幼驹获得的母体抗体及其对乙型脑炎活疫苗免疫的影响

1．幼驹能从乙脑活疫苗免疫的母马,获得先天性中和抗体。出生后1—3日采取的幼驹血清内中和抗体强度相当高,82．1％幼驹的血清中和指数达1,000以上。此种抗体随幼驹成长而逐步降低,但可持续4—5个月或更久。 2．幼驹从母体获得的被动性抗体,能抑制活疫曲免疫引起的免疫反应;而马匹自然获得的自动性抗体,对活疫苗的免疫反应却无抑制作用。 3．对先天性抵抗力的机制、先天性被动免疫从母体传递至子体的途径、先天性被动免疫对话疫苗负疫的影响,进行了讨论。     

被动免疫接种鸡蛋抗体防治人类和动物疾病研究现状和前景

利用口服特异性抗体,在人类和动物中建立其对各种病原体的被动免疫,已引起生物医药学界的极大关注.已知每一个鸡蛋的蛋黄含有100 mg以上的免疫球蛋白Y(IgY),同时,与来自哺乳动物血清的抗体比较,来自鸡蛋的抗体是一种更卫生和更经济的抗体来源.最近,IgY作为哺乳动物抗体的替代物,特别是在防治各种细菌和病毒时的口服被动免疫接种.     

禽流感特异性转移因子的制备及其免疫作用

目的制备禽流感病毒特异性转移因子并探讨其对禽流感灭活疫苗的免疫增效作用。方法用禽流感病毒H5N1血清亚型灭活疫苗免疫鸡,用国标血凝抑制方法检测病毒特异性血凝抑制抗体效价。当抗体效价达到高峰时,翅静脉采取外周血,分离淋巴细胞并制备细胞单层、传代后获得禽流感病毒H5N1血清亚型特异性转移因子。用所获得的特异性转移因子进行疫苗免疫增效试验。结果采用本法可获得禽流感病毒特异性转移因子。免疫增效试验表明,在进行禽流感病毒灭活疫苗免疫的同时使用禽流感病毒特异性转移因子,可在一定幅度内提高禽流感病毒抗体水平并能延长抗体维持时间。不同给药途径比较试验表明,口服途径给药的疫苗增效作用优于注射途径给药。结论通过淋巴细胞体外培养可以制备禽流感病毒特异性转移因子。禽流感病毒H5N1血清亚型特异性转移因子对禽流感病毒灭活疫苗具有明显的增效作用,且口服途径给药的疫苗免疫增效作用优于注射途径给药。     

大豆黄酮的对母猪免疫功能和血清及初乳中GH,PRL,SS水平的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对妊娠母猪及其仔猪的免疫功能和血清,初乳中生长激素、催乳素、生长抑素水平的影响,结果表明：１）大豆黄酮能明显提高母猪血清和初乳中特异性抗体的水平,表明母猪整体乳腺器官的体液免疫功能明显增强。２）通过对初乳的吸收,其新生仔猪血清中母源抗体水平明显对照组。３）母猪血清和初乳中ＧＨ、ＰＲＬ含量明显高于对照组,而血清ＳＳ含量显著低于对照组。本实验结果提示：垂体ＰＲＬ、ＧＨ和体内ＳＳ可能参与     

大豆黄酮对母猪免疫功能和血清及初乳中GH、PRL、SS水平的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对妊娠母猪及其仔猪的免疫功能和血清、初轧中生长激素（ＧＨ）、催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、生长抑素（ＳＳ）水平的影响，结果表明：１）大豆黄酮能明显提高母猪血清和初乳中特异性抗体（猪瘟抗体或溶血素）的水平，表明母猪整体和乳腺器官的体液免疫功能明显增强。２）通过对初乳的吸收，其新生仔猪血清中母源抗体水平明显高于对照组。３）母猪血清和初乳中ＧＨ、ＰＲＬ含量明显高于对照组，而血清ＳＳ含量显著低于对照组。本实验结果提示：垂体ＰＲＬ、ＧＨ和体内ＳＳ可能参与了大豆黄酮对猪免疫功能的调节过程。     

