Studies on cytochromes in photosynthetic electron transport system I. photoreduction and photo-oxidation of cytochrome b559 by photosystem II in spinach chloroplasts

Light-induced redox-reactions of cytochrome b₅₅₉ in spinachchloroplasts were investigated. Illumination of chloroplastsinduced photoreduction of cytochrorne b₅₅₉ Red light (650 nm)was more effective than far-red light (725 nm), indicating thatthe photoreduction is a photosystem II-mediated reaction. Onaddition of DCMU, the photoreduction was eliminated and a photooxidationof cytochrome b₅₅₉ was observed. The rate of this photooxidationwas faster with photosystem II light than with photo-systemI light. On addition of Mn⁺⁺ the photooxidation was partly suppressed;far-red light became as effective as red light in inducing photooxidationof cytochrome b₅₉₉, in the presence of DCMU and Mn⁺⁺. Ascorbate completely suppressed photooxidation of cytochromeb⁵⁵⁹ In the presence of ascorbate, however, photooxidation wasobserved in the presence of inhibitors or after inhibitory treatmentsof chloroplasts which affected the oxidizing side of systemII. These inhibitors and inhibitory treatments, but not DCMU,decreased the redoxpotential of cytochrome b₅₅₉. Reactivationof Hill reaction in Tris-washed chloroplasts by indophenol-ascorbatetreatment was not accompanied by an abolishment of photooxidationof cytochrome b₅₅₉. A possible mechanism is proposed to account for these reactionsof cytochrome b₅₅₉ in the photosynthetic electron transportin chloroplasts. (Received April 4, 1972; )     

Light-induced chemiluminescence of luminol in spinach chloroplast fragments: Reaction of O2- with electron transfer components

Chemiluminescence of luminol (CLL) was induced by illuminatedspinach chloroplast fragments. CLL was diminished by superoxidedismutase or under anaerobic conditions and increased by anautoxidizable electron acceptor, methyl viologen. The optimumpH for CLL was 10.0-10.5. Ferredoxin and cytochrome c reducing substance (CRS) did notaffect the intensity of CLL, but accelerated the dark decayin the absence of methyl viologen. In the presence of methylviologen, ferredoxin and CRS lowered the intensity and acceleratedthe dark decay. 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea diminishedCLL. Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone accelerated theinitial rate of CLL increase at low concentration and inhibitedit at high concentration. Half-decay time of CLL after the cessationof light was shortened by inhibiting electron transfer on theoxidizing side of photosystem II. We conclude that most of the CLL observed in illuminated chloroplastsis dependent on O₂^–. The results also suggest that O₂^–is reduced by reduced ferredoxin or CRS and oxidized on theoxidizing side of photosystem II. The half life of O₂^–in illuminated chloroplasts was estimated from the half-decaytime of CLL to be a few sec. ¹ Present address: Kyushu Dental College, Department of Biology,Kitakyushu 803, Japan. (Received May 30, 1977; )     

水杨酸对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶绿体D1蛋白磷酸化及光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

为了研究水杨酸（SA）对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片类囊体膜D₁蛋白磷酸化和PSⅡ功能的影响,用0.5 mmol·L^-1 SA溶液预处理灌浆期小麦叶片,以水预处理为对照,然后将预处理植株进行高温强光（35 ℃,1 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）处理,测定胁迫处理过程中小麦旗叶光合电子传递速率、净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数及D₁蛋白的变化.结果表明：SA预处理有效抑制了高温强光下D₁蛋白的净降解,保持了较高的D₁蛋白磷酸化水平、全链电子传递速率和PSⅡ电子传递速率,维持了较高的PSⅡ原初光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数（q_P）和净光合速率（P_n）.表明外源SA通过调节小麦叶绿体D₁蛋白的周转,减轻了高温强光胁迫对叶片光合机构的损伤,有利于PSⅡ的正常运转.     

