人促红细胞生成素受体胞外区基因的克隆及其在大肠肝菌中的表达

以人胎肝为材料,通过ＰＴ－ＰＣＲ的方法扩增出人促红细胞生成素受体（ｈＰｅｏＲ）的胞外区基因。将获得的或熟体胞外区基因起始密码子改构后克隆原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０中,进行原核温控诱导表达。表达产物经蛋白Ｎ端测序及Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ实验证实表达产物是ｈＥｐｏＲ胞外区蛋白。利用上罐发酵培养获得的包涵体蛋白经复性纯化后,体外生物学活性检测表明表达产物可特 抑制ＴＦ－１细胞在Ｅｐｏ刺激下的生长,证实了     

Sterol Composition in the Pollens of Citrus unshiu Marcov. and Citrus sinensis Osbeck

Bacillus brevis secretes a large amount of cell wall proteins into the culture medium. For construction of Bacillus brevis expression-secretion vectors of human erythropoietin (EPO) and the extracellular domain of mouse erythropoietin receptor (sEPOR), cDNA for each mature form was inserted into a plasmid containing the promoter region and the signal-peptide encoding region of a cell wall protein. Culture supernatants of transformants were affinity purified using a monoclonal antibody-fixed gel for EPO and an EPO-fixed gel for sEPOR. The affinity purification efficiently removed unwanted proteins, giving samples with sufficiently high purity to analyze amino acid sequences of N-terminal regions and biological activities. Combination of this secretory production and affinity purification may facilitate isolation of a large amount of pure EPO and sEPOR, and is useful for further understanding the molecular mechanism of interaction between EPO and EPOR.     

Isolation and characterization of a subset of erythropoietin glycoforms with cytoprotective but minimal erythropoietic activity

Although historically used for the treatment of anemia, erythropoietin (EPO) has emerged as a neurotrophic and neuroprotective agent in different conditions of neuronal damage (traumatic brain injury, ischemia, spinal cord compression, peripheral neuropathy, retinal damage, epilepsy, Parkinson's Disease, among others). Nonetheless, EPO's therapeutic application is limited due to its hematological side‐effects. With the aim of obtaining EPO derivatives resembling the hormone isolated from cells and tissues of neural origin, a novel combination of less acidic EPO glycoforms ‐designated as neuroepoetin (rhNEPO)‐ was purified to homogeneity from the supernatant of a CHO‐producing cell line by a four‐step chromatographic procedure. This simple and single process allowed us to prepare two EPO derivatives with distinct therapeutic expectations: the hematopoietic version and a minimally hematopoietic, but mainly in vitro cytoprotective, alternative. Further biological characterization showed that the in vivo erythropoietic activity of rhNEPO was 25‐times lower than that of rhEPO. Interestingly, using different in vitro cytoprotective assays we found that this molecule exerts cytoprotection equivalent to, or better than, that of rhEPO in cells of neural phenotype. Furthermore, despite its shorter plasma half‐life, rhNEPO was rapidly absorbed and promptly detected in the cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous administration in rats (5 min postinjection, in comparison with 30 min for rhEPO). Therefore, our results support the study of neuroepoetin as a potential drug for the treatment of neurological diseases, combining high cytoprotective activity with reduced hematological side‐effects. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011     

Erythropoietin and the skin: a role for epidermal oxygen sensing?

Erythropoietin (EPO), long appreciated as the chief endocrine regulator of red blood cell formation, is now recognized to exert many additional functions outside the bone marrow. Thus, the quest is on to define the full range of EPO functions in the physiology and pathology of non‐hematopoietic tissues. Two recent studies in man and mice have highlighted the importance of the mammalian skin as one peripheral tissue with a previously unsuspected role in EPO biology; both, as a target and as a source of EPO. In addition, the skin has been proposed to function as an oxygen sensor. The present hypothesis essay critically reviews the currently available evidence for this and provides a unifying theoretical scenario for intracutaneous EPO functions and for a potential role of the skin in the control of EPO production. Mainly, we propose that the skin itself directly contributes to the up‐regulation of EPO plasma levels in response to hypoxia.     

The effect of dissolved oxygen on the production and the glycosylation profile of recombinant human erythropoietin produced from CHO cells

Human recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO) was produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the human EPO gene. The cells were grown in batch cultures in controlled bioreactors in which the set-points for dissolved oxygen varied between 3% and 200%. The cell-specific growth rate and final cell yield was significantly lower under hyperoxic conditions (200% DO). However, there was no significant difference in growth rates at other oxygen levels compared to control cultures run under a normoxic condition (50% DO). The specific productivity of EPO was significantly lower at a DO set-point of 3% and 200% but maintained a consistently high value between 10% to 100% DO. The EPO produced under all conditions as analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis showed a molecular weight range of 33 to 37 kDa and a low isoelectric point range of 3.5 to 5.0. This corresponds to a highly glycosylated and sialylated protein with a profile showing at least seven distinct isoforms. The glycan pattern of isolated samples of EPO was analyzed by weak anion exchange (WAX) HPLC and by normal-phase HPLC incorporating sequential digestion with exoglycosidase arrays. Assigned structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The most prominent glycan structures were core fucosylated tetranntenary with variable sialylation. However, significant biantennary, triantennary, and non-fucosylated glycans were also identified. Detailed analysis of these glycan structures produced under variable dissolved oxygen levels did not show consistently significant variations except for the ratio of fucosylated to non-fucosylated isoforms. Maximum core fucosylation (80%) was observed at 50% and 100% DO, whereas higher or lower DO levels resulted in reduced fucosylation. This observation of lower fucosylation at high or low DO levels is consistent with previous data reported for glycoprotein production in insect cells.     

用三步法纯化重组人促红细胞生成素

在生物反应器中培养中国仓鼠卵巢细胞—促红细胞生成素(CHO-EPO)C2细胞株,培养上清液中重组人促红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)表达水平达2000～3000U/ml。培养上清经过三步纯化:第一步为反相柱色谱,可将样品浓缩约96.7％,其收集液经充分透析后进行第二步的DEAE-离子交换色谱,最后进行分子筛色谱,总回收率为30％以上,经纯化的rHuEPO比活性为1.5×10~8U/g蛋白,SDSPAGE一条带,扫描测试纯度达98％以上。     

左卡尼汀联合促红细胞生成素治疗肾性贫血的临床疗效观察

目的观察不同给药方案对治疗肾性贫血的疗效及安全性。方法将我院收治的198例肾性贫血患者依据治疗方案差异进行分组,于每次血透后给予rHuEPO治疗的98例患者为对照组,于每次血透后应用左卡尼汀联合rHuEPO治疗的100例患者为观察组,比较两组疗效及不良反应情况。结果治疗后,两组患者的Hb、Hct水平变化与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组的rHuEPO用量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组治疗总有效率为93.00%明显高于对照组的82.65%,不良反应发生率为10.00%明显低于对照组的21.43%,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论肾性贫血患者给予左卡尼汀联合rHuEPO治疗的疗效确切,且不良反应低,具有临床推广价值。     

Effect of Erythropoietin on the interaction of Concanavalin A with rat erythrocytes

Effect of Erythropoietin (Ep) on the interaction of Concanavalin A (Con A) with rat erythrocytes was studied using ¹²⁵I-labelled Con A. Binding of Con A to erythrocytes was dependent on time and cell concentration. Starvation caused an elevation of the lectin binding capacity of red cells which again came down towards the normal level on Ep administration to starved rats. Binding of Con A to erythrocytes decreased linearly with increasing concentration of Ep. Specificity of binding was confirmed by inhibition studies with -methyl-D-mannopyranoside (Me Man) Cells from the starved rats compared to those from normal and Ep treated animals were less prone to inhibition by this sugar analog. Positive cooperative binding of Con A to rat erythrocyte was observed at low concentration of Con A but was absent at higher lectin concentrations. Starvation caused an increase in the number of binding sites per cell which returned to normal level after Ep treatment. Under identical conditions, binding affinities were not much changed in these cells. Cells from the starved animals were more susceptible to agglutination compared to those from normal and Ep-treated rats. Microviscosity and cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of red cell membrane decreased in the starved animals which retraced its way back towards the normal level after Ep treatment.     

人红细胞生成素基因在小鼠体内的转移与表达

将人的红细胞生成素(EPO)基因克隆在CMV启动子的下游,构建EPO表达质粒,在BHK₂₁细胞中表达成功后,将该质粒经脂质体包埋,再导入到小鼠的骨骼肌内,在体内亦获得了表达,一个月时小鼠血浆中人红细胞生成素的表达量高达1 340 ng/L,这为贫血病人的基因治疗提供了科学依据.     

用电击孔法转染人红细胞生成素基因

用电击孔(electroporation)转染方法已成功地使化学合成的红细胞生成素(EPO)基因在猿猴肾细胞(COS-7)中表达。对转染条件、表达质粒(pSVL-EPO)DNA含量及转染后不同时间表达产率的观察和研究表明:电击孔缓冲液及相应电压的选择与表达产率有关,且表达质粒DNA量在50～100μg,转染细胞存活率在50％左右时,表达效果好。在转染后24h,便可在细胞上清液中测到EPO活性,48～72h达高峰,EPO活性可达9.7U/ml。     

Clinical use of rHuEPO in bone marrow transplantation

Recipients of bone marrow (BMT) or peripheral blood progenitor stem cells (PBSCT) transplant have in the period following transplantation a frequent need for red blood cell transfusions and therefore an increased risk of blood-transmitted infections. The anaemia is caused mainly by myelosuppression after high-dose chemotherapy, but an impaired erythropoietin (EPO) production and an inappropriate EPO response may also contribute. Since recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been established as a treatment for renal anaemia it has been of interest whether treatment may be of benefit in the transplant setting. This paper gives an overview of the studies conducted to date with rHuEPO treatment in patients receiving bone marrow transplants. Current data donot support any transfusional benefits when rHuEPO is used in patients receiving autologous transplants. However, in patients receiving allogeneic transplants several studies clearly indicate a therapeutic role for rHuEPO with patients showing accelerated erythroid engraftment, increased haemoglobin levels, a reduced requirement for red blood cell transfusions, and a shortened time to transfusion independence. Especially patients with immune haemolysis after transplantation seems to benefit from the treatment. In addition, rHuEPO treatment has been used for lateonset anaemia after BMT and to prevent the need for homologous red blood cell transfusions to the BMT donor. To reduce costs, it is important in future studies to identify not only the optimal dose and route of administration of rHuEPO but also the most effective combination with other haematopoietic growth factors and cytokines that are used before and after transplantation.     

Erythroid cell growth and differentiation in vitro in the simulated microgravity environment of the nasa rotating wall vessel bioreactor

Prolonged exposure of humans and experimental animals to the altered gravitational conditions of space flight has adverse effects on the lymphoid and erythroid hematopoietic systems. Although some information is available regarding the cellular and molecular changes in lymphocytes exposed to microgravity, little is known about the erythroid cellular changes that may underlie the reduction in erythropoiesis and resultant anemia. We now report a reduction in erythroid growth and a profound inhibition of erythropoietin (Epo)-induced differentiation in a ground-based simulated microgravity model system. Rauscher murine erythroleukemia cells were grown either in tissue culture vessels at 1 x g or in the simulated microgravity environment of the NASA-designed rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor. Logarithmic growth was observed under both conditions; however, the doubling time in simulated microgravity was only one-half of that seen at 1 x g. No difference in apoptosis was detected. Induction with Epo at the initiation of the culture resulted in differentiation of approximately 25% of the cells at 1 x g, consistent with our previous observations. In contrast, induction with Epo at the initiation of simulated microgravity resulted in only one-half of this degree of differentiation. Significantly, the growth of cells in simulated microgravity for 24 h prior to Epo induction inhibited the differentiation almost completely. The results suggest that the NASA RWV bioreactor may serve as a suitable ground-based microgravity simulator to model the cellular and molecular changes in erythroid cells observed in true microgravity.     

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO): cross-linking with disuccinimidyl esters and identification of the interfacing domains in EPO.

Several amino groups of recombinant human erythropoietin are selectively cross-linked by specific cross-linkers including disuccinimidyl suberate or dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate). Intramolecular cross-linkings are obtained without significant change of the protein conformation using appropriate concentrations (0.2 mM) of the cross-linkers, which possess an 11-12-A length of a spacer between two reacting groups. Intramolecularly cross-linked peptides obtained suggest that several amino groups in erythropoietin (EPO) are positioned at a distance of near 12 A in the solution state. These interfacing amino groups include Lys 20-Lys 154, Lys 45-Lys 140, Lys 52-Lys 154, Lys 52-Lys 140, and Ala 1-Lys 116. A comparison of the cross-linking results between nonglycosylated EPO and glycosylated EPO suggests that both proteins retain high similarity regarding protein conformation. These results fit a structural model similar to that of human growth hormone, in which four alpha-helical bundles and a long stretch of beta-sheet structure are involved in the active protein.     

人红细胞生成素受体胞外区克隆及序列测定

人红细胞生成素受体 (h EPOR)是人红细胞生成素的作用配体 ,其胞外区是 h EPO的作用域 ,它的克隆、表达对两种分子的相互作用机制以及 EPO类似物 (新型造血药物 )的筛选都有十分重要的意义。以人胎肝为材料 ,通过对其总 RNA的提取 ,利用 RT- PCR方法扩增 h EPOR的胞外区基因和跨膜区基因及推导相应的氨基酸残基排列 ,结果与国外文献报道相比较从而检验其正确性。     

Construction of a fusion protein between N-terminal 153 peptide of thrombopoietin and erythropoietin

Ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｎ(ＴＰＯ)ｉｓａｈｅｍａｔｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｃｃｙｔｏｋｉｎｅｃｌｏｎｅｄｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ[1—3].Ｉｔｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｔｏｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｔｈｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｌａｔｅｌｅｔ,ｗｈｉｃｈｐｌａｙｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｂｌｏｏｄｃｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ,ｂｙｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｔｅｍｃｅｌｌｓｔｏｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｅａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｔｏｍａｔｕｒｅｍｅｇａｋａｒｙｏｃｙｔｅｓ.Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆａｎｉｍａｌｅｘｐｅｒｉｍ…     

重组人促红细胞生成素中试纯化工艺研究

采用堆积床生物反应器,用无血清培养基培养分泌ｒｈＥＰＯ的工程细胞株ＸＰ９５０１。所收集的上清液,经过快速离子交换层析—反相—分子筛层析纯化后,所得ＥＰＯ纯度达９９％以上,比活性为１－５×１０５ＩＵ／ｍｇ。整个纯化全过程的ＥＰＯ体内活性回收率为４６％。所纯化的ＥＰＯ分子量为３６ｋｄ,等电点为３－５。免疫印迹证明其有天然ＥＰＯ的免疫原性,Ｎ端１５个氨基酸序列分析与文献报道一致。本纯化工艺路线简单,时程短,重复性好,适合于大规模生产重组人促红细胞生成素。