H7亚型禽流感病毒概述

自2002年以来,全球报道的人感染H7亚型禽流感病毒病例超过100人,波及荷兰、意大利、加拿大、美国以及英国等国家。人感染H7亚型禽流感病毒的临床表现由结膜炎至轻微的上呼吸道疾病,甚至是肺炎。2013年3月31日,中国报道了上海市和安徽省两地共3例H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIVs)感染死亡病例。由于从家禽中分离到的H7亚型流感病毒不断增加,而且H7亚型AIVs感染人所导致的严重的临床症状,因此该亚型流感病毒对人类健康造成严重威胁,所以我们必须提高对H7亚型AIVs的认识,并要加强人群和动物中流感病毒的持续监测以及疫苗和药物的研究,以应对可能由于H7亚型AIVs引起的流感大流行。     

禽流感病毒与人禽流感的研究进展

禽流感病毒(AIV)与甲型流感病毒同属正黏病毒科(Orthonuxoviridae).迄今根据血凝素H,共有16个亚型,神经氨酸酶N共有9个亚型,可组成144种亚型.虽然H1～16均存在于禽中,但迄今已报道可直接感染人的AIV为H5、H7、H9及H10.其中1997年香港特区流行的亚型是H5N1,有18例患者,6例死亡.1999、2000、2004年在中国内地及香港特区感染人的AIV主要是H9N2亚型.有报道,H7N2、H7N3、H7N7、H10N7亚型分别曾在荷兰、美国、加拿大、埃及感染人,但病例数少,且未有患者死亡.     

猪流感病毒在世界范围内的流行情况及公共卫生意义

猪流感病毒(Swine influenza virus, SIV)是引起猪的急性呼吸道疾病的重要原发病原之一, 常常与其他病原体混合感染造成更严重的损害。目前, 猪流感(Swine influenza, SI)已遍布美洲、亚洲、欧洲和非洲, 是规模化养猪场普遍存在且难以根除的群发性疾病。猪在流感病毒的种间传播和遗传进化中起着重要的作用, 猪可被禽流感病毒和人流感病毒感染, 因此, 猪被认为是人、禽和/或猪流感病毒通过基因重排产生新的亚型流感病毒的“混合器”。SIV不仅危害猪群, 而且同时具有感染人和禽的潜力。目前世界范围内猪群中流行的SIV亚型主要有3种：H1N1、H3N2和H1N2, 其中包括古典H1N1、类禽H1N1、类人H3N2、基因重排的H3N2和多基因型的H1N2亚型。研究表明, 禽流感病毒、人H3N2亚型病毒和古典猪H1N1亚型病毒在我国猪群中共存, 为产生含有禽流感病毒基因片段的重排病毒创造了条件, 这将对养猪业以及人类公共卫生都具有潜在的威胁。     

猪流感病毒在世界范围内的流行情况及公共卫生意义

猪流感病毒(Swine influenza virus,SIV)是引起猪的急性呼吸道疾病的重要原发病原之一,常常与其他病原体混合感染造成更严重的损害.目前,猪流感(Swine influenza,SI)已遍布美洲、亚洲、欧洲和非洲,是规模化养猪场普遍存在且难以根除的群发性疾病.猪在流感病毒的种间传播和遗传进化中起着重要的作用,猪可被禽流感病毒和人流感病毒感染,因此,猪被认为是人、禽和/或猪流感病毒通过基因重排产生新的亚型流感病毒的"混合器".SIV不仅危害猪群,而且同时具有感染人和禽的潜力.目前世界范围内猪群中流行的SIV亚型主要有3种:H1N1、H3N2和H1N2,其中包括古典H1N1、类禽H1N1、类人H3N2、基因重排的H3N2和多基因型的H1N2亚型.研究表明,禽流感病毒、人H3N2亚型病毒和古典猪H1N1亚型病毒在我国猪群中共存,为产生含有禽流感病毒基因片段的重排病毒创造了条件,这将对养猪业以及人类公共卫生都具有潜在的威胁.     

