黑龙江小麦春化和光周期主要基因组成分析

选取黑龙江省小麦品种126份,对其春化和光周期基因型及农艺性状进行研究。结果表明,春化和光周期基因位点显性等位变异组合在黑龙江省小麦中分布频率明显不同。含有显性基因组合Vrn-A1/Vrn-D1的分布频率最高,为26.2%,其次是显性基因Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1和Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Vrn-D1,分布频率分别为23.8%和23.0%,最低的是Vrn-B1基因,分布频率为0.8%,Vrn-B3位点在黑龙江小麦中不存在显性等位变异。光周期基因Ppd-D1位点的检测结果表明,53个小麦品种携带有Ppd-D1a基因型,表明光钝型小麦占42%,73个品种携带Ppd-D1b基因型,表明光敏型小麦占58%。结合田间性状调查分析春化和光周期基因对农艺性状的影响,发现在黑龙江省小麦品种中,光周期基因型对小麦的抽穗期有影响,Ppd-D1a的抽穗期比Ppd-D1b的抽穗期提前1~5d;春化和光周期基因等位变异组合对苗期习性有影响。     

河南小麦新品种的春化基因型鉴定

为了了解河南省最新培育小麦品种春化基因的等位变异状况,本研究利用分子标记技术对河南省新培育的50份冬小麦新品系(种)的春化基因Vrn-A1、Vrn-B1、Vrn-D1和Vrn-B3位点的等位变异组成进行了鉴定和分析。结果表明,所有参试小麦品种的Vrn-B3位点基因型均表现为隐性,48份小麦品种的Vrn-A1和Vrn-B1位点基因为隐性,42份小麦品种的Vrn-D1位点基因为隐性,说明隐性基因在河南小麦中占据主导地位。其中,豫农2019、豫农2020、豫农2071、国麦301、平安08-8、百农69、囤麦3698、08漯33共8个小麦品种的Vrn-D1位点基因均为显性的Vrn-D1a类型。小麦品系豫农2053和豫农3052的Vrn-A1和Vrn-B1位点的春化基因均表现为缺失,进一步研究表明,这2份小麦新品系仍能正常开花,但开花期比对照周麦18分别晚1d和2d,因此Vrn-A1和Vrn-B1并非小麦开花的必需基因。本研究将为黄淮麦区广适、高产小麦新品种的选育和推广提供参考。     

九个春化作用特性不同的小麦品种中VRN1基因的组成和特性分析

采用序列特异性PCR扩增技术,分析9个春化特性不同品种小麦春化基因VRN1在A、B和D基因组中等位基因的显隐性组成特性的结果表明:小麦品种'辽春15'中春化基因VRN1的A、B和D等位基因均为显性;小麦品种'新春2号'只在A基因组中为显性;小麦品种'豫麦18'的D基因组中为显性;'郑麦9023'和'新冬18'两个品种的B基因组中为显性;'周麦18'、'豫麦49-198'、'京841'和'肥麦'4个品种的A、B和D等位基因均为隐性.     

4个春性基因型小麦品种与‘京841’杂交F_1代的表型分析

选用4个具有不同显性春化基因型的小麦品种与冬性小麦品种‘京841’进行杂交实验,通过显性春化基因特异性PCR分析技术鉴定杂交F1代植株,并分析4个杂交组合的正反交F1代植株表型特性。结果显示,各显性春化基因已经导入到各杂交F1代植株中,且其苗穗期受显性春化基因的控制而有效缩短;3个杂交组合的F1代穗粒数在正反交之间存在显著差异,推测穗粒数受细胞质遗传因素的影响较大,其中以‘新春2号’和‘豫麦18’分别为母本和父本与‘京841’杂交后F1代的穗粒数表现出较强的杂种优势,4个杂交组合的F1代千粒重均表现出较强的杂种优势。     

小麦春化发育的分子调控机理研究进展

春化发育特性是小麦品种的重要性状,直接影响着小麦品种的种植范围和利用效率.本文就小麦春化相关基因的发现,以及对春化相关基因VRN1、VRN2和VRN3的克隆、表达特性以及春化发育分子调控机理方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)中Yr26基因的SSR检测