硝酸镧对碱胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

在150 mmol·L^-1 NaHCO₃胁迫下,研究了不同浓度硝酸镧对黑麦草幼苗生长的影响及其对叶片光合生理响应的调节作用。结果表明,叶面喷施低浓度硝酸镧(0.05 mmol·L^-1)预处理显著减小了碱胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生物量、叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿体希尔反应、光合电子传递、光合磷酸化、Mg²⁺ ATP酶、RuBP羧化酶活性和光合效率的下降幅度,却对光呼吸调节酶乙醇酸氧化酶活性无明显影响。而高浓度硝酸镧(0.5 mmol·L^-1)预处理不仅对碱胁迫没有缓解作用,反而加重了碱胁迫伤害。因此,适宜浓度硝酸镧可以通过改善光合功能从而缓解碱胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

Dietary cholesterol alters Na+/K+ selectivity at intracellular Na+/K+ pump sites in cardiac myocytes

A modest diet-induced increase in serum cholesterol in rabbits increases the sensitivity of the sarcolemmal Na⁺/K⁺ pump to intracellular Na⁺, whereas a large increase in cholesterol levels decreases the sensitivity to Na⁺. To examine the mechanisms, we isolated cardiac myocytes from controls and from rabbits with diet-induced increases in serum cholesterol. The myocytes were voltage clamped with the use of patch pipettes that contained osmotically balanced solutions with Na⁺ in a concentration of 10 mM and K⁺ in concentrations ([K⁺]_pip) ranging from 0 to 140 mM. There was no effect of dietary cholesterol on electrogenic Na⁺/K⁺ current (I_p) when pipette solutions were K⁺ free. A modest increase in serum cholesterol caused a [K⁺]_pip-dependent increase in I_p, whereas a large increase caused a [K⁺]_pip-dependent decrease in I_p. Modeling suggested that pump stimulation with a modest increase in serum cholesterol can be explained by a decrease in the microscopic association constant K_K describing the backward reaction E₁ + 2K⁺ E₂(K⁺)₂, whereas pump inhibition with a large increase in serum cholesterol can be explained by an increase in K_K. Because hypercholesterolemia upregulates angiotensin II receptors and because angiotensin II regulates the Na⁺/K⁺ pump in cardiac myocytes in a [K⁺]_pip-dependent manner, we blocked angiotensin synthesis or angiotensin II receptors in vivo in cholesterol-fed rabbits. This abolished cholesterol-induced pump inhibition. Because the -isoform of protein kinase C (PKC) mediates effects of angiotensin II on the pump, we included specific PKC-blocking peptide in patch pipette filling solutions. The peptide reversed cholesterol-induced pump inhibition. partial reactions; protein kinase C; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; arteriosclerosis; insulin resistance     

Effects of electron donor and acceptors, electron transfer mediators, and superoxide dismutase on lipid peroxidation in illuminated chloroplast fragments

Effects of artificial electron donor and acceptors, electrontransfer mediators, and superoxide dismutase on lipid peroxidationin illuminated chloroplast fragments were studied. An indicator of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation,was stimulated by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (DCMU).The DCMU stimulated MDA formation was inhibited about 90% byreduced 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP). In photosystem I-enrichedparticles, MDA formation was larger than that in normal chloroplastfragments on the chlorophyll basis. Benzyl viologen and ferredoxinstimulated DMA formation. Superoxide dismutase inhibited MDAformation strongly in the presence of benzyl viologen and weaklyin its absence; the enzyme sometimes stimulated MDA formationin the presence of ferredoxin. Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP) stimulated MDA formation and maximal stimulation wasattained at about 20 µM CCCP.Phenazine methosulfate, DCIPand benzoquinone inhibited MDA formation in the presence andabsence of CCCP. From the above results, we confirmed our previous conclusionthat most of the singlet molecular oxygen formed in illuminatedchloroplasts is generated by electron transfer from O_2^–to oxidized electron transfer components located on the oxidizingsides of photosystems I and II. (Received September 3, 1975; )     