高致病性A(H5N6)亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列测定方法的建立

建立以Sanger测序方法为基础的新型A(H5N6)亚型禽流感病毒全基因组扩增方法。从GenBank和Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data(GISAID)下载近五年H5亚型流感病毒的HA基因序列,N6亚型流感病毒的NA基因序列,以及H5N1和H9N2亚型流感病毒内部6个基因序列,每个基因序列分别进行比对,在相对保守区域设计用于分段扩增的引物,共32对,选用3株病例分离病毒及6株环境分离病毒对引物进行验证。优化后的32对引物能够有效地扩增9株H5N6亚型禽流感病毒,其中3株病例分离病毒的扩增产物条带单一,无非特异扩增。6株环境标本分离病毒扩增产物中,个别反应有非特异扩增产物。建立了一种能够获得高致病性H5N6亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列的Sanger测序方法,该方法简单、快速,为新型H5N6亚型禽流感病毒的进化分析提供了基础。     

高致病性A(H5N6)亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列测定方法的建立北大核心CSCD

建立以Sanger测序方法为基础的新型A(H5N6)亚型禽流感病毒全基因组扩增方法。从GenBank和Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data(GISAID)下载近五年H5亚型流感病毒的HA基因序列,N6亚型流感病毒的NA基因序列,以及H5N1和H9N2亚型流感病毒内部6个基因序列,每个基因序列分别进行比对,在相对保守区域设计用于分段扩增的引物,共32对,选用3株病例分离病毒及6株环境分离病毒对引物进行验证。优化后的32对引物能够有效地扩增9株H5N6亚型禽流感病毒,其中3株病例分离病毒的扩增产物条带单一,无非特异扩增。6株环境标本分离病毒扩增产物中,个别反应有非特异扩增产物。建立了一种能够获得高致病性H5N6亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列的Sanger测序方法,该方法简单、快速,为新型H5N6亚型禽流感病毒的进化分析提供了基础。     

禽流感病毒H9N2在人肺组织的复制

禽流感病毒H9N2亚型在多种陆禽流行并反复感染哺乳动物猪和人,其对公共卫生安全呈潜在巨大威胁。本文应用体外禽流感病毒H9N2亚型感染人肺组织和免疫组化实验,探讨禽流感病毒H9N2亚型跨种间感染人的机制、H9N2病毒在人肺组织复制特性及组织嗜性。结果显示,禽流感病毒H9N2亚型(Ck/GX/1875/04、Ck/GX/187/05)和季节性人流感病毒H3N2亚型(A/ST/602/05)均可感染人肺组织;免疫组化检测流感病毒核蛋白(Nucleoprotein,NP),病毒复制的主要靶细胞为肺泡细胞、呼吸细支气管上皮细胞和细支气管上皮细胞;免疫组化和免疫荧光双重染色法检测流感病毒感染肺泡类型,禽流感病毒H9N2亚型感染II型肺泡细胞。结果提示,禽流感病毒H9N2可适应宿主人以及在人肺上皮细胞有效复制,病毒持续感染人有助于病毒基因进化进而演变成大流行新型流感病毒的潜能。     

H7亚型禽流感病毒与禽类和人类的关系

2013年在中国首次发生了H7N9亚型流感病毒感染人事件,已经证实H7N9型禽流感是一种新型禽流感,是全球首次发现感染人类的新亚型流感病毒,以往这种病毒只在野生鸟类存在和传播。H7N9型禽流感病毒属于H7亚型中的一种,全球感染人的H7亚型病毒主要分为两大支系,即北美支系和欧亚支系,感染人的流感亚型也主要集中在H7N7,H7N3,H7N2等亚型上。为了清晰的了解H7亚型病毒的来龙去脉,本文重点讨论了A亚型流感病毒的宿主分布、H7亚型病毒感染禽类和人类的历史、H7亚型病毒的生物学特性以及未来研究展望。     

猪流感病毒概述

猪流感(Swine influenza,SI)是由甲型流感病毒引起的猪急性呼吸道传染病,不仅给养猪业带来了极大的危害,还严重危害人类健康,因此引起全球公共卫生的关注。猪对哺乳动物流感病毒和禽流感病毒都易感,被认为是二者之间进行基因重配和跨种传播的重要中间宿主,也是产生引起人类流感大流行毒株的重要来源。目前全球猪群中流行的流感病毒以H1N1、H3N2以及H1N2亚型为主,但各地流行的猪流感病毒(Swine influenza viruses,SIVs)谱系或基因节段的来源均有差异。北美地区近期暴发的猪流感三源重配H3N2/H1N2亚型变异株感染人的事件再次提醒我们要密切关注SIV对公共卫生的威胁。因此,监测和研究甲型流感病毒在全球猪群中的流行动态对于大流行应对是非常重要的。     

