柑橘木虱成虫趋光行为反应

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是柑橘黄龙病(huanglongbing,HLB)的重要传播媒介。为了利用灯光诱控技术防治柑橘木虱,本实验于室内条件下研究柑橘木虱对波长为360 nm、400 nm、440 nm、480 nm、520 nm、560 nm和600 nm的LED光源和不同光照强度趋光行为反应。结果表明:柑橘木虱对7种单色光都有正趋向性。其中雌雄混合存在时对400 nm的紫光趋向性最强,其次是560 nm的绿光;单独处理时,雌成虫对400 nm的紫光趋性最强,其次是520 nm的绿光,雄成虫则是对520 nm的绿光趋性最强,其次是400 nm的紫光。在200μw/cm 2到1000μw/cm 2的光照强度范围内,随着光照强度的增大,柑橘木虱雄成虫趋光行为逐渐增强,在光照强度为1000μw/cm 2时趋光行为最强,但雌成虫趋光行为变化不明显。该研究表明:柑橘木虱雌雄成虫具有明显的正趋光性,且对光谱和光强的反应存在差异。这一结果可为柑橘木虱田间的灯光诱控提供实验依据。     

Resistance of Citrus and Related Genera to Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

The present study was developed to evaluate the resistance of the following genotypes of Citrus and related genera to this pest: ‘Pera,’ ‘Natal’, and ‘Washington Navel’ oranges (Citrus sinensis), ‘Marsh Seedless’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), hardy orange ‘Rubidoux’ (Poncirus trifoliata), kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle), citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (C. paradisi x P. trifoliata), and citrange ‘Troyer’ (P. trifoliata x C. sinensis). The experiments were performed in greenhouses with plants grafted onto ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia) and placed individually in voile cages. The preference for oviposition in a no-choice test, and the effect of genotype were evaluated. The egg-adult cycle was monitored to determine the effect of genotype on the biology of the insect. Poncirus ‘Rubidoux’ was the least preferred genotype for oviposition; reduced number of eggs was also found to occur on citrange ‘Troyer’, and ‘Marsh Seedless’ was the genotype with the most eggs. No significant variation in the duration of the embryonic period was observed; however, a difference in the viability of eggs was found, with the lowest egg viabilities on ‘Swingle.’ Kumquat and ‘Marsh Seedless’ genotypes were correlated with increased durations of the nymphal phase, however, there was no difference in the survival of this phase. Fecundity of females on ‘Troyer’, ‘Swingle’, and kumquat was reduced. Considering all of the evaluated parameters, it was concluded that cultivars of sweet orange are the most susceptible genotypes to Diaphorina citri. Regarding oviposition, P. trifoliata ‘Rubidoux’ showed resistance of the antixenosis type.     

Environmental conditions for Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) take‐off

Environmental factors that influence flight activity of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) may have implications for Huanglongbing spread and management. In this work, four studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions on D. citri take‐off. In the first, insects were transferred to sweet orange seedlings and confined inside an acrylic cage to verify the take‐off periodicity and the effect of environmental factors on this process. In the second, take‐off temperature threshold was estimated by recording the number of insects that initiated flight from a platform when subjected to gradual temperature increases from 15 to 39°C. In the other studies, we evaluated the effect of different photoperiods and temperature regimes (third study) and of constant temperatures (fourth study) on the propensity for D. citri flight. Insects were confined in clear plastic bottle cages with tubes of 50 ml placed on the cab, to collect emerged adults that initiated flights. Results showed that a small portion of the tested population (maximum 10%) tends to take off from plants and this behaviour is more prevalent in the afternoon (14:00–16:00 h), coinciding with daytimes of lower humidity and higher thermal amplitude. Adults that were submitted to lower temperatures (18°C) and short light periods (10 h) showed less propensity to flight. In contrast, at constant 27°C, the insects were more prone to flight, and this result was confirmed when individuals were submitted to increases in temperature, indicating that 27.14°C is the take‐off temperature threshold of D. citri. Results show that temperature plays an important role in the flight activity of D. citri and suggest that control measures of the insect may be more effective in the morning and in temperatures below 27°C, when the probability to take off from a host is lower.     

Biochemical analysis and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi to Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Asiatic citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri, Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is an economic pest of citrus groves and a vector of the bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter spp., one of the causative agents of citrus greening. In order to estimate the infectivity of six different isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea, fungal bioassay was performed on the adults of D. citri. Adults of D. citri were treated individually with 1 × 10⁵, 1 × 10⁶, 1 × 10⁷, 1 × 10⁸, 2 × 10⁸ spores/mL fungal concentrations by the immersion method. Subsequent to fungal bioassay, treated D. citri were used to determine the levels of esterase and glutathione S‐transferases (GST) enzymes over a period of 3–7 days. The mortality results suggest that I. fumosorosea isolates (If‐02) caused 82.2% mortality on the seventh day of treatment. However, B. bassiana isolate (Bb‐08) with lowest LC₅₀ (1.4 × 10⁷ spores/mL) proved to be highest potential isolate against D. citri. Biochemical determination of esterase and GST activity assay showed significant differences in activities after infection of fungi. Significantly high activity of esterase was observed by Bb‐01 (27.0 unit per mg protein) on the seventh day, while Ma‐11.1 and If‐2.3 (16.9 and 36.3 unit per mg protein) on the third day post treatment. However, maximum GST's activity was showen by isolates Bb‐08,Ma‐M₂ and If‐2.3 (37.6, 1.40 and 10.9 unit per mg protein) on the third day. The current investigation will help to explore the relations between the insect defense system and entomopathogenic fungi. Moreover, the determination of enzymatic activities will be useful for selecting the most pathogenic isolates.     

Insecticidal Suppression of Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Vector of Huanglongbing Pathogens

Diaphorina citri vectors pathogens that cause ‘huanglongbing’ or citrus greening disease which poses a serious threat to citrus production worldwide. Vector suppression is critical to reduce disease spread. Efficacy is a main concern when choosing an insecticide. Insecticidal treatments of 49 products or 44 active ingredients (a.i) labeled or experimental were field tested between 2005–2013 as foliar sprays (250 treatments, 39 a.i) or soil applications (47 treatments, 9 a.i) to control D. citri in citrus. A combined effect of nymphal and adult suppression in response to sprays of 23 insecticides representing 9 modes of action (MoA) groups and 3 unknown MoA provided more than 90% reduction of adult D. citri over 24–68 days. Observable effects on nymphs were generally of shorter duration due to rapid maturation of flush. However, reduction of 76–100% nymphs or adults over 99–296 days was seen on young trees receiving drenches of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, thiamethoxam or clothianidin (MoA 4A) and a novel anthranilic diamide, cyantraniliprole (MoA 28). Effective products identified for foliar sprays to control D. citri provide sufficient MoA groups for rotation to delay evolution of insecticide resistance by D. citri and other pests. However, cyantraniliprole is now the only available alternative for rotation with neonicotinoids in soil application to young trees. Sprays of up to eight of the most effective insecticides could be rotated over a year without repetition of any MoA and little or no recourse to neonicotinoids or cyantraniliprole, so important for protection of young trees. Other considerations effecting decisions of what and when to spray include prevalence of huanglongbing, pest pressure, pre-harvest intervals, overall budget, equipment availability, and conservation of beneficial arthropods. Examples of spray programs utilizing broad-spectrum and relatively selective insecticides are provided to improve vector management and may vary depending on individual or regional assessment of all factors.     

The Genetic Structure of an Invasive Pest,the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri is currently the major threat to the citrus industry as it is the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter, the causal agent of huanglongbing disease (HLB). D. citri is native to Asia and now colonizes the Americas. Although it has been known in some countries for a long time, invasion routes remain undetermined. There are no efficient control methods for the HLB despite the intensive management tools currently in use. We investigated the genetic variability and structure of populations of D. citri to aid in the decision making processes toward sustainable management of this species/disease. We employed different methods to quantify and compare the genetic diversity and structure of D. citri populations among 36 localities in Brazil, using an almost complete sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Our analyses led to the identification of two geographically and genetically structured groups. The indices of molecular diversity pointed to a recent population expansion, and we discuss the role of multiple invasion events in this scenario. We also argue that such genetic diversity and population structure may have implications for the best management strategies to be adopted for controlling this psyllid and/or the disease it vectors in Brazil.     

园艺矿物油乳剂对亚洲柑橘木虱成虫刺吸行为的影响

目的】亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri是传播柑橘最重要病害黄龙病(huanglongbing, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus)的媒介昆虫,树冠喷施园艺矿物油(horticultural mineral oil, HMO)可以减少其在柑橘上的取食和产卵。本研究旨在探索植物组织内残留的园艺矿物油如何影响亚洲柑橘木虱成虫的取食行为。【方法】采用直流型刺吸电位仪(DC-EPG Giga-8)记录亚洲柑橘木虱成虫12 h内在喷施不同浓度(0.25%, 0.5%, 1%和2%, v/v)HMO(nC24)乳剂和清水(对照)时柑橘嫩叶上的刺探和取食行为并转换为波形信号,分析比较各处理的波形参数。【结果】不同浓度HMO乳剂处理显著提高了亚洲柑橘木虱成虫在柑橘叶片上的C波(路径波)持续时间百分比,显著减少了E2波(韧皮部吸食汁液)持续时间百分比,而对D(口针第一次接触韧皮部组织), E1(韧皮部出现唾液分泌) 和G(木质部吸食汁液) 波持续时间百分比没有显著影响。HMO处理组C波的每成虫波形累积时间(WDI)显著长于对照组,而各浓度处理之间没有显著差异,但D波WDI明显短于对照组。随着HMO浓度的增加, E1, E2和G波WDI显著下降,2% HMO处理组E1, E2和G波WDI明显低于其他浓度处理组。HMO乳剂处理明显减少了刺探次数;在HMO处理中,每成虫刺探次数和每成虫各波形次数均显著少于对照组,其中以1%和2% HMO乳剂处理最少。HMO乳剂处理组np波 (非刺探波)、D波、E2波的每成虫单次波形持续时间(WDE)均短于对照组,其中2% HMO乳剂处理后,D, E1和E2波WDE显著短于其他浓度处理和对照。同时,2% HMO乳剂处理推迟了从口器接触叶片到第1次开始刺探的时间和从口器接触叶片到第1次刺探到韧皮部的时间。【结论】结果表明,2% HMO乳剂显著减少亚洲柑橘木虱成虫在柑橘叶片上的取食次数和有效取食时间,同时还缩短了其在韧皮部分泌唾液和吸食汁液时间,因此可推荐矿物油用于柑橘黄龙病和亚洲柑橘木虱的综合防治体系。同时初步推断矿物油的作用机制可能是其进入植物气孔阻止植物挥发性物质的释放,抑制或掩盖柑橘叶片表面的挥发性物质从而减少了亚洲柑橘木虱在寄主上取食。     

Effect of plant barriers and citrus leaf age on dispersal of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Studies designed to measure dispersal capacity of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) are needed to provide the epidemiological knowledge necessary to improve management of citrus huanglongbing. In this study, a mark–release–recapture technique was used to investigate whether 1) host or non‐host plants of D. citri can act as barriers for dispersing insects and 2) presence or absence of young citrus leaves influence movement of D. citri towards citrus plants. The experimental field consisted of four circular and adjacent areas containing citrus trees, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. ‘Hamlin’, planted in concentric circles at 18, 24 and 30 m from the release centre. Insect activity was monitored by recapturing at each distance using yellow stick traps. Dense plantings of tall non‐host plants of D. citri such as corn had no effect on insect dispersal towards citrus plants when compared to a shorter cover crop such as grass. In contrast, suitable host plants acted as traps decreasing movement of D. citri. Diaphorina citri dispersed at greater speeds in the absence of young leaves reaching 140 m within 6 hours after release, whereas in the presence of young leaves, individuals reached at most 60 m at 1 day after release. Results suggest that D. citri control measures may be more efficient during periods of highest vegetative activity when insects are less active. Moreover, the use of suitable host plants for D. citri as trap plants may be a potential tactic to prevent movement of insects into the crop.     

Selection of Bacillus thuringiensis strains in citrus and their pathogenicity to Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) nymphs

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are effective in controlling insect pests either through the spraying of products or when expressed in transgenic crops. The discovery of endophytic Bt strains opened new perspectives for studies aimed at the control of sap‐sucking insects, such as the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), a vector of “Candidatus Liberibacter spp.,” associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB). In this study, translocation of endophytic Bt strains in citrus seedlings inoculated with Bt suspension delivered by soil‐drench, and their systemic pathogenicity to D. citri nymphs were investigated. The pathogenicity of three wild‐type Bt strains against D. citri third‐instar nymphs was demonstrated. Among the 10 recombinant strains tested (each of them harboring a single cry or cyt gene), 3 can be highlighted, causing 42%–77% and 66%–90% nymphal mortality at 2 and 5 d after inoculation, respectively. The isolation of Bt cells from young citrus shoots and dead nymphs, and PCR performed with specific primers, confirmed the involvement of the Bt strains in the psyllid mortality. This is the first report showing the translocation of Bt strains from citrus seedling roots to shoots and their potential to control D. citri nymphs that fed on these soil‐drench inoculated seedlings. The Bt strains that caused the highest mortality rates have the potential to be used as bioinsecticides to control D. citri and the identified genes can be used for the production of transgenic Bt citrus.     

Leaf age affects the efficacy of insecticides to control Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, is associated with the bacteria transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). One of the main tactics used to manage this disease is the chemical control of D. citri. In this study, the efficacy of four insecticides commonly used by the citrus growers against the D. citri adults was assessed in two vegetative growth stages of flush: young shoots (~ 10 cm in length) and mature leaves. The bioassays were carried out under the greenhouse and field conditions. The insecticides bifenthrin, dimethoate, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were tested at the recommended rates of 15, 450, 40 and 25 mg/L of water, respectively. The insecticides were sprayed onto the leaves of each stage until runoff. Psyllid mortality was assessed at different periods after insecticide application (0, 1 and 2 weeks). In both greenhouse and field trees, the period of control was shorter in the young shoots than in the mature leaves. In addition, the efficacy of insecticides rapidly decreased in the young shoots over time, mainly for imidacloprid and bifenthrin (less than 1 week). Thus, these results suggest that the number of spray applications to control D. citri should be more frequent during the flushing period.     

Global mtDNA genetic structure and hypothesized invasion history of a major pest of citrus,Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is a key pest of citrus as the vector of the bacterium causing the “huanglongbing” disease (HLB). To assess the global mtDNA population genetic structure, and possible dispersal history of the pest, we investigated genetic variation at the COI gene collating newly collected samples with all previously published data. Our dataset consists of 356 colonies from 106 geographic sites worldwide. High haplotype diversity (H‐mean = 0.702 ± 0.017), low nucleotide diversity (π‐mean = 0.003), and significant positive selection (Ka/Ks = 32.92) were observed. Forty‐four haplotypes (Hap) were identified, clustered into two matrilines: Both occur in southeastern and southern Asia, North and South America, and Africa; lineages A and B also occur in eastern and western Asia, respectively. The most abundant haplotypes were Hap4 in lineage A (35.67%), and Hap9 in lineage B (41.29%). The haplotype network identified them as the ancestral haplotypes within their respective lineages. Analysis of molecular variance showed significant genetic structure (F_ST = 0.62, p < .0001) between the lineages, and population genetic analysis suggests geographic structuring. We hypothesize a southern and/or southeastern Asia origin, three dispersal routes, and parallel expansions of two lineages. The hypothesized first route involved the expansion of lineage B from southern Asia into North America via West Asia. The second, the expansion of some lineage A individuals from Southeast Asia into East Asia, and the third involved both lineages from Southeast Asia spreading westward into Africa and subsequently into South America. To test these hypotheses and gain a deeper understanding of the global history of D. citri, more data‐rich approaches will be necessary from the ample toolkit of next‐generation sequencing (NGS). However, this study may serve to guide such sampling and in the development of biological control programs against the global pest D. citri.     

Effective molecular detection of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in bulk insect samples from sticky traps

Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is the principal vector of citrus greening (huanglongbing) disease. Invasion of new areas by the vector increases the risk of further spread of the disease and has economic impacts on the global citrus industry. Effective implementation of vector surveys is essential to contain disease outbreaks. This is especially true in countries such as Japan, where most of the major citrus‐producing areas are free from citrus greening. Recently, vector surveys have been routinely conducted to maintain ‘disease‐free’ and ‘disease‐ and vector‐free’ areas in Japan, and improvement of methods that can detect D. citri in native insect populations is imperative. Here, we developed a method of using conventional and real‐time PCR to detect D. citri among bulk insects captured in sticky traps without the need for preliminary differentiation steps based on morphology. DNA fragments of D. citri were specifically detected by both conventional and real‐time PCR in a mixture of a 10^?3 dilution (ca. 0.008–0.009 ng/μl) of D. citriDNA and 100 ng/μl of bulk insect DNA, indicating that small body parts such as pieces of leg or parts of wings of D. citri were detectable in the bulk insect samples. No misleading amplification of fragments from the other psyllid species and citrus pests we used occurred under our PCR conditions. Our results suggest that the technique is applicable to extensive surveys of D. citri in early warning programmes.     

Genetic diversity of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) unravels phylogeographic structure and invasion history of eastern African populations

The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) is a key pest of Citrus sp. worldwide, as it acts as a vector for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterial pathogen that causes citrus Huanglongbing. Diaphorina citri has been reported in Kenya, Tanzania, and more recently in Ethiopia. This study assessed the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of the pest to gain insights into the potential sources of its introduction into Africa. Population structure and differentiation of D. citri populations from China, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and the USA were assessed using 10 microsatellite loci. Additionally, five new complete mitogenomes of D. citri collected in China, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and the USA were analyzed in the context of publicly available sequences. Genotype data grouped the D. citri populations from Kenya and Tanzania in one cluster, and those from Ethiopia formed a separate cluster. The two genetic clusters inferred from genotype data were congruent with mitochondrial sequence data. The mitogenomes from Kenya/Tanzania/China had 99.0% similarity, and the Ethiopia/USA had 99.9% similarity. In conclusion, D. citri populations in eastern Africa have different sources, as the Kenyan and Tanzanian populations probably originated from southeastern Asia, while the Ethiopian population most probably originated from the Americas.     

Monitoring methods for Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on citrus groves with different insecticide application programmes

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a major citrus pest that transmits the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Ca. L. americanus associated with huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Diaphorina citri population densities can affect the effectiveness of its monitoring and sampling methods. Thus, we compared different methods for adult D. citri monitoring in groves with and without insecticide application programmes. Four short‐term experiments were carried out, each one lasting four consecutive weeks. In these experiments, sticky cards with different colours (yellow, light green, green and dark green), sweep net, two suction device models, visual inspection and stem tap sampling were assessed. Two long‐term experiments were conducted for 4.5 and 5 years, in which only yellow sticky card and visual inspection for D. citri monitoring were assessed. For the short‐term experiments, psyllids were detected by all monitoring methods during all sampling periods in areas without chemical control. However, in areas with psyllid control via fortnightly and monthly applications of insecticides, only sticky cards, regardless of their colour, were able to detect the presence of D. citri. Similarly, for the long‐term experiments, yellow sticky cards were more effective than visual inspection for detecting and quantifying D. citri in all areas with or without insecticide application. Therefore, in areas where HLB is present and chemical control of psyllid is required, sticky cards are the most reliable option for monitoring D. citri.     

Fluctuation and synchronization of adults catches of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in urban backyards and commercial citrus plantations

Studies to determine the population fluctuation of Diaphorina citri, vector of Candidatus Liberibacter sp., have been carried out mainly in commercial plantations, whereas less have focused in urban areas and their synchrony. The objectives of this work were to monitor D. citri adult populations in Murraya paniculata (OJ) in urban areas and in Persian lime (LM) orchards, to estimate the effect of some environmental factors and to evaluate the synchronization between these populations. Sampling was performed from September 2012 to August 2014 in Veracruz, México. Five urban areas and five commercial Persian lime plots close to each other were selected. Adult D. citri catches were made monthly with yellow traps. Vegetative shoots, temperature and relative humidity were measured throughout the sampling period. Adults of Diaphorina citri were captured in all the sampling sites throughout the two-years sampling period and the populations were more abundant in summer. Significant factors affecting trap catches were the presence of new shoots and temperature. Temperature and relative humidity enclosed a comfort zone between 26 and 28?°C and 75 to 85% respectively. Cross-correlation values were positive across hosts within the same locations and between locations, regardless of the distance, thus suggesting a spatial synchronization in trap catches. This spatial relationship represents a risk of infestation between host species because of the potential movement and dispersal.     

An assessment of interspecific competition between two introduced parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on caged citrus plants

Two parasitoids attacking nymphs of Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera:Liviidae),Tamarixia radiata (Waterston)(Hymenoptera:Eulophi- dae)and Diaphoreneyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee,Alam &Agarwal)(Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae)are being released in California,USA in a classical biological control program. To evaluate the effect of multiple parasitoid species on D.citri mortality,we conducted mesocosm experiments under controlled conditions using a complete block design with 6 treatments (D.cirri nymphs exposed to:no parasitoids;D.aligarhensis or T.radiata alone;D.aligarhensis or T.radiata released first (by 48 h);and both species released simultaneously).Parasitism of D.citri nymphs by T.radiata exceeded 60%and was unchanged when D.aligarhensis were present.Parasitism by D.aligarhensis was greatest when T. radiata was absent (-28%)and was reduced in all treatments with T.radiata present (<3%).D.cirri mortality and parasitoid-related mortality olD.citri was consistent across parasitoid treatments.Laboratory results suggest that competition between D.aligarhensis and T.radiata is asymmetric and favors T.radiata.It may be difficult for D.aligarhensis to contribute significantly to D.cirri biological control where T.radiata is present.However, results reported here suggest that competition between T.radiata and D.aligarhensis is not likely to reduce parasitism by T.radiata or reduce parasitoid-induced mortality of D.citri.     

Population ecology and phenology of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in two Florida citrus groves

Studies were conducted to assess population densities and phenology of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama at two citrus groves in east-central Florida. One grove contained young, irrigated grapefruit trees and the other contained mature, nonirrigated orange trees. The two groves were sampled weekly for eggs, nymphs, and adults on flush shoots; for adults on mature leaves; and for adults captured on yellow sticky card traps. Because infestations of immature D. citri develop strictly on young flush, the abundance of flush was assessed weekly. Overall means of 26.5, 16.8, and 0.27 eggs, nymphs, and adults per flush shoot, respectively, were observed in the young grapefruit trees. In the grove of mature orange trees, overall means of 16.0, 12.7, and 0.31 eggs, nymphs, and adults per flush shoot were observed, respectively. Flush abundance was an inconsistent indicator of the mean density of D. citri per flush shoot. Mean density per shoot by itself was an inconsistent indicator of overall population levels of D. citri at each study site because few shoots were sometimes present when mean densities per shoot were high. May, June, and July were periods of time when immature D. citri were consistently present and most abundant at each study site, but the study indicated large infestations could occur at any time of the year depending on environmental factors and flush availability. Yellow sticky traps were effective for both male and female D. citri and useful for gauging adult population trends.     

Comparison of aerial conidia and blastospores from two entomopathogenic fungi against Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions

This study compared the insecticidal activity of liquid culture-produced blastospores and solid substrate-produced aerial conidia of Beauveria bassiana GHA and Isaria fumosorosea ARSEF3581 strains against Diaphorina citri adults. Insects exposed to 10⁷ propagules/ml in a spray residue contact leaf bioassay died within 6 days at 25°C, with no significant differences between fungal treatments. At higher concentrations (10⁸ propagules/ml), I. fumosorosea conidia killed psyllids faster compared to its blastospore formulation, i.e. 4 versus 5 days, respectively. In greenhouse tests, the same treatments applied to infested citrus plants (2?×?10⁶ spores/ml) all significantly reduced the number of nymphs compared with the untreated controls over 3 weeks; however, only I. fumosorosea blastospores significantly reduced the number of F1 adult psyllids when compared with controls. Similar results were observed in the follow-up greenhouse test, where I. fumosorosea blastospores were the most effective treatment overall, reducing D. citri populations by about 60% after 21 days; by contrast, imidacloprid killed almost 100% of psyllids within a week in both tests. Fewer psyllids exhibited mycosis in the greenhouse (i.e. ≈20 versus?≥?87% in the laboratory). This is the first report comparing both conidial and blastospore formulations of B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea for the control of a psyllid pest. Field testing is required to determine how successful different spore formulations might be under various environmental conditions.     

nC22矿物油及其与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱的室内毒力评价

【目的】室内评价nC22矿物油单独使用,以及与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的毒力,并筛选nC22矿物油对吡虫啉防治柑橘木虱具有增效作用的混配比例,为矿物油防治柑橘木虱的应用提供科学依据。【方法】使用nC22矿物油以及阳性对照nC23和nC28矿物油,采用浸渍法和喷雾法分别检测矿物油对柑橘木虱卵和低龄若虫、高龄若虫、成虫的致死作用,以处理后第7天(卵)和第1天(若虫和成虫)的LC₅₀值评估毒力。将nC22矿物油与吡虫啉以不同配比混配,测定混配液对低龄若虫的毒力,使用交互测定法、共毒因子(co-toxicity factor, CTF)法和共毒系数(co-toxicity coefficient, CTC)法评价矿物油对吡虫啉的增效作用。【结果】单独使用时,nC22矿物油对卵的LC₅₀值低于nC23和nC28矿物油;对低龄若虫和高龄若虫的LC₅₀值与nC23矿物油相当,都低于nC28矿物油;对成虫的LC₅₀值与nC28矿物油相当,都低于nC23矿物油。与吡虫啉混用时,nC22矿物...