硅对生姜叶片水、二氧化碳交换特性的影响

为探讨硅对生姜植株的生理效应,以莱芜大姜为试材,研究了水培营养液中不同硅素水平对生姜植株生长、硅含量及叶片光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响.结果表明：植株各器官硅含量及生物量均随营养液硅素水平的升高而显著增加,1.0 (T₁)、1.5 (T₂)、2.0 (T₃) mmol·L^-1硅(Si)处理植株叶片硅 (SiO₂) 含量分别比CK增加604.4%、834.8%和1130.4%,单株生物量分别比CK增加9.4%、19.4%和22.8%.随着硅素水平的升高,叶片Mg²⁺ TPase、Ca²⁺ ATPase活性及光合速率(P_n)和水分利用效率(WUE)提高,蒸腾速率(T_r)降低.一天中在11:00时,T₁、T₂、T₃处理的生姜叶片P_n和WUE分别比CK提高11.2%、21.8%、28.2%和23.1%、55.9%、54.8%,T_r分别比CK降低6.3%、17.1%和19.2%.此外,硅素还显著提高了生姜叶片光合作用饱和光强、CO2羧化效率及类胡萝卜素含量,但对叶绿素含量无显著影响.本试验条件下,以15～20 mmol·L-1硅素(Si)处理效果最好.     

外源NO对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根生长抑制和氧化损伤的缓解效应

研究了外源一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根生长和氧化损伤的影响。结果表明,5~100 μmol·L^-1的NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside, SNP)处理显著减轻100mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫对黑麦草幼苗根生长的抑制效应,其中50 μmol·L^-1的SNP效果最明显,150 μmol·L^-1以上的SNP处理则抑制根的生长。50 μmol·L^-1 SNP处理提高了100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及液泡膜上H⁺-ATP酶(H⁺-ATPase)和H⁺焦磷酸酶(H⁺-PPase)的活性,使谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(ASA)和脯氨酸含量及K⁺/Na⁺、(Spd+Spm)/Put比值和根干物质积累量增加,超氧阴离子(O^-₂)、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,而1mmol·L^-1NO清除剂PTIO和1 μmol·L^-1 NaNO₂处理(对照)的效果则不明显。由此推断,NO通过提高根组织的抗氧化和渗透调节能力,促进根系对K⁺的选择性吸收及Put向Spd和Spm的转化,降低Na⁺的吸收并加强在液泡中的区隔化缓解盐胁迫对黑麦草幼苗根生长的抑制和膜脂过氧化损伤。     

Potassium Transport Across the Membranes of Chara: III. EFFECTS OF pH, INHIBITORS AND ILLUMINATION

Smith, J. R., Walker, N. A. and Smith, F. A. 1987. Potassiumtransport across the membranes of Chara. III. Effects of pH,inhibitors and illumination.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 778–787. The effects of several treatments, normally used to inhibitelectrogenic proton transport, upon the potassium permeability(P_k) of the membranes of Chara were examined by means of simultaneousmeasurements of the ⁴²K influx (ⁱⁿ_K) and the membrane electricalconductance (G_m). ⁱⁿ_K, P_K and G_mwere found to be substantiallyunaffected when the external pH (pH?) was varied over the range5?0 to 85. However, when pH? was increased to 11 it was foundthat, although G_m increased considerably, both P_k and ⁱⁿ_K decreasedtypically by an order of magnitude. When cells were placed intotal darkness, P_K decreased substantially only after one dayhad elapsed. For the particular experimental conditions used,the inhibitors DES, NaN₃, and La₃₊ were found to alter P_K, whereasDCCD left P_K substantially unaffected. These results suggestthat care must be taken with some common procedures used toexamine the electrical properties of the electrogenic protonpump. Key words: Potassium, pH, illumination, inhibitors     

Inhibition of the Chloroplast Photochemical Reactions by Treatment of Wheat Seedlings with Low Concentrations of Cadmium: Analysis of Electron Transport Activities and Changes in Fluorescence Yield

