三裂叶野葛毛状根的培养及其葛根素的产生

发根农杆菌ATCC15834感染三裂叶野葛叶片外植体20天后,从其切口叶脉处产生的愈伤组织上产生毛状根。感染35天后约85%的叶片外植体产生毛状根。毛状根能在无外源生长调节剂的MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长,但在液体培养基中培养的毛状根生长更迅速,也不会形成愈伤组织。毛状根线粒体膜电势的荧光染色结果表明,液体培养的毛状根细胞线粒体的膜电势比固体培养的毛状根高11.8倍。PCR结果证实,发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolB和rolC基因已在三裂叶野葛毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达。HPLC测定结果表明,三裂叶野葛毛状根中的葛根素含量约为对照根(种子萌发产生的幼苗根)的2.5倍,达1.190 mg/g.dry.wt;并比多年生葛根生药片的葛根素含量高6.7%。     

蔗糖浓度对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及其次生物质产生的影响

本文研究了蔗糖浓度对发根农杆菌ATCC15834诱导产生的三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及其葛根素和异黄酮类化合物产生的影响以及液体培养基中蔗糖的消耗变化.结果表明毛状根在含5%、4%、3%和2%蔗糖的MS培养基中培养16天后的干重增殖倍数分别为11.7、11.9、10.1和5.9;其中尤以3%的蔗糖浓度最有利于毛状根中异黄酮类化合物及葛根素的积累;培养12天后,毛状根的葛根素含量达到最高,约5.147mg/g DW;而其异黄酮类化合物的含量则在培养16天后达到最高,约27.76mg/g DW.在毛状根液体培养过程中培养基的蔗糖浓度随着毛状根的生长而降低,其消耗速率与毛状根的生长速度及其可溶性总糖含量成正比.毛状根的可溶性总糖含量在培养12天时达到最高,而培养16天后培养基中的蔗糖消耗完毕.     

三裂叶野葛毛状根的诱导及其固体培养和液体培养

发根农杆菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes）ATCC15834感染三裂叶野葛(Pueraria phaseoloides)叶片外植体20 d后产生毛状根,毛状根可直接从叶片外植体叶脉处或从叶脉处产生的愈伤组织上产生。感染35d后,约85%的叶片外植体产生毛状根。毛状根能在无外源生长调节剂的 MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长。PCR扩增结果表明,发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolB和rolC基因已在三裂叶野葛毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达。与固体培养的毛状根相比,在液体培养基中培养的毛状根不仅生长迅速,也不会形成愈伤组织。在无外源生长调节剂的液体MS培养基中培养15d的三裂叶野葛毛状根的鲜重、干重、可溶性总糖含量及细胞内活性氧(ROS)含量分别为固体培养毛状根的1.59倍、1.18倍、5.25倍和1.16倍。     

三裂叶野葛毛状根的生长及其培养基营养物质的消耗变化

研究了发根农杆菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes）ATCC15834遗传转化产生的三裂叶野葛（Pueraria phaseoloides）毛状根在液体培养过程中生长及其部分营养物质消耗的关系．结果表明：三裂叶野葛毛状根液体培养0～4d内处于生长迟滞期、8～16d为快速生长期、16d后进入生长平台期．培养基的PO4^2-、硝态氮和铵态氮在毛状根液体培养过程中被逐渐吸收和消耗,培养16d时培养基中的PO4^3-被消耗殆尽,其浓度仅为培养基起始PO4^3-浓度的0．26％;培养基的铵态氮和硝态氮则在培养20d时才消耗殆尽;而培养基中的Ca^2＋浓度在培养过程中逐渐降低．但在培养20d时仍未被完全消耗,其浓度约为起始浓度的30．5％．培养基的pH值随培养时间的延长而不断降低,培养20d后pH值由5．62降低到4．09;而毛状根的颜色也随培养基pH值的降低和培养时间的延长逐渐由白色变成浅黄色和浅褐色．该结果为今后设计合适的培养基以开展野葛毛状根的大规模液体培养来生产葛根素提供了可能性．     

蔗糖和光对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及次生物质产生的影响

研究了蔗糖浓度和光对固体培养的三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及其总异黄酮和葛根素产生的影响。结果表明：在供试的分别添加1%、3%、5%、7%和9%蔗糖的MS固体培养基中,3%蔗糖能促进三裂叶野葛毛状根的生长及其异黄酮类化合物和葛根素的积累;培养20d后,其生物量达到0.48g(DW,干重)/瓶,总异黄酮和葛根素含量分别为25.44mg/g(DW)和11.64mg/g(DW)。与添加3%蔗糖的MS培养基培养的三裂叶野葛毛状根相比,含5%蔗糖的培养基培养的毛状根干重增殖倍数提高了7.0％,而含1％、7％和9％蔗糖的培养基培养的毛状根干重增殖倍数分别下降62.4％、42.8％和65.3％;其总异黄酮含量分别降低574％、13％和33.4％,葛根素含量分别下降47.9％、15.8％和35.1％,但其毛状根培养物的可溶性糖含量则分别增加了0.52、1.45和1.54倍。暗培养30d的毛状根的生物量达到0.83g(DW)/瓶,分别比蓝光和白光培养的毛状根提高37.1%和23.3%。在蓝光和白光下培养的部分毛状根的表面呈淡绿色;但白光处理的毛状根中总异黄酮含量比蓝光和暗培养处理的分别提高了14.7%和19.2%;蓝光抑制毛状根中葛根素含量的积累,白光和暗培养的毛状根培养物中的葛根素含量分别是蓝光处理的1.61倍和1.52倍。     