牛初乳饲喂初生仔兔试验

初乳不仅是动物幼仔的营养源,也是它们的抗体（免疫球蛋白）源（Ｏｒｌａｎｄｏ,１９９５）。大多数哺乳动物幼仔均须通过初乳来补充体内免疫球蛋白的不足。但是,在特殊情况下,可能又很难或根本得不到母乳喂养。这时,寻找合适的母乳替代品甚为关键。由于牛奶是最大的奶源,牛初乳中的免疫球蛋白含量较高,因此人们考虑把牛初乳作为其他动物的母乳替代品。有文献报道：新生仔猪或马驹均可吸收牛初乳中的免疫球蛋白,新生仔猪和马驹的小肠微绒毛具有非选择的吸收能力（Ｈｏｌｍｅｓ等,１９９１;Ｋｌｏｂａｓａ等,１９９０）。但是,这…     

CpG壳聚糖纳米颗粒对小鼠乙型肝炎疫苗免疫应答的影响

为探索高效安全的分子免疫增强剂,本实验设计合成含11个CpG基序的寡聚核苷酸(CpG ODN),制备壳聚糖纳米颗粒包裹CpG ODN,研究新型CpG ODN壳聚糖纳米颗粒(CpG-CNP)对人乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫佐剂效应.在肌注乙型肝炎疫苗免疫6周龄昆明小鼠的同时,肌注接种裸CpG ODN 30 pmol/只(A1组)和CpG-CNP 5 pmol/只(A2组),口服CpG-CNP 30 pmol/只(B组),并设生理盐水空白疫苗对照组(C组).在接种后每周采血,Sandwich ELISA检测实验小鼠IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IgG、IgA和IgM水平以及特异性抗体(HbsAb)含量和免疫细胞数量的变化.结果 发现各实验组小鼠的白细胞介素、血清免疫球蛋白、乙肝特异抗体和外周血免疫细胞均较对照组显著增多(P<0.05);CpG-CNP肌注组小鼠血液的免疫球蛋白、特异性乙肝表面抗体和白细胞介素含量、淋巴细胞和单核细胞数量较A1组和B组显著增加(P<0.05).CpG-CNP口服组与裸CpG肌肉注射组无显著差异(P＞0.05).这些表明CpG-CNP不仅能高效诱导小鼠对乙肝疫苗的体液免疫应答,同时也显著增强其细胞免疫应答;CNP包裹可提高CpG的免疫刺激效应,减少CpG剂量,提示新CpG-CNP肌注或口服可用于HBV的免疫预防.     

轮状病毒灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗序贯免疫的体液免疫应答效果

目的:评价采用轮状病毒灭活疫苗进行初始免疫,减毒活疫苗进行加强免疫的序贯免疫方案的体液免疫应答效果。方法:将实验小鼠随机分为4组(口服疫苗组、序贯疫苗组、口服对照组及序贯对照组),按相应方案免疫后,ELISA检测血清轮状病毒特异性IgG和IgA、肠道轮状病毒特异性IgA;微量中和实验检测血清病毒特异性中和抗体;同时采用ELISA分析口服活疫苗后病毒排出情况。结果:与对照组相比,序贯疫苗组小鼠产生的轮状病毒特异性血清IgG、IgA、中和抗体及肠道IgA水平显著升高。与口服疫苗组相比,序贯疫苗组的免疫方案诱发的轮状病毒特异性血清IgG、IgA、中和抗体水平显著升高,肠道IgA水平两组间没有显著差异。同时,与口服疫苗组相比,序贯疫苗组中轮状病毒灭活疫苗进行的初始免疫未影响第一次口服活疫苗后病毒的排出量和排出时间,但序贯疫苗组第二次口服活疫苗后病毒的排出量迅速减少,排毒时间快速缩短,与口服疫苗组第三次服苗后病毒的排出量和排出时间相似。结论: 轮状病毒灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗序贯免疫可有效诱发小鼠全身和黏膜局部的体液免疫应答,该方案将有可能成为轮状病毒疫苗临床应用的候选方案。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对家兔体液免疫功能的影响研究