The effect of treatment of wheat plants with Cd²⁺ ions on thephotochemical activity of the primary leaves was examined. Threeday-old etiolated seedlings were treated with Cd²⁺ ions for24 h in dark, and after this treatment the plants were grownin the light until the primary leaves were fully developed.Cd²⁺ ions (30–120 µM) induced a significant decreasein activities of both photosystem II and photosystem I. Theextent of the decrease in PS II activity was much greater thanthat in the PS I activity. Analysis of changes in the fluorescenceyield of chlorophyll also indicated that Cd²⁺ ions drasticallyaffect the photochemistry of photosystem II. Cd²⁺ ions induceddecrease in the rates of photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol even in the presence of the exogenous electron donor,hydroxylamine, both in Tris-treated and untreated chloroplasts.This result suggests that the site of inhibition is near thesite of donation of electrons by hydroxylamine. Treatment withCd²⁺ ions impairs the electron transport system on the reducingside of PS II. The decrease in the fluorescence yield of Chi is less than that in the evolution of O₂ mediated by oxidizedphenylenediamine. This difference may be a result of inhibitionon the reducing side of PS II. In addition to inhibition onthe reducing side, Cd²⁺ ions may affect the oxidizing side ofPS II. A comparative study of the rates of evolution of O₂ withp-benzoquinone and dichloro-p-benzoquinone as electron acceptorswas performed since the halogenated benzoquinones have beenshown to accept electrons from both active and inactive centersof photosystem II while some of the benzoquinones accept electronsonly from active centers. The results suggest that Cd²⁺ ionsinduced a marginal increase in the number of inactive reactioncenters in PS II. Analysis of light-saturation-kinetics of theevolution of O₂ catalysed by PS II indicates a reduction inthe size of the antennae as well as in the concentration ofthe active (-type) reaction centers of PS II. Thus, the Cd²⁺-inducedeffects on the photochemistry of PS II involve changes on thereducing side of PS II as well as possible changes in the sizesof the populations of active and inactive centers. Thus, short-termexposure to Cd²⁺ ions during establishment of seedlings hasa severely detrimental effect on photochemical activities inchloroplasts. (Received October 17, 1990; Accepted July 3, 1991)     

Regulation of Steady-State Photosynthesis in Isolated Intact Chloroplasts under Constant Light: Responses of Carbon Fluxes, Metabolite Pools and Enzyme-Activation States to Changes of Electron Pressure

The reactions of isolated intact spinach chloroplasts at saturatinglight and CO₂ to changes in steady-state electron flow werefollowed at the various stages of photosynthesis. Alterationsin the rate of electron flow were induced by the addition ofoxaloacetate (OAA), nitrite or methyl viologen (MV). Two typesof effect can be distinguished: (1) When a small fraction ofthe electrons produced are accepted by OAA or nitrite (up to20% of the electrons produced in the light), the activationstate of the NADP⁺-dependent malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH)was strongly decreased, whereas qP and the rate of O₂-productionwere increased. qN, the stromal metabolite pools and the [¹⁴C]-CO₂-fixationrate were only marginally influenced. (2) Higher amounts ofnitrite or MV decreased O₂ production and strongly inhibited[¹⁴C]CO₂ fixation. This treatment further increased the ATP/ADPratio, but had little effect on the NADPH + H⁺/NADP⁺ ratio.The stromal concentrations of 3PGA, DHAP and FBP, and the ratesof 3PGA and DHAP export were drastically changed. In particular,the DHAP/3PGA ratio increased, and the rate of 3PGA export wasdecreased by minor changes in the rate of electron flow. Additionof high amounts of nitrite or MV, but not of OAA decreased theactivation states of NADP-MDH and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase), while the activation states of NADP⁺-dependent glyceraldehyde3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK)remained unchanged under all conditions. (Received February 10, 1997; Accepted September 2, 1997)     

PHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF SONICATED LAMELLAE OF SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF CRS (CYTOCHROME C REDUCING SUBSTANCE)