选用与Yr26紧密连锁的SSR标记Xgwm11和Xgwm18结合田间抗性鉴定,对239份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)进行检测,以明确Yr26基因在黄淮麦区小麦品种资源中的分布.结果表明:共有35份品种(系)含有与Yr26紧密连锁的SSR标记Xgwm18或Xgwm11的特征带,占检测样本的14.6%.在这35份材料中,31份田间抗性鉴定表现免疫至中抗,4份表现中感.分子标记检测与田间抗病性检测吻合度较好,该标记可以用于Yr26基因的分子标记辅助选择.综合分子标记和田间鉴定,31份小麦(系)含有Yr26基因,占102份抗病材料的30.39%.     

河南省16个主栽小麦品种抗叶锈基因分析

为了明确河南省小麦品种的抗叶锈性及抗叶锈基因的分布,为小麦品种推广与合理布局、叶锈病防治及抗病育种提供依据,本研究利用2015年采自河南省的5个小麦叶锈菌流行小种混合菌株,对近几年河南省16个主栽小麦品种进行了苗期抗性鉴定,然后选用12个小麦叶锈菌生理小种对这些品种进行苗期基因推导,同时利用与24个小麦抗叶锈基因紧密连锁(或共分离)的30个分子标记对该16个品种进行了抗叶锈基因分子检测。结果显示,供试品种苗期对小麦叶锈菌混合流行小种均表现高度感病;基因推导与分子检测结果表明,供试品种可能含有Lr1、Lr16、Lr26和Lr30这4个抗叶锈基因,其中先麦8号含有Lr1和Lr26;郑麦366和郑麦9023含有Lr1;西农979和怀川916含有Lr16;中麦895、偃展4110、郑麦7698、平安8号、众麦1号、周麦16、衡观35和矮抗58含有Lr26;周麦22中含有Lr26,还可能含有Lr1和Lr30;豫麦49-198和洛麦23可能含有本研究中检测以外的其他抗叶锈基因。因此,河南省主栽小麦品种的抗叶锈基因丰富度较低,今后育种工作应注重引入其他抗叶锈性基因,提高抗叶锈性,有效控制小麦叶锈病。     

山东省12个主栽小麦品种(系)抗叶锈性分析

本研究旨在明确山东省12个小麦主栽品种(系)抗叶锈性及抗叶锈基因,为小麦品种推广与合理布局、叶锈病防治及抗病育种提供依据。利用2015年采自山东省的5个小麦叶锈菌流行小种的混合小种对这些材料进行苗期抗性鉴定,然后选用15个小麦叶锈菌生理小种对这些品种(系)进行苗期基因推导,并利用与24个小麦抗叶锈基因紧密连锁(或共分离)的30个分子标记对其进行抗叶锈基因分子检测。结果显示,山东省12个主栽小麦品种(系)苗期对该省2015年的5个小麦叶锈菌混合流行小种均表现高度感病。通过基因推导与分子检测发现,济南17含有Lr16,矮抗58和山农20含有Lr26,其余济麦系列、烟农系列、良星系列等9个品种(系)均未检测到所供试标记片段。此外,本研究还对山东省3个非主栽品种进行了检测,结果发现,中麦175含有抗叶锈基因Lr1和Lr37,含有成株抗性基因;皖麦38只检测到Lr26,济麦20未检测到所供试标记片段。综合以上结果,山东省主栽小麦品种(系)所含抗叶锈基因丰富度较低,尤其不含有对我国小麦叶锈菌流行小种有效的抗锈基因,应该引起高度重视,今后育种工作应注重引入其他抗叶锈基因,提高抗叶锈性。     

黄淮海地区不同冬春性小麦抗冻能力及冻害指标Ⅰ.隆冬期不同冬春性小麦抗冻能力比较

通过两年室外盆栽和室内人工控制试验,建立了不同冬春性小麦品种死苗率与低温的定量关系,确定了隆冬期不同冬春性小麦品种死苗率达10%、20%和50%的临界低温以及抗冻能力密度.结果表明： 强冬性小麦品种抗冻能力最强,半致死温度最低（燕大1817为-21.5 ℃,京411为-21.2 ℃）,其次是冬性品种（农大211为-21.1 ℃,农大5363为-20.3 ℃）和弱冬性品种（郑366为-18.5 ℃,平安8号为-18.4 ℃）,春性品种抗冻能力最弱（郑9023为-15.4 ℃,偃展4110为-14.7 ℃）.当温度降低到冬小麦冻害发生临界温度后,温度每降低1 ℃,弱冬性小麦（郑366和平安8号）死苗率增量最大,分别增加16.8%和25.8%,冬性小麦（农大211和农大5363）死苗率分别增加14.7%和18.9%,强冬性小麦（燕大1817和京411）死苗率分别增加15.4%和13.1%,春性小麦（郑9023和偃展4110）死苗率分别增加13.8%和15.1%,说明冻害发生后若持续降温,弱冬性品种遭受冻害风险更大.     

普通小麦品种农大399抗白粉病基因SSR和AFLP-SCAR分子标记

小麦白粉病是由布氏禾白粉菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici)引起,在小麦生产上发生最广泛的世界性病害之一。普通小麦品种农大399(系谱为Torino/2*2552//9516/3/5*石4185)是利用"滚动式加代回交转育"育成的高产、抗白粉病新品种。利用农大399和高感白粉病小麦品种石4185进行杂交,获得农大399/石4185的F1、F2分离群体和F2:3家系。对F1、F2分离群体和F2:3家系进行了苗期抗白粉病鉴定和遗传分析,结果表明:农大399对白粉菌生理小种E09的抗性受l对显性基因控制,暂命名为MlND399。通过BSA和分子标记分析,获得了与MlND399连锁的1个SSR标记Xcfd81和2个AFLP-SCAR标记SCAR203和SCAR112。其中MlND399与Xcfd81的遗传距离为0.2 cM,与SCAR203的遗传距离为1.0 cM,与SCAR112的遗传距离为1.2 cM。根据SSR标记在中国春缺体-四体、双端体和缺失系中的定位结果,将MlND399定位在小麦染色体臂5DSBin 0.67～0.78区间上。根据对抗白粉病基因的染色体定位结果,推测MlND399是Pm2基因。这些与MlND399连锁分子标记为利用农大399的抗白粉病基因进行抗病基因聚合和分子标记辅助选择育种奠定了基础。     

The Characterization and Geographical Distribution of the Genes Responsible for Vernalization Requirement in Chinese Bread Wheat

The frequency and distribution of the major vernalization requirement genes and their effects on growth habits were studied.Of the 551 bread wheat genotypes tested,seven allelic combinations of the three Vrn.1 genes were found to be responsible for the spring habit,three for the facultative habit and one for the winter habit.The three Vrn-1 genes behaved additively with the dominant allele of Vrn-A1 exerting the strongest effect.The allele combinations of the facultative genotypes and the discovery of spring genotypes with "winter" allele of Vrn-1 implied the presence of as yet unidentified alleles/genes for vernalization response.The dominant alleles of the three Vrn-1 genes were found in all ten ecological regions where wheat Is cultivated in China,with Vrn-D1 as the most common allele in nine and Vrn-A1 in one.The combination of vrn-A 1vrnB 1Vrn-D1 was the predominant genotype in seven of the regions.Compared with landraces,improved varieties contain a higher proportion of the spring type.This was attributed by a higher frequency of the dominant Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 alleles in the latter.Correlations between Vrn-1 allelic constitutions and heading date,spike length,plant type as well as cold tolerance were established.     

Molecular characterization of vernalization response genes in Canadian spring wheat.