本研究采用地衣芽孢杆菌制成微生态制剂,饲喂断奶后的家兔４０天,再用兔病毒性出血病（ＲＨＤ）组织灭活疫苗免疫,检测家兔产生的血清抗体对ＲＨＤ病毒的特异性血凝抑制价和血清免疫球蛋白的含量。结果,试验组家兔的血清抗体对ＲＨＤ病毒的特异性血凝抗体和血清免疫球蛋白含量均明显高于对照组。表明,地衣芽孢杆菌对家兔的体液免疫功能有促进作用,ＲＨＤ组织灭活疫苗与地衣芽孢杆菌制剂相结合较单独使用疫苗的效果更佳     

鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服微球疫苗特性分析及免疫效果研究

为制备并评价鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服微球疫苗的免疫效果,实验采用天然高分子聚合物海藻酸钠为疫苗载体,鲁氏耶尔森氏菌灭活疫苗为抗原,制备鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服疫苗。以拌料口服方式进行免疫,通过血清非特异免疫指标、抗体效价、免疫保护率等综合评价疫苗的免疫效果。结果表明,鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服微球疫苗成球性好,粒径均匀,粒径(8.761.73) m,跨距0.47,包封效率94.51%,具备良好的抗酸性、肠溶性及高安全性的特点。将疫苗免疫斑点叉尾,能显著提高斑点叉尾血清中溶菌酶活力、总超氧化物歧化酶活力(T-SOD)以及补体替代途径活性(ACH50);血清凝集效价于第5周达到峰值为1:8,至免疫后第8周仍能检测到特异性抗体;口服鲁氏耶尔森氏菌微球疫苗的斑点叉尾获得的抗鲁氏耶尔森氏菌相对免疫保护率为65.52%。综上所述,实验制备的鲁氏耶尔森氏菌口服微球疫苗能够对鲁氏耶尔森氏菌病起到较好的预防作用。       

Prenatal and lactational transmission of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum: experimental infection of the bitch before pregnancy

Breeding of five parasite-free and five experimentally infected (6000 Toxocara canis eggs orally and 2500 Ancylostoma caninum larvae subcutaneously) beagle bitches was done so that pairs of bitches (1 uninfected, 1 infected) whelped simultaneously. Pups born to an infected bitch were removed at birth and nursed by the paired uninfected bitch until 4 weeks of age when pups were necropsied to determine the number of parasites they had acquired prenatally from their infected mother. Pups born to the parasite-free bitch were nursed by the infected bitch until necropsied at 4 weeks of age to determine the number of parasites passed via the lactational route. Of 680 ascarids transmitted to pups by either route, 98.5% were transmitted prenatally and 1.5% lactationally. Transmission of 2746 hookworms to 22 pups occurred solely by the lactational route; prenatal transmission of this parasite did not occur in any of the 25 pups born to infected bitches.     

Prenatal and lactational transmission of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum: experimental infection of the bitch at midpregnancy and at parturition

The degree of prenatal transmission and both the degree and longevity of lactogenic transmission of Toxocara canis, and Ancylostoma caninum to pups were studied in Beagle bitches which were experimentally infected with both parasites at either mid-pregnancy or within 48 h following parturition. Pups born to infected bitches were removed at birth and raised by a surrogate parasite-free mother until 4 weeks of age when pups were necropsied to determine prenatal infections. At the beginning of each week of lactation, a new group of four parasite-free pups was placed with each infected bitch. After nursing an infected bitch for 1 week, each group was transferred to an uninfected bitch for at least 3 additional weeks of nursing after which the pups were necropsied to recover and tabulate parasites acquired lactationally from the infected bitch. When bitches were infected at mid-pregnancy, 95.5% of the ascarids were transmitted prenatally to their own off-spring and 4.5% of the asearids were transmitted lactationally to weekly rotated pups. Ascarids were transmitted via the milk during each of 5 weeks of lactation, with transmission of consistently higher numbers during weeks 1–3 than in weeks 4 and 5. Infection of bitches at parturition denied ascarids the prenatal route of transmission but resulted in greater numbers of ascarids being passed through the milk for each of 4 consecutive weeks of lactation. Transmission of hookworms was solely by the lactational route. With mid-pregnancy infections, a significantly higher number of hookworms (63.1 %) were transmitted during the first of 5 weeks of lactation; progressively fewer were passed in subsequent weeks. With infections at parturition, only 27.8% of hookworms were transmitted through the milk during the first week of nursing but large numbers were transferred in weeks 2 (36.9%) and 3 (26.7%). The quantity of parasites transmitted in the milk was not significantly different among weeks 1, 2 and 3.     