H3亚型鸭源流感病毒聚合酶PB1基因的序列分析

目的阐明H3亚型鸭流感病毒与其他亚型流感病毒的关系。方法对活禽市场分离的3株H3N8亚型鸭源流感病毒聚合酶PB1基因进行了序列分析。结果3株鸭源H3N8流感病毒聚合酶PB1基因核苷酸同源性为99.9%,与H9N2亚型流感病毒(DK/ST/2143/00)的同源性为96.31%~96.44%,而与H3N8亚型鸭流感病毒(Mal/Alberta/279/98)为88.65%~88.79%。系统进化树分析表明,本实验中的3株病毒属于相同的分支,且与A/duck/Hong Kong/Y439为代表的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒位于一进化分支,说明三株H3N8亚型流感病毒重排了H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的基因片段。结论不同亚型禽流感病毒在贮存宿主体内的重排以及重排病毒的新特点如鸭H3N8亚型流感病毒对禽的致病性,应当引起我们的高度重视。     

Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian-Origin H3N2 Canine Influenza A Virus Isolated in Farmed Dogs in Southern China

We report here the complete genomic sequence of an avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza A virus containing multiple mutations in farmed dogs in southern China. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of all eight viral RNA segments demonstrated that these are wholly avian influenza viruses of the Asia lineage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies transmission of an avian H3N2 influenza virus to domestic farm dogs under natural conditions in Southern China. The amino acid information provided herein suggests that continued study is required to determine if this virus could be established in the farm dog population and pose potential threats to public health.     

Viral replication and innate host responses in primary human alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages infected with influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses

Highly pathogenic influenza H5N1 virus continues to pose a threat to public health. Although the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the H5N1 virus have not been fully defined, it has been suggested that cytokine dysregulation plays an important role. As the human respiratory epithelium is the primary target cell for influenza viruses, elucidating the viral tropism and innate immune responses of influenza H5N1 virus in the alveolar epithelium may help us to understand the pathogenesis of the severe pneumonia associated with H5N1 disease. Here we used primary cultures of differentiated human alveolar type II cells, alveolar type I-like cells, and alveolar macrophages isolated from the same individual to investigate viral replication competence and host innate immune responses to influenza H5N1 (A/HK/483/97) and H1N1 (A/HK/54/98) virus infection. The viral replication kinetics and cytokine and chemokine responses were compared by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We demonstrated that influenza H1N1 and H5N1 viruses replicated productively in type II cells and type I-like cells although with different kinetics. The H5N1 virus replicated productively in alveolar macrophages, whereas the H1N1 virus led to an abortive infection. The H5N1 virus was a more potent inducer of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines than the H1N1 virus in all cell types. However, higher levels of cytokine expression were observed for peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages than for alveolar macrophages in response to H5N1 virus infection. Our findings provide important insights into the viral tropisms and host responses of different cell types found in the lung and are relevant to an understanding of the pathogenesis of severe human influenza disease.     

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infections in Shanghai, China

Background

Avian origin canine influenza virus was reported in Korea. The dog to dog contact transmission of the avian origin canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 and CIV H3N8 was shown by experimental contact transmission. This study was focused on viral excretion and fever in order to elucidate the epidemiological associations which might be helpful to control the disease transmissions in CIV outbreak in dogs.

Methods

An influenza seronegative 10-week-old Beagle dog was experimentally inoculated with the canine influenza virus A/canine/01/2007, subtype H3N2. Eight hours after inoculation, the infected dog was cohoused with seven uninfected Beagle dogs. Clinical signs including fever were recorded for 14 days post inoculation.

Results

The infected dog and four of seven contact dogs in the study showed clinical signs (sneezing, nasal discharge and coughing) during the study. Viral shedding occurred in all of the animals tested and began on 1 to 6 DPI in dogs with clinical signs. Elevated body temperatures above 39.5°C (geometric mean temperature of 39.86°C±0.49) were observed in all symptomatic dogs. The mean viral titer during fever was 2.99 log EID₅₀/ml, which was significantly higher than the viral titer detected in the non fever.

Conclusions

The data show that contact dogs with a canine influenza infected dog shed different levels of virus in their nasal excretions and demonstrate that clinical signs, including fever, significantly correlate with the viral shedding.     