Vernalization response (Vrn) genes play a major role in determining the flowering/maturity times of spring-sown wheat. We characterized a representative set of 40 western Canadian adapted spring wheat cultivars/lines for 3 Vrn loci. The 40 genotypes were screened, along with 4 genotypes of known Vrn genes, using previously published genome-specific polymerase chain reaction primers designed for detecting the presence or absence of dominant or recessive alleles of the major Vrn loci: Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1. The dominant promoter duplication allele Vrn-A1a was present in 34 of 40 cultivars/lines, whereas the promoter deletion allele Vrn-A1b was present in only 1 of the western Canadian cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. 'Rescue') and 2 of its derivative chromosomal substitution lines. The intron deletion allele Vrn-A1c was not present in any line tested. Only 4 of the western Canadian spring wheat cultivars tested here carry the recessive vrn-A1 allele. The dominant allele of Vrn-B1 was detected in 20 cultivars/lines. Fourteen cultivars/lines had dominant alleles of Vrn-A1a and Vrn-B1 in combination. All cultivars/lines carried the recessive allele for Vrn-D1. The predominance of the dominant allele Vrn-A1a in Canadian spring wheat appears to be due to the allele's vernalization insensitivity, which confers earliness under nonvernalizing growing conditions. Wheat breeders in western Canada have incorporated the Vrn-A1a allele into spring wheats mainly by selecting for early genotypes for a short growing season, thereby avoiding early and late season frosts. For the development of early maturing cultivars with high yield potential, different combinations of Vrn alleles may be incorporated into spring wheat breeding programs in western Canada.     

Genetics of flowering time in bread wheat <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis>: complementary interaction between vernalization-insensitive and photoperiod-insensitive mutations imparts very early flowering habit to spring wheat

Time to flowering in the winter growth habit bread wheat is dependent on vernalization (exposure to cold conditions) and exposure to long days (photoperiod). Dominant Vrn-1 (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) alleles are associated with vernalization independent spring growth habit. The semidominant Ppd-D1a mutation confers photoperiod-insensitivity or rapid flowering in wheat under short day and long day conditions. The objective of this study was to reveal the nature of interaction between Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1a mutations (active alleles of the respective genes vrn-1 and Ppd-D1b). Twelve Indian spring wheat cultivars and the spring wheat landrace Chinese Spring were characterized for their flowering times by seeding them every month for five years under natural field conditions in New Delhi. Near isogenic Vrn-1 Ppd-D1 and Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a lines constructed in two genetic backgrounds were also phenotyped for flowering time by seeding in two different seasons. The wheat lines of Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1a, Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Ppd-D1a and Vrn-A1a Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1a (or Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a) genotypes flowered several weeks earlier than that of Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1 Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1b, Vrn-A1b Ppd-D1b and Vrn-D1 Ppd-D1b (or Vrn-1 Ppd-D1b) genotypes. The flowering time phenotypes of the isogenic vernalization-insensitive lines confirmed that Ppd-D1a hastened flowering by several weeks. It was concluded that complementary interaction between Vrn-1 and Ppd-D1a active alleles imparted super/very-early flowering habit to spring wheats. The early and late flowering wheat varieties showed differences in flowering time between short day and long day conditions. The flowering time in Vrn-1 Ppd-D1a genotypes was hastened by higher temperatures under long day conditions. The ambient air temperature and photoperiod parameters for flowering in spring wheat were estimated at 25°C and 12 h, respectively.     

The relationship between vernalization requirement and frost tolerance in substitution lines of wheat

Two sets of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) substitution lines for the homoeologous group 5 chromosomes, 5A, 5B and 5D, carrying vernalization genes (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1) were used to study the relationship between vernalization requirement and winter survival, with respect to the induction and maintenance of frost tolerance. Substitution lines carrying dominant Vrn loci substituted from the spring cultivars Zlatka (5A), Chinese Spring (5D) and the alternative cultivar eská Pesívka (5B) into three different winter wheat backgrounds, Vala, Koútka and Zdar, showed lower winter survival by 20, 36, and 41 % for substitutions of 5B, 5A and 5D, respectively, compared to the original winter cultivars. Reciprocal substitution lines between two winter cultivars Mironovskaya 808 and Bezostaya 1 carrying different recessive alleles, vrn-A1, vrn-B1, vrn-D1, did not exhibit a modified induction of frost tolerance, but the duration of good frost tolerance, as well as the ability to survive the whole winter, was changed. In accordance with the model suggesting that genes for vernalization act as a master switch regulating the duration of frost tolerance, substitutions of homoeologous group 5 chromosomes induced, at first, frost tolerance at a level equal to the parental cultivar, and then, relative to the different extent of saturation of vernalization requirement, they gradually lost both frost tolerance and their ability to re-induce significant frost tolerance with a drop in temperature following warm periods in the winter.     

Cold hardiness of wheat near-isogenic lines differing in vernalization alleles

Four major genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with the dominant alleles designated Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, and Vrn4, are known to have large effects on the vernalization response, but the effects on cold hardiness are ambiguous. Near-isogenic experimental lines (NILs) in a Triple Dirk (TD) genetic background with different vernalization alleles were evaluated for cold hardiness. Although TD is homozygous dominant for Vrn-A1 (formerly Vrn1) and Vrn-B1 (formerly Vrn2), four of the lines are each homozygous dominant for a different vernalization gene, and one line is homozygous recessive for all four vernalization genes. Following establishment, the plants were initially acclimated for 6 weeks in a growth chamber and then stressed in a low temperature freezer from which they were removed over a range of temperatures as the chamber temperature was lowered 1.3°C h^–1. Temperatures resulting in no regrowth from 50% of the plants (LT₅₀) were determined by estimating the inflection point of the sigmoidal response curve by nonlinear regression. The LT₅₀ values were –6.7°C for cv. TD, –6.6°C for the Vrn-A1 and Vrn4 lines, –8.1°C for the Vrn-D1 (formerly Vrn3) line, –9.4°C for the Vrn-B1 line, and –11.7°C for the homozygous recessive winter line. The LT₅₀ of the true winter line was significantly lower than those of all the other lines. Significant differences were also observed between some, but not all, of the lines possessing dominant vernalization alleles. The presence of dominant vernalization alleles at one of the four loci studied significantly reduced cold hardiness following acclimation.     

Segregation analysis of heading traits in hexaploid wheat utilizing recombinant inbred lines

The purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic segregation of heading traits in wheat using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of hexaploid wheat, derived from Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring and T. spelta var. duhameliamum. The population was examined under controlled environmental conditions as well as in the field. This strategy differentiated the effect of three genetic factors (vernalization requirement, photoperiod sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness) and identified their interactions. Correlation analysis showed that photoperiod sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness are critical for heading time in the field. Single-marker analysis using 322 molecular markers segregating among RIL detected a total of 38 linked markers for each genetic factor and heading in the field. In interval analysis, two Vrn genes (Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) and Ppd-B1 were mapped on chromosomes 5B, 5D and 2B, respectively. It was noticed that Vrn-B1 on 5B from the spelt wheat conferred a strong-spring habit equivalent to the homologous Vrn-A1. Quantitative trait locus analysis also showed that Ppd-B1 was not detected under the short-day condition without vernalization treatment, and that there were two types of genes for photoperiod sensitivity, dependent on and independent of vernalization treatment.     

Interactive effects of multiple vernalization (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vrn-1</Emphasis>)- and photoperiod (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ppd-1</Emphasis>)-related genes on the growth habit of bread wheat and their association with heading and flowering time

Background

The precise identification of Winterness/Springness (growth habit) for bread wheat, which is determined by genes involved in vernalization and photoperiod, will contribute to the effective utilization of bread wheat varieties. Here, 198 varieties from the Yellow and Huai wheat production region (YHW) in China were collected to identify their vernalization (Vrn-1) and photoperiod (Ppd-1) gene composition via a series of functional markers and their association with vernalization and photoperiod requirements at three locations during two years of experiments. The growth habits were measured during the spring sowing season.

Results

The results showed that the semi-winter varieties (grades1–4) were most prevalent in the population. The relative effects of single Vrn alleles on the growth period, such as heading date (HD) and/or flowering date (FD), were as follows: Vrn-B1b?>?Vrn-B1a?>?Vrn-D1b?>?Vrn-D1a?>?vrn-D1?=?vrn-B1. The interactive effects of Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 on HD and FD were identical to those of Vrn-B1b. Approximately 35.3% of the cultivars carried Ppd-B1a (photoperiod-insensitive) and exhibited the earliest HD and FD. The Ppd-D1a-insensitive allele (Hapl II) was carried by just 0.5% of the varieties; however, the other two sensitive alleles were present at a higher frequency, and their effects were slightly weaker than those of Ppd-B1a. In addition, strong interactive effects between Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 were detected. In terms of mean values among various genotypes, the effects followed the order of Vrn-1?>?Ppd-1.

Conclusions

According to the results of ANOVA and least significant range (LSR) tests, we can conclude that Vrn-1 rather than Ppd-1 played a major role in controlling vernalization and photoperiod responses in this region. This research will be helpful for precisely characterizing and evaluating the HD, FD and even growth habit of varieties in the YHW at molecular levels.

     

Effects of an intercultivaral chromosome substitution on winterhardiness and vernalization in wheat

During a study on the genetic control of winterhardiness in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. group aestivum), a gene that affected vernalization was found on chromosome 3B in the winter wheat cultivar `Wichita.' When chromosome 3B from Wichita was substituted into the winter wheat cultivar `Cheyenne,' the resultant substitution line exhibited a spring growth habit. This is unusual since a cross between the cultivars Wichita and Cheyenne results in progeny that exhibit the winter growth habit. The F(2) plants from a cross of the 3B substitution line to Cheyenne, the recipient parent, segregated 3:1 for heading/no heading response in the absence of vernalization (χ(2) = 2.44). Earliness of heading appeared to be due to an additive effect of the 3B gene as shown by the segregation ratio 1:2:1 (early heading-later heading-no heading) (χ(2) = 2.74). This vernalization gene differs from previously described vernalization genes because, while dominant in a Cheyenne background, its expression is suppressed in Wichita. The gene may have an effect on winter hardiness in Wichita. In a field test for winter survival the 3B substitution line had only 5% survival, while Wichita and Cheyenne had 50 and 80% survival, respectively. No other substitution line significantly reduced winter survival. The difference between Wichita and Cheyenne in winterhardiness may be due to the vernalization gene carried on the 3B chromosome.     

Vrn-D4 is a vernalization gene located on the centromeric region of chromosome 5D in hexaploid wheat

Natural variation in wheat requirement of long exposures to cold temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization) is mainly controlled by the Vrn-1, Vrn-2, Vrn-3, and Vrn-4 loci. The first three loci have been well characterized, but limited information is available for Vrn-4. So far, natural variation for Vrn-4 has been detected only in the D genome (Vrn-D4), and genetic stocks for this gene are available in Triple Dirk (TDF, hereafter). We detected heterogeneity in the Vrn-1 alleles present in different TDF stocks, which may explain inconsistencies among previous studies. A correct TDF seed stock from Japan carrying recessive vrn-A1, vrn-B1, and vrn-D1 alleles was crossed with three different winter cultivars to generate F₂ mapping populations. Most of the variation in flowering time in these three populations was controlled by a single locus, Vrn-D4, which was mapped within a 1.8 cM interval flanked by markers Xcfd78 and Xbarc205 in the centromeric region of chromosome 5D. A factorial ANOVA for heading time using Vrn-D4 alleles and vernalization as factors showed a significant interaction (P < 0.0001), which confirmed that the Vrn-D4 effect on flowering time is modulated by vernalization. Comparison of the different Triple Dirk stocks revealed that Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, and Vrn-D4 all have a small residual response to vernalization, but Vrn-D4 differs from the other two in its response to short vernalization periods. The precise mapping and characterization of Vrn-D4 presented here represent a first step toward the positional cloning of this gene.