七氟醚对宫颈癌患者围术期炎性应激反应的影响

目的 研究七氟醚麻醉对宫颈癌患者围术期血清相关细胞因子的影响.方法 将组织学诊断为宫颈癌的患者90例,按手术时采用的麻醉药物的不同随机分为三组:第Ⅰ组患者为异丙酚组(Ⅰ组,n=30);第Ⅱ组患者为七氟醚组(Ⅱ组,n=30);第Ⅲ组患者为异丙酚+七氟醚组(Ⅲ组,n=30);观察麻醉前30 min,手术开始后1、2h,手术结束后1、24和48 h六个时点患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平的变化.结果 三组患者术后血清TNF-α、IL-8和IL-10水平与麻醉前值比较均升高(P＜0.01),一般在术后24 h达峰值.比较血清TNF-α、IL-8和IL-10浓度变化,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间差异无统计学意义,Ⅲ组抑制这三种细胞因子释放的能力明显强于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).结论 应用七氟醚或异丙酚进行麻醉维持在官颈癌手术中,两者控制炎性应激反应的作用类似;七氟醚联合异丙酚进行麻醉维持可更有效地降低术后炎性应激反应.     

犬细小病毒VP2亲水性编码区的表达与免疫原性分析

目的：探讨犬细小病毒VP2亲水性编码区的免疫原性,为进一步研究基因工程亚单位疫苗奠定基础。方法：利用蛋白质分析软件Protean对已克隆的犬细小病毒VP2基因序列进行分析,选择亲水性好、抗原性强的293-520位氨基酸区域（命名为VP2S）作为靶序列,然后以已有VP2序列作为模版通过PCR扩增的方法获得VP2S,将VP2S克隆入pQE-31载体获得pQE-31-VP2S;将pQE-31-VP2S的原核表达产物经Western-blotting确认后免疫小鼠,用血凝抑制试验测定抗体水平。结果：293～520位氨基酸区域的亲水性好、抗原性强;重组质粒pQE-31-VP2S可成功表达大约29KDa的能被CPV抗血清识别的VP2S;VP2S能诱导小鼠产生高滴度的血凝抑制（HI）抗体（25）。结论：VP2S具有较强的免疫原性,能作为基因工程亚单位疫苗进行开发研究。     

Fatal experimental transplacental Babesia gibsoni infections in dogs

A Babesia gibsoni infected bitch was mated with an uninfected dog in order to determine whether this parasite could be vertically transmitted. The bitch delivered a litter of four live and one stillborn pup. The four pups died from congenital babesiosis between 14 and 39 days post-birth. Babesia gibsoni DNA was detected in tissue from all five pups. These results show that vertical transmission occurred by the uterine route and not via the transmammary route. This is the first confirmed report of transplacental Babesia infection in any animal species.     

Evaluation of lactogenic immunity to canine parvovirus in pups

Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) transferred to pups through colostrum and milk are known as lactogenic immunity. In this report, we describe the kinetics of transfer of lactogenic immunity to canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) from two bitches (A and B) to their offspring. At day 7 before parturition, bitches A and B had high serum antibody titers, which decreased rapidly within a few hours after parturition, in concomitance with the appearance of high HI titers in colostrum. Subsequently, the serum antibodies of the two dogs increased again, reaching approximately the initial titers. CPV-specific antibodies were observed in milk, with decreasing values, throughout the lactation period. The kinetics of MDA observed in the pups was consistent with the patterns of absorption and decline previously described.     

Antigenic studies of a VH fragment: demonstration of three sets of antigens, idiotypic, VH subgroup, and VH framework-specific antigens.

