

Confronting species distribution model predictions with species functional traits

Species distribution models are valuable tools in studies of biogeography, ecology, and climate change and have been used to inform conservation and ecosystem management. However, species distribution models typically incorporate only climatic variables and species presence data. Model development or validation rarely considers functional components of species traits or other types of biological data. We implemented a species distribution model (Maxent) to predict global climate habitat suitability for Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). We then tested the relationship between the degree of climate habitat suitability predicted by Maxent and the individual growth rates of both wild (N = 17) and stocked (N = 51) Grass Carp populations using correlation analysis. The Grass Carp Maxent model accurately reflected the global occurrence data (AUC = 0.904). Observations of Grass Carp growth rate covered six continents and ranged from 0.19 to 20.1 g day⁻¹. Species distribution model predictions were correlated (r = 0.5, 95% CI (0.03, 0.79)) with observed growth rates for wild Grass Carp populations but were not correlated (r = −0.26, 95% CI (−0.5, 0.012)) with stocked populations. Further, a review of the literature indicates that the few studies for other species that have previously assessed the relationship between the degree of predicted climate habitat suitability and species functional traits have also discovered significant relationships. Thus, species distribution models may provide inferences beyond just where a species may occur, providing a useful tool to understand the linkage between species distributions and underlying biological mechanisms.     

Simpson on species

Conclusion In summary, then, this discussion indicates one of the ways in which Simpson participated in the modern evolutionary synthesis by focusing on his developing concept of the species. In particular, we see him moving from species-as-types to species-as-populations, and next to how those populations, through organism-environment interactions, might give rise to new species, some of which rapidly lead to higher taxa.Simpson's participation in the creation of the modern synthesis is more generally evident here by his contribution to what V. B. Smocovitis has recently termed the quantification of evolution — the attachment of numbers to nature. Smocovitis rightly views such quantification as an essential ingredient for the formulation of the evolutionary synthesis; however, she neglects Simpson's role in this regard. As suggested here and demonstrated more fully elsewhere, Simpson's commitment to a positivistic philosophy often found expression in quantitative argumentation, even if the paleontological data upon which such arguments were based were limited in number and precision.     

Diaporthe amygdali,a species complex or a complex species?

Delimitation of species boundaries within the fungal genus Diaporthe has been challenging, but the analyses of combined multilocus DNA sequences has become an important tool to infer phylogenetic relationships and to circumscribe species. However, analyses of congruence between individual gene genealogies and the application of the genealogical concordance principle have been somehow overlooked. We noted that a group of species including D. amygdali, D. garethjonesii, D. sterilis, D. kadsurae, D. ternstroemia, D. ovoicicola, D. fusicola, D. chongqingensis and D. mediterranea, commonly known as D. amygdali complex, occupy a monophyletic clade in Diaporthe phylogenies but the limits of all species within the complex are not entirely clear. To assess the boundaries of species within this complex we employed the Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition principle (GCPSR) and coalescence-based models: General Mixed Yule-Coalescent (GMYC) and Poisson Tree Processes (PTP). The incongruence detected between individual gene phylogenies, as well as the results of coalescent methods do not support the recognition of lineages within the complex as distinct species. Moreover, results support the absence of reproductive isolation and barriers to gene flow in this complex, thus providing further evidence that the D. amygdali species complex constitutes a single species. This study highlights the relevance of the application of the GCPSR principle, showing that concatenation analysis of multilocus DNA sequences, although being a powerful tool, might lead to an erroneous definition of species limits. Additionally, it further shows that coalescent methods are useful tools to assist in a more robust delimitation of species boundaries in the genus Diaporthe.     

Multiple species effects and spatial autocorrelation in detecting species associations

Abstract. The traditional approach to the analysis of species association within a community, based upon co-occurrence in sampling units such as quadrats, has been to test all pairs of species, using a 2 × 2 contingency table for each pair. It has long been recognised that all these tests are not independent of each other, but there is an additional problem in that the association between any particular pair may depend on the combination of the other species that are present or on the environmental factors that determine that combination. We use a 2^k contingency table to examine this problem and find that pairwise associations are not independent of the other species. The second problem that we consider is the effect of spatial autocorrelation in the data which makes the statistical tests too liberal. In the absence of a derived solution for a deflation factor to correct the test statistic calculated from a 2^k table, we describe a Monte Carlo approach that provides an approximate solution to this problem. In our data the amount of deflation that is necessary for a 2^k table is small compared to the amount required for the 2 × 2 tables used to test pairwise association.     

Micropropagation of the rare species Stylidium coroniforme and other Stylidium species

The number of plants in the gazetted rare species Stylidium coroniforme was increased through micropropagation. A method was first developed using the common species S. brunonianum. It was found that for both species, rapid propagation could be obtained by excising shoots from sterile seedlings and inducing shoot proliferation on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1 M BAP. Rooting was achieved using 1 M IBA and over 100 plants of each species were successfully established in soil. Leaf pieces could also be used to initiate cultures. In media with 20–25 M BAP and 1–5 M IBA, leaf pieces of S. brunonianum, S. piliferum, S. caricifolium and S. crassifolium produced adventitious buds, thus providing another method of micropropagation.     