硒对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

本文研究硒(Se)对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,低浓度亚硒酸钠(0~0.5 mg/L)可促进毛状根生长及异黄酮的生物合成,而高浓度亚硒酸钠抑制其生长和异黄酮的积累,且浓度愈高抑制作用愈强。此外,硒可促进可溶性蛋白的生物合成,亚硒酸钠浓度愈高促进作用愈明显;硒还可降低毛状根中SOD活性,提高POD活性,降低MDA含量。说明硒对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长和抗氧化酶活性有重要的调节作用。     

蔗糖浓度对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及其次生物质产生的影响

本文研究了蔗糖浓度对发根农杆菌ATCC15834诱导产生的三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及其葛根素和异黄酮类化合物产生的影响以及液体培养基中蔗糖的消耗变化。结果表明：毛状根在含5％、4％、3％和2％蔗糖的MS培养基中培养16天后的干重增殖倍数分别为11．7、11．9、10．1和5．9;其中尤以3％的蔗糖浓度最有利于毛状根中异黄酮类化合物及葛根素的积累;培养12天后,毛状根的葛根素含量达到最高,约5．147mg／gDW;而其异黄酮类化合物的含量则在培养16天后达到最高,约27．76mg／gDW。在毛状根液体培养过程中培养基的蔗糖浓度随着毛状根的生长而降低,其消耗速率与毛状根的生长速度及其可溶性总糖含量成正比。毛状根的可溶性总糖含量在培养12天时达到最高,而培养16天后培养基中的蔗糖消耗完毕。     

发根农杆菌对短叶红豆杉的转化及毛状根中紫杉醇的产生

发根农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ）Ａ４（ＡＴＣＣ３１７８９）感染短叶红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓｂｒｅｖｉｆｏｌｉａ）芽外植株,３０～３５ｄ后可诱导出毛状根,４０ｄ后转化率可达３０％,毛状根经农杆碱单克隆抗体酶联免疫分析,证明已被转化,毛状根生长速度较快,５株毛状根在无激素的Ｂ５液体培养基中悬浮培养２ｄ生物量平均增加约９倍,是同等条件下短叶红豆杉愈伤组织液体悬浮培养的２．９倍。经紫     

何首乌毛状根培养及其活性成分的产生

利用发根农杆菌LBA940 2诱导药用植物何首乌产生毛状根。PCR扩增和Southern印迹杂交实验证实发根农杆菌中Ri质粒的T-DNA片段已整合进入植物核基因组中。经过基本培养基的筛选和毛状根生长动力学的考察 ,确立了何首乌毛状根在MS培养基中的最佳继代时间为 30d左右。HPLC实验测定结果显示 ,毛状根培养物中大黄酸的含量是原植物的 2 85倍     

商陆毛状根的诱导、培养及其皂甙的产生

发根农杆菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes）R1601 感染商陆叶片外植体1周后,在其切口处产生毛状根,20d后产生毛状根的外植体比例达70%;毛状根可直接从叶片外植体叶脉处或从叶脉处产生的愈伤组织上产生。毛状根能在无激素的 MS培养基上自主生长,其呼吸速率比对照根提高85.6%。冠瘿碱检测和PCR扩增结果表明,发根农杆菌RiTDNA的冠瘿碱合成酶基因及其Ri质粒的rol 基因均已在商陆毛状根基因组中得到表达。毛状根中总皂甙含量约为自然根的154倍,但其多糖含量则仅为非转化根的70%。     

Scale-up production of puerarin from hairy roots of Pueraria phaseoloides in an airlift bioreactor

Hairy roots of the Chinese herb, Pueraria phaseoloides, obtained from leaf explants and transformed with the Agrobacterium rhizogenes, were cultured in 2.5 l airlift bioreactors for three weeks. Puerarin accumulated at 5,570 microg g(-1) dry wt, which is near 200 times as much as in 250 ml flask cultures. In addition, puearin was exuded into the nutrient medium at final concentrations higher than in the hairy roots themselves.     