The antigenic properties of the VH region of immunoglobulin heavy chains were studied by means of a fragment corresponding to the variable part of the heavy chain of an IgG3 myeloma protein (KUP) and an antiserum made against this fragment. By hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, and immunofluorescence techniques, it was shown that the anti-VH antiserum detected three sets of antigens in the VH region, namely idiotypic antigens, VH subgroup-specific antigens, and VH domain-(framework) specific antigens. The VH fragment inhibited in a VHII subgroup-specific hemagglutination inhibition test system. The VH fragment was thus antigenically similar to the tvh region found in the intact molecules and the light chains were not needed to express the VH subgroup antigens or the VH framework antigens.     

Prevention of in vitro fertilization of canine oocytes by anti-ovary antisera: a potential approach to fertility control in the bitch

Antisera raised against canine ovaries were found to induce light scattering of the surface of the egg zona pellucida even when diluted 10,000 times, and to delay digestion of the zona by pronase. High concentrations of antiserum were required, however, to inhibit in vitro fertilization of the oocytes. Absorption of the antisera with canine ovaries removed these effects, whereas absorption with liver, uterus and serum did not. These results demonstrate the antigenicity of the canine ovary and suggest the plausibility of an anti-zona pellucida vaccine for bith control in the bitch.     

Thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism upon the reproductive performance of female rats.

L-Thyroxine (L-T4) was injected into mature rats daily at levels of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 mug/100 g body weight through estrous cycling, conception, pregnancy, parturition and 20 days of lactation. Mothers which lactated to 20 days were killed and mammary glands measured for DNA and RNA content. Those which were not able to maintain their pups were killed on the day when all pups died. Estrous cycling and pregnancy were not markedly effected by exogenous L-T4 at levels 3-96 times the normal thyroxine secretion rate in rats. After parturition the mothers on L-T4 above 12 mug did not allow the pups to suckle. As a result the pups died within 2-7 days after birth. Levels of L-T4 from 3 to 12 mug allowed lactation to progress, but survival of pups to day 20 of lactation was significantly lower than in the normal control group. The results of this study indicate that high levels of L-T4 inhibit mammary growth and mild secretion. This, in turn, results in the loss of pups, probably through depletion of prolactin as a result of higher metabolic rate due to hyperthyroidism.     

Fertile estrus induced in bitches by bromocryptine, a dopamine agonist: a clinical trial

The dopamine agonist bromocryptine, probably through amplifying gonadotroph (mainly FSH) secretion, was found to be suitable for provoking fertile estrus during the anestrous phase in bitches without functional cycles and/or ovarian activity. We studied estrus induction in 48 bitches after treatment with semisynthetic ergot alkaloid bromocryptine. For habituation a fractional dose of 0.3 mg/bitch was administered for three days followed by larger doses within the range of 0.6 to 2.5 mg/bitch by selecting dose rates on the basis of individual responsiveness and body weight. The long-term daily bromocryptine dose did not exceed 0.6 mg/bitch and 2.5 mg/bitch in small and large sized bitches, respectively. Gradual habituation and individual dose rates have almost completely eliminated the unwanted side effect of emesis. The period between treatment and onset of estrus varied but the average was 19 days. After the onset of estrus bromocryptine administration was usually continued for another 3 to 6 days. Occurrences of estrus, ovulation and pregnancy were monitored by cytological evaluation of vaginal epithelium, rapid ELISA for plasma progesterone and ultrasonography, respectively. Samples for progesterone were taken on Days 7, 9, 12 and 15 and sonograms of ovarian follicles and of fetuses were taken on Days 0, 22 and 35. The bitches involved in the study either regular or irregular cycles. Bromocryptine treatment induced estrus in all of the bitches including 40 of 48 (83%) with ovulation within a regular estrus and 6 of 48 (12.5%) that showed estrus but did not ovulate. Mating or artificial insemination of bitches in their fertile periods twice at two day intervals resulted in an 83% pregnancy rate (40 cases) and 39 (97.5%) of them gave birth to puppies. However, the average litter size was small with 4.8 +/- 1.6 pups.