A/H1N1流感—世界关注的焦点

2009年4月,A/H1N1流感在墨西哥和美国暴发。随后,疫情迅速蔓延到美洲、欧洲、亚洲多个国家。A/H1N1流感病毒是一种以前在人或动物身上从未观测到的新病毒。遗传进化和抗原特性分析表明该病毒和猪流感病毒密切相关,与人类的季节性流感病毒有明显区别。但是流行病学信息表明A/H1N1流感病毒只攻击人类,并在人与人之间传播,尚未发现动物向人类传播的情况。本文从A/H1N1流感病毒的生物学特性、临床特征、公共卫生意义等方面全面阐述了A/H1N1流感的最新研究进展,为正确认识和科学防控A/H1N1流感提供参考。     

Heterosubtypic antibody response elicited with seasonal influenza vaccine correlates partial protection against highly pathogenic H5N1 virus

Background

The spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in human remains a global health concern. Heterosubtypic antibody response between seasonal influenza vaccine and potential pandemic influenza virus has important implications for public health. Previous studies by Corti et al. and by Gioia et al. demonstrate that heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies against the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus can be elicited with a seasonal influenza vaccine in humans. However, whether such response offers immune protection against highly pathogenic H5N1 virus remained to be determined.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In this study, using a sensitive influenza HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) pseudotype-based neutralization (PN) assay we first confirmed that low levels of heterosubtypic neutralizing antibody response against H5N1 virus were indeed elicited with seasonal influenza vaccine in humans. We then immunized mice with the seasonal influenza vaccine and challenged them with lethal doses of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. As controls, we immunized mice with homosubtypic H5N1 virus like particles (VLP) or PBS and challenged them with the same H5N1 virus. Here we show that low levels of heterosubtypic neutralizing antibody response were elicited with seasonal influenza vaccine in mice, which were significantly higher than those in PBS control. Among them 2 out of 27 whose immune sera exhibited similar levels of neutralizing antibody response as VLP controls actually survived from highly pathogenic H5N1 virus challenge.

Conclusions/Significance

Therefore, we conclude that low levels of heterosubtypic neutralizing antibody response are indeed elicited with seasonal influenza vaccine in humans and mice and at certain levels such response offers immune protection against severity of H5N1 virus infection.     

重组虎源H5N1流感病毒HA基因犬2型腺病毒的构建与实验免疫研究

H5N1流感病毒可以对虎和猫产生致死性感染,为研制可用于预防猫科动物流感的新型疫苗,构建了重组虎源H5N1流感病毒HA基因的犬2型腺病毒。将A/Tiger/Harbin/01/2003(H5N1)的HA基因克隆入pVAX1载体中,然后将含有HA基因的表达盒(CMV HA PolyA)克隆入pVAXΔE3的SSPⅠ酶切缺失处,获得含有HA表达盒的穿梭载体pΔEHA。用SalⅠ NruⅠ分别对pΔEHA和pPoly-2-CAV2进行双酶切,将含有HA表达盒的SalⅠ NruⅠ片段克隆入pPoly2-CAV2,获得了在E3区缺失处插入HA表达盒的重组质粒pCAV-2/HA。释放CAV-2/HA重组基因组转染MDCK细胞,获得了重组活病毒CAV2/HA,经Western blot分析表明重组表达产物可被流感病毒HA单克隆抗体3A13所识别。使用该重组病毒免疫猫可以产生效价为1∶8~1∶16的抗H5亚型流感病毒血凝抑制抗体。     

Recently emerged swine influenza A virus (H2N3) causes severe pneumonia in Cynomolgus macaques