Genetic transformation<Emphasis Type="Italic"> of Pueraria phaseoloides </Emphasis>with<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Agrobacterium rhizogenes</Emphasis> and puerarin production in hairy roots

An efficient transformation system for the medicinal plant Pueraria phaseoloides was established by using agropine-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. Hairy roots could be obtained directly from the cut edges of petioles of leaf explants or via callus 10 days after inoculation with the bacteria. The highest frequency of explant transformation by A. rhizogenes ATCC15834 was about 70% after infection for 30 days. Hairy roots could grow rapidly on solid, growth regulator-free Murashige and Skoog medium and had characteristics of transformed roots such as fast growth and high lateral branching. Paper electrophoresis revealed that bacteria-free hairy roots of P. phaseoloides could synthesize agropine and mannopine. The polymerase chain reaction amplification of rooting locus genes showed that left-hand transferred DNA of the root inducing plasmid of A. rhizogenes was inserted into the genome of transformed P. phaseoloides hairy roots. The content of puerarin in hairy roots reached a level of 1.190 mg/g dry weight and was 1.067 times the content in the roots of untransformed plants.     

三裂叶野葛种子的休眠及萌发（简报）

２０mg.L^-1激动素（ＫＴ）浸种的三裂叶野葛种子萌发效果最佳,萌发率达７５％,用石英砂研靡破种皮后,再以２０mg.L^-1ＫＴ浸种的三裂叶野葛种子的萌发率达到９５％,提早５d萌发。根据种子抑制物实验的结果认为,三裂叶野葛种子的种皮和种仁中可能存在抑制种子萌发的物质。     

High forskolin production in hairy roots of Coleus forskohlii

Hairy roots of Coleus forskohlii were induced by infection with the Agrobacterium rhizogenes MAFF 03-01724 strain. Growth and forskolin production of two hairy root clones cultured in various liquid media were examined. Hairy root clone B9 grew well in woody plant liquid medium and showed a high forskolin yield (ca. 1.3 mg/ 100 ml flask) after 5 weeks of culture. The time course of growth and forskolin production of the clone B9 cultured in woody plant liquid medium was also examined. Rapid growth started at week 2 and continued until week 5. The highest forskolin yield (ca. 1.6 mg/100 ml flask) was obtained at week 5. Productivity was much higher than that previously reported. Received: 19 June 1997 / Revision received: 6 October 1997 / Accepted: 18 October 1997     

Psoralen production in hairy roots and adventitious roots cultures of Psoralea coryfolia

Psoralea corylifolia is an endangered plant producing various compounds of medical importance. Adventitious roots and hairy roots were induced in cultures prepared from hypocotyl explants. Psoralen content was evaluated in both root types grown either in suspension cultures or on agar solidified medium. Psoralen content was ~3 mg g⁻¹ DW in suspension grown hairy roots being higher than in solid grown hairy roots and in solid and suspension-grown adventitious roots.     

Enhanced production of recombinant human gastric lipase in turnip hairy roots

Somatic embryogenesis is a reliable and important tool, and the relevant genes controlling this process act as vital roles through the whole development of somatic embryos. However, regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in Chinese chestnut has been impeded and its molecular mechanism is not known. Therefore, firstly we described a protocol for somatic embryo initiation, development, maturation and germination. Embryogenic calli were obtained in embryo initiation medium containing 1.8 μM 2,4-D and 1.1 μM 6-BA, and then were transferred to embryo development medium without any hormones for at least 4 weeks, until cotyledonary embryos appeared. Next, the somatic embryos were transferred to embryo maturation medium containing Gamborg’s B-5 Basal Salt Mixture with 0.5 μM NAA and 0.5 μM 6-BA for 3 weeks. Finally, these mature embryos were germinated in embryo germination medium consisting of WPM with 0.5 μM NAA and 0.5 μM 6-BA, resulting in shoot regeneration with a 2.1% conversion rate. Additionally, eight embryogenesis-related genes were identified, and the expression profiles of these genes during embryogenesis were analyzed via quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The CmSERK, CmLEC1, CmWUS and CmAGL15 genes exhibited high expression in the initial embryo stages, which inferred that these genes played key roles during the initiation of embryogenesis. Studies on embryogenesis-related genes will provide an insight for further elucidating molecular mechanism during somatic embryogenesis of Chinese chestnut. Furthermore, the successful establishment of a somatic embryo regeneration system for Chinese chestnut will lay a significant foundation for a stable genetic transformation system and genetic improvement.     

Arabidopsis thaliana hairy roots for the production of heterologous proteins

To evaluate the ability of Arabidopsis thaliana hairy roots to produce heterologous proteins, hypocotyls were transformed with Rhizobium rhizogenes harbouring a green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) fused to a plant signal peptide sequence. Hairy root transgenic lines were generated from wild-type or mutant genotypes. A line secreted GFP at 130 mg/l of culture medium. Unlike as was previously found with turnip hairy roots, a His-tag was still attached to approximately 50?% of the protein. Control of the pH and addition of a protease inhibitor to the culture medium resulted in up to 87?% of the GFP retaining the His-tag. A. thaliana hairy roots expressing the human serpina1 (α-1-antitrypsin) gene secreted the protein, which was visible on a PAGE gel. Protein activity in the culture medium was demonstrated using an elastase inhibition assay. A. thaliana hairy roots can now be considered for the production of heterologous proteins, making it possible to mine the numerous genetic resources for enhancing protein production and quality.