Ring species as demonstrations of the continuum of species formation

In the mid‐20th century, Ernst Mayr (1942) and Theodosius Dobzhansky (1958) championed the significance of ‘circular overlaps’ or ‘ring species’ as the perfect demonstration of the gradual nature of species formation. As an ancestral species expands its range, wrapping around a geographic barrier, derived taxa within the ring display interactions typical of populations, such as genetic and morphological intergradation, while overlapping taxa at the terminus of the ring behave largely as sympatric, reproductively isolated species. Are ring species extremely rare or are they just difficult to detect? What conditions favour their formation? Modelling studies have attempted to address these knowledge gaps by estimating the biological parameters that result in stable ring species (Martins et al. 2013), and determining the necessary topographic parameters of the barriers encircled (Monahan et al. 2012). However, any generalization is undermined by a major limitation: only a handful of ring species are known to exist in nature. In addition, many of them have been broken into multiple species presumed to be evolving independently, usually obscuring the evolutionary dynamics that generate diversity. A paper in this issue of Molecular Ecology by Fuchs et al. (2015), focused on the entire genealogy of a bulbul (Alophoixus) species complex, offers key insights into the evolutionary processes underlying diversification of this Indo‐Malayan bird. Their findings fulfil most of the criteria that can be expected for ring species (Fig.  1 ): an ancestor has colonized the mainland from Sundaland, expanded along the forested habitat wrapping around Thailand's lowlands, adjacent taxa intergrade around the ring distribution, and terminal taxa overlap at the ring closure. Although it remains unclear whether ring divergence has resulted in restrictive gene flow relative to that observed around the ring, their results suggest that circular overlaps might be more common in nature than currently recognized in the literature. Most importantly, this work shows that the continuum of species formation that Mayr and Dobzhansky praised in circular overlaps is found in biological systems currently described as ‘rings of species’, in addition to the idealized ‘ring species’.     

Trichoderma species for biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogens of pasture species

Soil-borne plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn), Pythium ultimum (Trow) and Sclerotinia trifoliorum (Eriks) can reduce grass and forage legume establishment. The potential for biocontrol of these pathogens by Trichoderma fungi was evaluated. Following dual culture assays, nine Trichoderma isolates (five of Trichoderma atroviride and one each of Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma virens) were chosen for assessment in pot experiments. In the presence of R. solani, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) emergence was increased by 60–150% by two isolates of T. atroviride and by 35–212% by the isolate of T. virens, with the increase depending on growing medium and amount of pathogen inoculum. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) emergence in the presence of S. trifoliorum was significantly increased by two T. atroviride isolates and the T. hamatum isolate. In the presence of P. ultimum, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) emergence was increased by 25–42% by one isolate of T. atroviride and the T. hamatum isolate. However, for all three pasture species, some Trichoderma isolates reduced seedling emergence. Seedling growth (shoot and root fresh weight/plant) of the three pasture species was significantly increased by one or more T. atroviride isolates. On the basis of these results for both disease reduction and growth promotion, four T. atroviride isolates were selected for field assessment as biocontrol agents of soil-borne pathogens of pasture species.     

Toxicity of venom of Asobara and Leptopilina species to Drosophila species

The Drosophila parasitoid Asobara japonica Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) has highly toxic venom that kills host larvae if its injection is not followed by an injection of lateral oviduct components along with egg‐laying. In the present study, the venoms of seven other Drosophila parasitoids (Asobara rossica, Asobara rufescens, Asobara pleuralis, Leptopilina heterotoma, Leptopilina japonica, Leptopilina ryukyuensis, and Leptopilina victoriae) are tested against three kinds of Drosophila species (i.e. Drosophila species that are suitable as host for focal parasitoids, those that are resistant to the parasitoids, and a cosmopolitan species, Drosophila simulans). Venoms of the three Asobara species are not toxic to any of Drosophila species, whereas those of the four Leptopilina species are toxic to some Drosophila species. The toxicity of venom varies among Leptopilina species, and the susceptibility to venom also varies among host Drosophila species. Furthermore, toxicity and paralytic effects of venom are not correlated. Because the toxicity of venom is not adaptive for parasitoids, it may be an inevitable side effect of some components that play an essential role in parasitism.     

Safety evaluation of four entomopathogenic nematode species against two silkworm species

Chinese oak silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) and mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) are economically important insects used for silk production and food resource. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from the families of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are beneficial organisms currently considered in biological control. In this paper, we evaluated survival of two silkworm species exposed to four Steinernema species which are widely applied in pest control. The results showed that among four Steinernema species, S. bicornutum and S. feltiae did not have an effect on the larval survival to the two silkworm species, whereas S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri did have an effect. Each Steinernema species poses no threat to hatchability of eggs, pupation rate, larval durations and cocoon shell ratio.     

森林群落物种组成对凋落物组成的影响

在海南铜鼓岭山麓灌木林和季雨矮林固定大样地的基础上,通过收集凋落物,比较两林型的凋落物数量及其器官组成、凋落叶物种组成,探讨森林群落物种组成与凋落物组成的关系。结果表明:(1)两林型的凋落物总量及其器官组成不同,山麓灌木林(6.227 t/hm~2)比季雨矮林的年凋落量大(5.636 t/hm~2);凋落叶是凋落物的主要组成部分,能反映凋落物的凋落情况。(2)山麓灌木林凋落物优势种和主要物种为贡甲、林仔竹、橄树等15个物种,凋落叶总量占77.72%;季雨矮林的凋落物优势种和主要物种为方枝蒲桃、肖蒲桃、贡甲等17个物种,凋落叶总量占71.84%;山麓灌木林中凋落物优势种和主要物种的叶凋落量与其组成物种的株数、总断面积、树冠面积极显著正相关而季雨矮林的凋落物优势种和主要物种的叶凋落量与其组成物种的株数极显著正相关。山麓灌木林中两者的Jaccard相似性系数为20%,季雨矮林为25.93%,两林型的群落物种组成与凋落叶物种组成不一致,热带森林群落优势种不一定是凋落物优势种。