The photooxidation of reduced DPIP with NADP and O₂ as finalelectron acceptors was studied with sonicated lamellae of spinachchloroplasts, with special reference to the possible role ofCRS, a newly discovered factor of photochemical system I. Acorrelation between inactivation of NADP-photoreduction anddissolution of CRS was observed on treatment of the lamellaewith various organic solvents. The treatment also suppressedthe O₂-linked photooxidation of reduced DPIP, although the suppressionwas not so marked as in the former reaction. The suppressedphotooxidation of reduced DPIP (with O₂ and NADP as electronacceptors) was partially restored on addition of dyes of negativeredox potential, such as methyl viologen. The experimental resultsindicate that a factor participates in the reactions of photochemicalsystem I, probably functioning as an electron carrier couplingthe photooxidation of P700 with the reduction of ferredoxinor O₂. The finding that the above mentioned activity of thefactor is destroyed by treatments which are effective in solubilizingCRS from the chloroplasts suggests the identity of the factorwith CRS. ¹ Present address: Nomura Research Institute of Technology andEconomics, Kamakura, Kanagawa.     

利用正交设计优化小苍兰ISSR-PCR反应体系

通过L₁₆(4⁵)正交试验,研究了镁离子浓度、dNTP浓度、模板DNA浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶浓度、引物浓度这5个因素在4个水平上对ISSR-PCR的影响,建立了适合于小苍兰ISSR-PCR的反应体系。优化体系为：25 μL PCR反应体系中含有1×Taq酶缓冲液(10 mmol·L^-1 KCl,8 mmol·L^-1(NH₄)₂SO₄,10 mmol·L^-1 Tris·HCl,pH 9.0,0.05% NP-40),2 mmol·L^-1 MgCl₂,0.06 U·μL^-1 Taq酶,0.4 μmol·L^-1引物,4.0 ng·μL^-1模板DNA,dATP、dCTP、dGTP、dTTP各0.6 mmol·L^-1。利用温度梯度PCR,确定了最适宜的退火温度为51.5℃。该优化体系的建立为下一步对小苍兰进行ISSR分子标记奠定了基础。     

Demonstration of Two Sites of Inhibition of Electron Transport by Protein Phosphorylation in Wheat Thylakoids

The effect of protein phosphorylation on electron transportactivities of thylakoids isolated from wheat leaves was investigated.Protein phosphorylation resulted in a reduction in the apparentquantum yield of whole chain and photosystem II (PSII) electrontransport but had no effect on photosystem I (PSI) activity.The affinity of the D1 reaction centre polypeptide of PSII tobind atrazine was diminished upon phosphorylation, however,this did not reduce the light-saturated rate of PSII electrontransport. Phosphorylation also produced an inhibition of thelight-saturated rate of electron transport from water or durohydroquinoneto methyl viologen with no similar effect being observed onthe light-saturated rate of either PSII or PSI alone. This suggeststhat phosphorylation produces an inhibition of electron transportat a site, possibly the cytochrome b₆/f complex, between PSIIand PSI. This inhibition of whole-chain electron transport wasalso observed for thylakoids isolated from leaves grown underintermittent light which were deficient in polypeptides belongingto the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex associatedwith photosystem II (LHCII). Consequently, this phenomenon isnot associated with phosphorylation of LCHII polypeptides. Apossible role for cytochrome b₆/f complexes in the phosphorylation-inducedinhibition of whole chain electron transport is discussed. Key words: Electron transport, light harvesting, photosystem 2, protein phosphorylation, thylakoid membranes, wheat (Triticum aestivum)     

Formation of singlet molecular oxygen in illuminated chloroplasts. Effects on photoinactivation and lipid peroxidation

The formation of singlet molecular oxygen (¹O₂) in illuminatedchloroplasts and the effects of ¹O₂ on oxidation or destructionof components and functional integrity of chloroplasts werestudied. The rate of photoreduction of 2,6-dichloroindophenol(DCIP) and the extent of the 515-nm absorbance change were decreasedby light irradiation and by xanthine oxidase treatment. Malondialdehyde(MDA) formation, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was observedin the light-irradiated chloroplast fragments, but not in thexanthine-xanthine oxidase-treated chloroplast fragments. MDAformation was absent under anaerobic conditions. MDA formation was stimulated when electron transfer on the oxidizingside of photosystem II (or I) was inhibited or inactivated bycarbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), Tris-treatment,prolonged illumination, etc. MDA formation was also stimulatedby 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) when electrontransfer between water and the reaction center of photosystemII was intact. CCCPor DCMU-stimulated MDA formation was inhibitedby 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, a quencher of singlet molecularoxygen (¹O₂). DCMU and electron donors for photosystem II, suchas ascorbate, hydroquinone and semicarbazide, inhibited MDAformation by illumination of the Tris-washed or CCCP-poisonedchloroplast fragments. Reduced DCIP, an electron donor for photosystemI, also inhibited MDA formation in the presence of DCMU. These results lead to the conclusion that MDA formation wasinitiated by ¹O₂ formed in illuminated chloroplasts. Of thethree mechanisms discussed for ¹O₂ generation in illuminatedchloroplasts, the formation by the electron transfer reactionbetween superoxide anion radical and the oxidant formed on theoxidizing side of photosystem II (or I) is mostimportant. (Received March 31, 1975; )     

Influence of climate-driven shifts in biomass allocation on water transport and storage in ponderosa pine

Conifers decrease the amount of biomass apportioned to leaves relative to sapwood in response to increasing atmospheric evaporative demand. We determined how these climate-driven shifts in allocation affect the aboveground water relations of ponderosa pine growing in contrasting arid (desert) and humid (montane) climates. To support higher transpiration rates, a low leaf:sapwood area ratio (A_L/A_S) in desert versus montane trees could increase leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (K_L). Alternatively, a high sapwood volume:leaf area ratio in the desert environment may increase the contribution of stored water to transpiration. Transpiration and hydraulic conductance were determined by measuring sap flow (J_S) and shoot water potential during the summer (June-July) and fall (August-September). The daily contribution of stored water to transpiration was determined using the lag between the beginning of transpiration from the crown at sunrise and J_S. In the summer, mean maximum J_S was 31.80LJ.74 and 24.34Dž.05 g m^-2 s^-1 for desert and montane trees (a 30.6% difference), respectively. In the fall, J_S was 25.33NJ.52 and 16.36dž.64 g m^-2 s^-1 in desert and montane trees (a 54.8% difference), respectively. J_S was significantly higher in desert relative to montane trees during summer and fall (P<0.05). Predawn and midday shoot water potential and sapwood relative water content did not differ between environments. Desert trees had a 129% higher K_L than montane trees in the summer (2.41᎒^-5 versus 1.05᎒^-5 kg m^-2 s^-1 MPa^-1, P<0.001) and a 162% higher K_L in the fall (1.97᎒^-5 versus 0.75᎒^-5 kg m^-2 s^-1 MPa^-1, P<0.001). Canopy conductance decreased with D in all trees at all measurement periods (P<0.05). Maximum g_C was 3.91 times higher in desert relative to montane trees averaged over the summer and fall. Water storage capacity accounted for 11 kg (11%) and 10.6 kg (17%) of daily transpiration in the summer and fall, respectively, and did not differ between desert and montane trees. By preventing xylem tensions from reaching levels that cause xylem cavitation, high K_L in desert ponderosa pine may facilitate its avoidance. Thus, the primary benefit of low leaf:sapwood allocation in progressively arid environments is to increase K_L and not to increase the contribution of stored water to transpiration.     

Artificial Quinones Replace the Function of Quinone Electron Acceptor (QA) in the Isolated D1-D2-Cytochrome b559 Photosystem II Reaction Center Complex

Various benzo- and naphthoquinone derivatives were introducedinto the purified photosystem II Dl-D2-cytochrome b₅₅₉ reactioncenter complex, which lacks the intrinsic plasto-quinone electronacceptors. Effects of these quinones on the electron transferreactions in nanoseconds to milliseconds time range were studiedat room and cryogenic temperatures. 1) The addition of quinonesto the purified photosystem II reaction center complex suppressedthe nanosecond charge recombination between oxidized reactioncenter chlorophyll a (P680⁺) and reduced pheophytin a (Ph^–),and stabilized P680⁺ up to millisecond time range at 280 K andat 77 K. 2) In the reaction center complex supplemented withdibromothymoquinone (DBMIB), P68O was almost fully oxidizedand cytochrome b₅₅₉ was partially reduced by flash excitation.A semi-quinone-like signal with a peak around 320 nm was alsoinduced but the shift of pheophytin absorption band (C55O) wasnot observed. 3) Halogenated quinones, especially DBMIB, werebetter electron acceptors than unsubstituted or methylated quinones.4) The affinities of quinones to the reaction center complexwere weakly dependent on their molecular structure. (Received July 9, 1991; Accepted August 15, 1991)     

一氧化氮(NO)熏蒸蒜瓣对蒜苗叶片光合作用的影响

以白皮改良蒜为试验材料,用不同浓度的一氧化氮气体（0.1、0.5、1.0 μmol·L^-1）在无氧环境中对大蒜进行熏蒸。并使用TPS 1便携式光合仪结合Farquhar和Sharkey的理论测定或计算NO处理蒜苗的相关光合指标,同时测定核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)含量。发现与1.0 μmol·L^-1 NO气体处理相比,0.5 μmol·L^-1 NO处理的蒜苗叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度(G_s)提高、而胞间隙CO₂浓度（C_i）、气孔限制值(L_s)降低,说明0.5 μmol·L^-1 NO处理下蒜苗光合速率高于1.0 μmol·L^-1 NO的处理的主要是非气孔因素。而且0.5 μmol·L^-1 NO处理提高了蒜苗叶片表观量子效率(AQY)、表观羧化效率(CE)和光合能力(A_o)及Rubisco含量,说明外源NO处理提高了蒜苗叶片光合作用过程中光反应能力和碳同化过程中羧化酶羧化效率。与对照相比,1.0 μmol·L^-1 NO处理降低了蒜苗叶片净光合速率,同时气孔导度、胞间隙CO₂浓度、表观量子效率、Rubisco含量、羧化效率和光合能力均降低,而气孔限制值升高,说明1.0 μmol·L^-1 NO对蒜苗光合作用的抑制既有气孔因素,也有非气孔因素。而0.1 μmol·L^-1 NO处理各项指标与对照无显著性的差异。     

珍稀濒危植物珙桐胚的萌发与快速繁殖

首次采用均匀设计和回归分析方法对影响珙桐(Davidia involucrata)胚萌发的3种因素(基本培养基、赤霉素和活性炭)进行优化, 并利用萌发胚建立了珙桐的高效再生体系。 利用回归方程得出胚萌发的最优条件为: 在含有0.5 mg.L^{- 1} IBA和1 mg.L^-1 6-BA的1/2MS培养基中添加2.85 mg.L^-1 GA3和0.25 g.L^-1活性炭。在验证实验中珙桐胚萌发率为87.72%, 与预测值无显著差异。 最优的芽诱导与增殖条件为: 添加0.1 mg.L^-1 NAA和2.0 mg.L^-1 6-BA 的WPM培养基, 增殖系数为4.34。在生根培养基中增殖的芽生根率高达90%, 移栽成活率为71%。     

Contents of Cytochromes, Quinones and Reaction Centers of Photosystems I and II in a Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp.

The contents of photosystem I and photosystem II reaction centers,cytochrome c-553, cytochrome c-550, cytochrome f, cytochromeb-559, cytochrome b-563, plastoquinone and vitamin K₁ in thecyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. were determined. About threephotosystem I reaction centers were present for each photosystemII reaction center. The amounts of cytochromes functioning betweenthe two photosystems were approximately half those of the photosystemI reaction center. Plastocyanin was not detected, while plastoquinoneand vitamin K₁ were present in excess of other electron carriersand reaction centers. The results indicate the importance ofplastoquinone and cytochrome c-553 for cooperation of the tworeaction centers through electron transport. ¹Present address: Toray Basic Research Laboratory, 1111 Tebiro,Kamakura, Kanagawa 248, Japan. (Received June 17, 1982; Accepted January 17, 1983)