The triple reassortant H2N3 virus isolated from diseased pigs in the United States in 2006 is pathogenic for certain mammals without prior adaptation and transmits among swine and ferrets. Adaptation, in the H2 hemagglutinin derived from an avian virus, includes the ability to bind to the mammalian receptor, a significant prerequisite for infection of mammals, in particular humans, which poses a big concern for public health. Here we investigated the pathogenic potential of swine H2N3 in Cynomolgus macaques, a surrogate model for human influenza infection. In contrast to human H2N2 virus, which served as a control and largely caused mild pneumonia similar to seasonal influenza A viruses, the swine H2N3 virus was more pathogenic causing severe pneumonia in nonhuman primates. Both viruses replicated in the entire respiratory tract, but only swine H2N3 could be isolated from lung tissue on day 6 post infection. All animals cleared the infection whereas swine H2N3 infected macaques still presented with pathologic changes indicative of chronic pneumonia at day 14 post infection. Swine H2N3 virus was also detected to significantly higher titers in nasal and oral swabs indicating the potential for animal-to-animal transmission. Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and IFNγ were significantly increased in swine H2N3 compared to human H2N2 infected animals supporting the previously published notion of increased IL-6 levels being a potential marker for severe influenza infections. In conclusion, the swine H2N3 virus represents a threat to humans with the potential for causing a larger outbreak in a non-immune or partially immune population. Furthermore, surveillance efforts in farmed pig populations need to become an integral part of any epidemic and pandemic influenza preparedness.     

Avian influenza viruses infect primary human bronchial epithelial cells unconstrained by sialic acid α2,3 residues

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are an important emerging threat to public health. It is thought that sialic acid (sia) receptors are barriers in cross-species transmission where the binding preferences of AIV and human influenza viruses are sias α2,3 versus α2,6, respectively. In this study, we show that a normal fully differentiated, primary human bronchial epithelial cell model is readily infected by low pathogenic H5N1, H5N2 and H5N3 AIV, which primarily bind to sia α2,3 moieties, and replicate in these cells independent of specific sias on the cell surface. NHBE cells treated with neuraminidase prior to infection are infected by AIV despite removal of sia α2,3 moieties. Following AIV infection, higher levels of IP-10 and RANTES are secreted compared to human influenza virus infection, indicating differential chemokine expression patterns, a feature that may contribute to differences in disease pathogenesis between avian and human influenza virus infections in humans.     

Pre-existing heterosubtypic immunity provides a barrier to airborne transmission of influenza viruses

Human-to-human transmission of influenza viruses is a serious public health threat, yet the precise role of immunity from previous infections on the susceptibility to airborne infection is still unknown. Using the ferret model, we examined the roles of exposure duration and heterosubtypic immunity on influenza transmission. We demonstrate that a 48 hour exposure is sufficient for efficient transmission of H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. To test pre-existing immunity, a gap of 8–12 weeks between primary and secondary infections was imposed to reduce innate responses and ensure robust infection of donor animals with heterosubtypic viruses. We found that pre-existing H3N2 immunity did not significantly block transmission of the 2009 H1N1pandemic (H1N1pdm09) virus to immune animals. Surprisingly, airborne transmission of seasonal H3N2 influenza strains was abrogated in recipient animals with H1N1pdm09 pre-existing immunity. This protection from natural infection with H3N2 virus was independent of neutralizing antibodies. Pre-existing immunity with influenza B virus did not block H3N2 virus transmission, indicating that the protection was likely driven by the adaptive immune response. We demonstrate that pre-existing immunity can impact susceptibility to heterologous influenza virus strains, and implicate a novel correlate of protection that can limit the spread of respiratory pathogens through the air.     

Vaccination against Human Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Prevents the Induction of Heterosubtypic Immunity against Lethal Infection with Avian Influenza A/H5N1 Virus

Annual vaccination against seasonal influenza viruses is recommended for certain individuals that have a high risk for complications resulting from infection with these viruses. Recently it was recommended in a number of countries including the USA to vaccinate all healthy children between 6 and 59 months of age as well. However, vaccination of immunologically naïve subjects against seasonal influenza may prevent the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against potentially pandemic strains of an alternative subtype, otherwise induced by infection with the seasonal strains.Here we show in a mouse model that the induction of protective heterosubtypic immunity by infection with a human A/H3N2 influenza virus is prevented by effective vaccination against the A/H3N2 strain. Consequently, vaccinated mice were no longer protected against a lethal infection with an avian A/H5N1 influenza virus. As a result H3N2-vaccinated mice continued to loose body weight after A/H5N1 infection, had 100-fold higher lung virus titers on day 7 post infection and more severe histopathological changes than mice that were not protected by vaccination against A/H3N2 influenza.The lack of protection correlated with reduced virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses after A/H5N1 virus challenge infection. These findings may have implications for the general recommendation to vaccinate all healthy children against seasonal influenza in the light of the current pandemic threat caused by highly pathogenic avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses.