白木通种子油的理化特性及制备生物柴油的研究

以白木通种子为实验材料,索氏提取法提取种子油,GC-MS测定脂肪酸组成,国标法测定理化性质,运用响应面法对碱催化白木通种子油酯交换制备生物柴油工艺进行优化。结果表明:白木通种子油含有5种脂肪酸,其中油酸含量最高,硬脂酸次之。白木通种子油的得率、含水量、碘值、酸值、皂化值、过氧化值、凝固点、闪点和冷滤点分别为32.76%、0.36%、67.89 g/100 g、8.85 mg KOH/g、235.03 mg KOH/g、47.08 mmol/kg、-12℃、215℃和-7℃。优化的生物柴油制备工艺为:反应时间80 min,醇油摩尔比6.7∶1,催化剂用量1.3%(按反应体系总质量计算)。白木通种子含油率高,可作为藤本油料作物开发利用。     

野生与栽培乌拉尔甘草不同部位甘草酸含量分析

采用超声提取法结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)对黑龙江省西部野生与栽培乌拉尔甘草不同部位的甘草酸含量进行测定,结果表明:超声方法提取甘草酸是便捷、有效的方法之一,最佳提取条件为50%甲醇提取液,超声提取45m in。甘草地下部分甘草酸含量较高,野生甘草的甘草酸含量主根 > 横根茎 > 不定根 > 垂根茎;栽培甘草则为不定根 > 主根 > 横根茎;总体上看地上部分甘草酸含量是微量的,其中叶的甘草酸含量相对较多,地上茎、种子等器官甘草酸含量较低。无论野生甘草还是栽培甘草, 10月份甘草地下部分甘草酸含量大于5月份,并且这种差别在栽培甘草中表现更明显。人工管理措施对甘草酸含量具有较大影响,野生甘草和栽培甘草经过土壤翻松和良好的田间管理模式反而使甘草酸含量下降,按种植农作物模式对栽培甘草进行管理对提升甘草酸含量效果不佳,给予一定的环境胁迫可以提高甘草酸的含量。在黑龙江省西部,野生甘草主根在1.0~2.0 m深度为甘草酸含量分布较高的部位;栽培甘草主根甘草酸含量随土壤深度的增加而增加,其根尾的甘草酸含量最高,表明栽培甘草主根尚未伸长到其甘草酸含量最高的土壤深度。     

响应面法优选知母须根总黄酮提取工艺及其解热作用研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究知母须根总黄酮(TF)最佳超声提取工艺及其解热作用。在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面法研究乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取次数、料液比等四个因素对总黄酮提取量的影响,根据拟合的数学模型确定最佳提取工艺。以干酵母致热大鼠为动物模型,通过测定大鼠血清中TNF-α、PGE-2、IL-6、AVP的含量研究其解热作用。知母须根总黄酮最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度为70%,提取时间40 min,液料比为50 m L/g,提取次数2次。解热实验表明知母须根总黄酮提取物可显著降低发热大鼠模型体温及血清、下丘脑中TNF-α、PGE-2、IL-6的含量,升高发热大鼠模型血清及下丘脑中AVP的含量。本研究表明知母须根总黄酮具有一定的解热作用,本文可为知母须根开发利用提供参考依据。     

响应面法优选知母须根总黄酮提取工艺及其解热作用研究

为了研究知母须根总黄酮(TF)最佳超声提取工艺及其解热作用。在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面法研究乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取次数、料液比等四个因素对总黄酮提取量的影响,根据拟合的数学模型确定最佳提取工艺。以干酵母致热大鼠为动物模型,通过测定大鼠血清中TNF-α、PGE-2、IL-6、AVP的含量研究其解热作用。知母须根总黄酮最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度为70%,提取时间40 min,液料比为50 m L/g,提取次数2次。解热实验表明知母须根总黄酮提取物可显著降低发热大鼠模型体温及血清、下丘脑中TNF-α、PGE-2、IL-6的含量,升高发热大鼠模型血清及下丘脑中AVP的含量。本研究表明知母须根总黄酮具有一定的解热作用,本文可为知母须根开发利用提供参考依据。     

辣木种子主要成分分离制备及功能应用研究进展

辣木是亚洲和非洲广泛种植的一种药食同源植物。辣木生长快、种子产量高,每公顷辣木可产种子24 t。辣木种子含油19%～47%,蛋白质10%～52%,硫代葡萄糖苷及其水解产物异硫氰酸酯6.2%～8.6%。辣木油具有抗氧化、抗菌和抗炎作用,其不饱和脂肪酸含量高达71.7%～83.1%,是优质的食用油来源。辣木蛋白具有抗菌作用,是良好的食用和饲料用蛋白源。辣木种子所含硫代葡萄糖苷及其水解产物异硫氰酸酯有抗炎、抗肿瘤和降血糖等作用。辣木种子具有较高的开发利用价值。本文综述辣木种子上述四种主要成分分离制备和功能应用的研究进展,为辣木种子综合开发利用提供参考。     

乙醇法木质素羟甲基化改性研究

以刺五加根茎剩余物为原料,以乙醇作为提取木质素溶剂,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化乙醇法木质素羟甲基化改性,其最优工艺条件是:碱量2.0%,反应温度80℃,反应时间3.5 h,碱木质素与甲醛质量比3∶1。在此条件下获得羟甲基化改性乙醇法木质素羟甲基含量最高可达到11.56%,游离甲醛含量为0.257%,本研究为实现乙醇法木质素的高附加值资源化应用提供理论和实验依据。     

黑龙江省西部乌拉尔甘草总黄酮含量的动态变化研究

采用超声提取和分光光度法对黑龙江省西部地区乌拉尔甘草不同部位的总黄酮含量进行测定,并对其季节变化进行了分析,研究结果表明:采用50%甲醇溶液提取,超声45 min对甘草总黄酮提取效果较好,适于进行大批量样品的提取测定.无论是野生甘草还是栽培甘草,在一个生长季中,叶的总黄酮含量最高,而地下部分含量则相对较低.在5～10月期间,叶的总黄酮含量逐渐下降,而地下部分总黄酮含量如根和根茎具有上升的趋势.甘草各部位总黄酮含量在不同生长季存在波动现象,尤其在具有运输功能的部位如复叶柄、地上茎表现更为明显.野生甘草不同部位的总黄酮含量的波动可能与有性繁殖有关,而栽培甘草的总黄酮含量的波动可能与无性生殖有关.     

乌头须根总生物碱提取工艺的考察

目的:考察乌头须根中总生物碱的最佳提取工艺条件。方法:酸碱滴定法测定乌头须根中总生物碱含量,以总生物碱提取率为指标,采用L9(3)~4正交实验法筛选乌头须根总生物碱的最佳提取工艺。结果:乌头须根总生物碱含量为1.094%,影响提取的主次因素为:乙醇浓度>提取次数>提取时间>乙醇用量;优选得到的最佳提取工艺为A_3B_1C_3D_3,即以8倍量80%的乙醇提取3次,每次1.5小时。结论:乌头须根总生物碱含量较高,提取工艺条件稳定、经济、可行。     

辣根水解条件及水解产物静态吸附研究

采用超声波单因素试验和正交试验筛选优化辣根水解硫代葡萄糖苷的最佳条件,并进一步对辣根水解产物--异硫氰酸酯的大孔树脂静态吸附条件进行筛选研究.结果表明:(1)辣根水解的最佳条件为功率20 w,时间35 min,pH为7,Vc添加量为2 mg/g,料液比(g/mL)为1:10.(2)静态吸附试验筛选表明,辣根异硫氰酸酯的最佳吸附树脂为X-5或AB-8,用乙醇进行解吸附,解吸效果随乙醇浓度的增大而提高,无水乙醇洗脱效果最好.(3)用X-5吸附富集纯化验证表明.辣根异硫氰酸酯样品的纯度达到46.9%,得率为0.187%.     

薏苡仁蛋白质组分研究

目的:对药食两用功能的薏苡仁蛋白质四类组分和氨基酸含量进行分析。方法:采用旋光法、索氏提取法、烘干法、马弗炉法分别进行淀粉、粗脂肪、水分和灰分的测定;采用顺序抽提法依次进行清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的提取,用Brandford和凯式定氮法进行蛋白质含量分析;采用氨基酸分析仪进行氨基酸含量测定。结果:薏苡仁总蛋白含量为14.17%,其中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量分别为0.20、0.88、6.34和5.30 mg/100mg鲜重,分别占总蛋白质含量的1.43%、6.20%、44.74%和37.38%;薏苡仁粉经酸水解后共检测到15种氨基酸,除Trp外,人体必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸均有检测到;各氨基酸含量也存在着差异,含量最高的为Glu(3.59 mg/100mg),含量最低的为Me(t0.17 mg/100mg)。结论:薏苡仁蛋白中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量较丰富,为今后进一步开发薏苡仁功能食品提供了理论数据。     

Effects of a Lepidium sativum enzyme preparation on the degradation of glucosinolates

The effects of a crude enzyme extract prepared from Lepidium sativum seeds, on the degradation of three pure glucosinolates (allyl-, benzyl- and 2-phenethyl-) were investigated in the presence of the known enzyme co-factor, ascorbic acid. Isothiocyanates and nitriles were obtained but no thiocyanates. For maximum isothiocyanate formation there was an optimum concentration of ascorbic acid which varied directly with the concentration of substrate but was independent of the particular glucosinolate. Formation of isothiocyanate from any glucosinolate was linear with time but enzymic production of 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate was activated by ascorbic acid to a greater extent than for the other two glucosinolates studied. Isothiocyanate was still the major product even at low pH although the thioglucosidase was only weakly active. Nitrile formation was always erratic in the presence of ascorbic acid. In the absence of ascorbic acid thioglucosidase was still active although to a much lesser extent, but in these circumstances benzyl thiocyanate was an additional product. There is thus a thiocyanate-forming factor in the extract of L. sativum seeds which is inactivated in the presence of ascorbic acid. This factor did not cause the formation of thiocyanate from 2-phenethylglucosinolate.     

Enzymatic Properties of Rice Bran Lipase

The enzyme showed the optimum pH between 7.5 and 8.0, and the optimum temperature at about 37°C. It was stable over the pH range from 4 to 9 and below 40°C, but completely lost the activity by heating 60°C for 15 min. The enzyme was activated by low concentration of calcium ion but inhibited partially by high concentration of calcium ion and by EDTA. With respect to substrate specificity, the enzyme exhibited a high specificity toward triglycerides and hydrolyzed ester bonds of short-carbon chain triglycerides faster than long-carbon chain triglycerides, whereas it catalyzed the hydrolysis of the oils from rice bran, olive and coconut. When 2-oleo-1,3-distearin was used as substrate, the enzyme was capable of preferentially hydrolyzing fatty acid ester bonds at the 1,3-position.     

Enzymes of Krebs-Henseleit Cycle in Vitis vinifera L: I. Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase: Isolation and Some Properties

Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) activity was detected in extracts from mature leaves, fruit, germinating seeds, and seedlings of Vitis vinifera L. Michaelis-Menten constants for OCT were 3.5 millimolar for carbamyl phosphate and 5.5 millimolar for l-ornithine. Concentrations of l-ornithine greater than 10 millimolar slightly inhibited the enzyme, whereas carbamyl phosphate at concentrations greater than the optimal (about 10 millimolar) did not affect OCT activity. l-Citrulline formation was linear with incubation period for the first 25 minutes and with increasing amounts of enzyme up to an equivalent of about 200 milligrams of fresh tissue. The optimum pH for in vitro OCT activity was between 8.4 and 8.8, and the optimum incubation temperature was 38 C.     

6-BA,NAA和Vc浓度配比对山葵试管苗增殖体系的影响

山葵为十字花科山嵛菜属多年生草本植物,具有强烈的香辛味,是一种高级蔬菜和药用植物。在山葵生产中存在的一个最大问题即健壮种苗的供给,通过山葵的茎尖培养建立组培快繁体系是解决该问题的有效手段。本文通过311-A最优回归设计研究6-BA,NAA和Vc浓度配比对山葵试管苗增殖体系的影响,对11种不同配方培养基中山葵苗的增殖系数进行调查,通过DPS3.01数据统计软件建立回归方程,并对回归方程进行主效因子及其互作效应分析。结果发现:当6-BA(X1)、NAA(X2)、Vc(X3)的浓度分别为1.2504mg/L、0mg/L、1.9668mg/L时,增殖系数可以达到6.8380,进一步优化了山葵试管苗增殖的体系。     

戊二醛复合消毒剂对猪病病毒杀灭效果的研究

目的　研究戊二醛复合消毒剂对猪病病毒的杀灭效果。方法　将猪细小病毒 (porcinepavrovirusvirus ,PPV)、猪繁殖呼吸综合征病毒 (porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus,PRRSV)和猪伪狂犬病病毒(porcinepseudorabiesvirus,PRV)分别与不同浓度的戊二醛复合消毒剂作用后 ,接种于长满细胞单层的细胞培养板中 ,根据细胞是否产生病变情况 ,确定消毒剂杀灭病毒的最佳浓度 ;同时 ,还将不同浓度的消毒剂与猪瘟病毒 (hogchloeravirus,HCV)作用后 ,对兔进行静脉注射 ,根据兔的体温变化情况 ,判断消毒剂杀灭病毒的最佳浓度。结果　1%浓度的消毒剂 ,可在 2 0min之内有效杀灭PPV、PRRSV和PRV ;0 5 %浓度的消毒剂 ,可在 10min之内有效杀灭HCV。结论　戊二醛复合消毒剂具有高效杀灭病毒的作用 ,适用于养殖场、医疗卫生行业及传染病流行地区的消毒灭菌 ;采用细胞感染法检测和评价消毒剂对病毒的杀灭效果是一种可行的体外试验方法     

重庆三峡库区柑橘硼营养状况及其影响因子

为了解重庆三峡库区柑橘叶片硼营养状况及其影响因子,在该区域12个主产县(区)的代表性果园采集叶片样品954份和土壤样品302份,测定叶片硼含量,并分析了土壤有效硼、土壤pH值、品种、砧木和树龄对叶片硼营养的影响.结果表明: 该区域柑橘叶片硼含量不足(<35 mg·kg^-1)的果园比例达41.6%,土壤有效硼含量不足(<0.5 mg·kg^-1)的果园比例高达89.4%,柑橘叶片硼含量与土壤有效硼含量的相关性未达显著水平.土壤pH值、品种、砧木和树龄均影响叶片硼含量.pH值4.5～6.4土壤上的柑橘叶片硼含量显著高于pH值6.5～8.5土壤上的柑橘;品种间叶片硼含量为:温州蜜柑>柚类>夏橙>普通甜橙>杂柑>脐橙;枳砧和酸柚砧柑橘叶片硼含量显著高于枳橙砧和红橘砧柑橘;3～8年生柑橘树叶片硼含量适宜(35～100 mg·kg^-1)样品比例比8年生以上柑橘树高6.6%.     

紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的提取工艺研究

该文测定了紫叶李树叶中各黄酮苷元的含量,并对其中山奈酚的提取工艺进行了研究,重点探讨了采用乙醇法提取紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的最佳工艺条件,试验结果表明:紫叶李树叶中各黄酮苷元主要是槲皮素和山奈酚,乙醇提取紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的最佳工艺参数为浸提剂乙醇浓度为70%﹑浸提温度为50℃、料液比为1∶15、浸取时间为1.5 h。紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的浸取率为92.7%,经浸取、浓缩、水解、萃取、结晶工艺后,其紫叶李树叶中山奈酚的总得率为56.6%,山奈酚的纯度为90.6%。     

The effects of pH on glucosinolate degradation by a thioglucoside glucohydrolase preparation

An active thioglucoside glucohydrolase extract was prepared from commercial mustard powder and its effect on the degradation of two pure glucosinolates was investigated. During reaction in a distilled water medium the pH of the solution decreased markedly and the ratio of products (isothiocyanate and nitrile) varied considerably. After 20–30 min, when the pH had fallen to ca 5.6, isothiocyanate production ceased whilst nitrile continued to be produced and in amounts which increased linearly with time for at least 40 min. This behaviour can be correlated with the changing pH of the medium. In controlled pH experiments it was confirmed that nitrile formation is favoured at lower pH levels and that the ratio of nitrile to isothiocyanate is directly related to the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium. No reason could therefore be found for the observed formation of nitrile in some natural systems at pHs greater than 7.     

Studies on Aspergillus Fumigatus; Hydrolysis of Polyamino Acids by Mycelial Filtrate and Chromatographic Fractionation of the Filtrate

Mycelial filtrates from Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), shown to possess haemolytic, toxic, casein precipitating, and protein hydrolyzing activity, hydrolyzed poly-L-lysine and poly-L-glutamine in the pH range 4.6—5.3. Incipient activity against poly-L-lysin was observed at pH 9. Owing to spontaneous hydrolysis of the polyamino acid at pH > 10, no activity optimum could be traced. Gel filtration of mycelial filtrate on Sephadex G-75 or G-100 columns offered no definite information whether the protein hydrolyzing activity, using haemoglobin as substrate, at the optimum pH values, 2.9, 4.6 and 10, shows the activity of a single enzyme with more than 1 pH optimum or of more than 1 enzyme active at different pH values. Certain results of the investigations seem to indicate that the protein hydrolyzing activity at pH 2.9 was not caused by enzymes identical with the enzyme (s) causing the protein hydrolyzing activity at pH 4.6 or pH 10. Casein precipitating and protein hydrolyzing activity occurred, following gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100 column, in identical fractions whereas neither haemolysin nor toxin could be found in samples of 0.5 ml fraction solution from any of the fractions after filtration on Sephadex G-75 or G-100 columns. By using antiserum to a crude filtrate from a homologous AF strain it could be shown, applying immuno-electrophoresis, that dialyzed mycelial filtrate contained 8 precipitating antigens whereas proteinase purified by gel filtration and displaying protein hydrolyzing activity at pH 2.9, pH 4.6 and pH 10 contained 4 such antigens.     

小菜蛾芳基酰胺酶表达及其与呋喃虫酰肼抗性的关系

以对硝基乙酰苯胺为底物,采用紫外分光光度计比色法,研究了小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)体内芳基酰胺酶酶促反应的最适反应条件、各发育阶段和不同组织中芳基酰胺酶的活性及亚细胞分布及其与小菜蛾对呋喃虫酰肼抗性的关系。结果表明,小菜蛾芳基酰胺酶最适反应条件为35℃,pH7.5,底物浓度为1.2×10-3mol/L,反应时间30min。利用非变性聚丙烯凝胶电泳活性染色及SDS-PAGE法测得小菜蛾芳基酰胺酶的分子量为61.1ku。小菜蛾4龄幼虫的芳基酰胺酶活性最高。不同亚细胞层中,芳基酰胺酶活力大小依次为线粒体层>微粒体层>细胞核和细胞碎片层>可溶性部分。芳基酰胺酶主要分布在小菜蛾4龄幼虫的腹部,其余依次为表皮、头部和胸部。小菜蛾呋喃虫酰肼抗性品系芳基酰胺酶的活性是敏感品系的3.89倍,表明该酶参与了小菜蛾对呋喃虫酰肼的抗性形成。